AGROFORESTRY*SYSTEMS*OF*HIGH*NATURAL*AND*CULTURAL*VALUE*IN*EUROPE:*STRUCTURE,*MANAGEMENT,*GOODS*AND*SERVICES*

Moreno&G,&Aviron&S,&Berg&S,&Burgess&PJ,&Caceres&Y,&Crous7Duran&J,&Faias&SP,&Firmino&PN,&Fo<adis&G,&Franca&A,&Garcia&de&Jalon&S,&Hartel&T,&Lind&T,&López&Bernal&A,&Mantzanas&K,&Mirck&J,&Palma&J,&Pantera&A,&Paulo&JA,&&Papadopoulos&A,&Papanastasis&V,&Papaspyropoulos&K,&Popa&R,&Porqueddu&C,&Rákosy&L,&Re&GA,&Sanna&F,&Thenail&C,&Tsonkova&P,&Valinger&E,&Varga&A,&Viaud&V,&Vityi&A&

SEMINATURAL*LANDSCAPES,*but*farmed*

HNV*FARMS:&Farm&types&and&landscapes*valuable&for&biodiversity,&&

They&are&managed&at&low*intensity*and&that&retains&semiInatural*vegetaLon.&&

EUROPEAN&HNV&AGROFORESTRY&includes&grazed&woodlands,&wood&pastures,&and&parklands&all&them&associated&with&low7intensity&livestock&rearing.&But&it&also&includes&Bocage&and&other&mosaic7like&farmed&landscapes&&

10 HNCV agroforestry systems were selected as representative of the different European biogeographical regions.

From forest habitats that are barely farmed (e.g. extensive grazing with reindeers) to mixed farming (e.g. bocage).

90%&of&the

&territory&of&Sardinian&W

ood&

pastures&is&con

side

red&as&disadvantaged

&areas&

(EU&Direc<ve&125

7/99

)&

WP* WP*

WP*

WP* HGR*

WP*

WP*

HGR*

WP*

GF*

GF*

All ten HNCV agroforestry systems have been described in detail using a common template aimed at recording:

(i)  Distribution, extension and current trend;

(ii)  Structure and Components

(iii)  Management practices;

(iv)  Provisioning services (main marketable products);

(v)  Ecosystem services scientifically measured; and, where available,

(vi)  Assessment of economic value of these systems.

(vii)  New initiatives to boost HNCV agroforestry

The description is based on the revison of international and local literature available for the ten selected HNVC agroforestry systems.

LOCATION & EXTENSION

800,000&ha&940,000&ha& 3,500,000&ha&

4,700,000&ha&30,000&ha&950,000&ha&

113,000&ha&950,000&ha&

183,000&km&&over&2.7&millions&ha&(1,400,000&ha)&

10000720000&ha&

8000&ha&(240,00&ha)& 7000&ha&

(760,000&ha)&

47500&ha&(200,000&ha)&

24,000,000&ha&(Forest7Wood&Planta<ons)&

(450,000&ha)&

Dehesa,&Spain&

Montado,&Portugal

ACORNS*ARE*CONSUMED*BY*LIVESTOCK,*SPECIALLY*PIGS*IN*IBERIA*PENINSULE&

OAK-BASED WOOD PASTURES FOR LIVESTOCK BREEDING&

Open&oak&woodland,&with&scaeered&oaks&(10760&trees&ha71)&and&na<ve&annual&self7seeding&grasses.&Occasionally&cereal&and&fodder&crops&are&cul<vated.&Also&more&produc<ve&rich7legume&pastures.&Caele,&sheep,&goats,&pigs&(0.2–0.5&LU&ha71)

Ini<al&thinning,&periodical&pruning&of&trees.&Regular&grazing.&Mowing&more&produc<ve&(wet)&pastures)&for&hay/silage&LESS&FERTIL&SOILS:&Shrub&removal&followed&by&soil&cul<va<on&(every&10&or&more&years)&&MORE&FERTILE&SOIL:&Periodical&crops&(~&every&476&y)&Debarking&cork&oaks&is&present&(every&10&y)&

.&&

&

Plan<ng&and/or&natural&regenera<on,&shrub&control,&periodical&cropping&and&regular&grazing.&&

Sown&of&annual&mix&pastures&for&grazing&and/or&hay&

Regular&Grazing/&Mowing&/&Debarking&cork&oaks&

Dairy&sheep&in&more&open&stands&and&caele&in&more&dense&stands.&Also&goats&in&shrubs

Valonian&oak&&silvopastures,&Greece

Open&forests&of&old&age&trees&(40750%&tree&cover;&50760&trees)&

(Q.&ithaburensis&and&other&Quercus)&&

+&grasses&and&bushes&&

+&sheep,&goats,&pigs,&cows&(<&1&LU&ha71).&

Wood&Pastures+Grazed&Forest,&Sardinia,&Italy&

Oaks&at&77&250&trees&ha71&&

+&na<ve&self7seeding&grass&understory&&

+&occasional&crops&(Barley&&&Oats)&+&shrub&understory&

+&livestock&(0.2–0.5&LU&ha71)&

OAK-BASED WOOD PASTURES FOR LIVESTOCK BREEDING&

VerLcal*shortIdistance*transhumance*

DIFFERENT&VIEWS&of&the&SARDINIAN&AGRO7SILVOPASTORAL&LANDSCAPES&

OTHER WOOD PASTURES with

Wood&pastures,&Hungary

IN:&Mosaic& of& open& grassland,&wood&pastures& with& ancient& trees& and&forest.

IN:& Natural& grasslands& with&Quercus'robur,' Q.' petraea,' Pyrus' communis,'P.' pyraster' (frequent& isolated&veteran&trees)

Trees&(ooen&pollarded&in&the&past)&&

+&Grazing&livestock&

+&Understorey&of&grassland&and/or&heathland.&

Wood&pastures&and&parklands,&UK&

Transylvanian&wood&pastures,&Romania&&

Trees&are&not&anymore&managed&

Grazing& is& officially& prohibited& in& forests,&but&livestock&use&woody&species&as&fodder.&

Sheep,&caele,&buffalo,&goat.&Mostly&tradi<onal&breeds&for&the&Region.&~&0.3&LU&ha71

This&system&is&almost&abandoned&

Maintenance for recreation activities and Biodiversity conservation

ROMANIA&

HUNGARY&

UK&

HEDGEROWS SYSTEMS

L ines& o f& h igh7& and& medium7stem& t rees&(mul<specific;& hardwoods)& contouring& crop& fields&(included&fodder&crops)&and&pastures.&&

Hedgerow&density&varies&between&16&and&94&m.ha71.&&

Tree&and&shrubs&hedgerows&(na<ve&flood&plain&species&such&as&Alnus&glu<nosa&and&others)&contouring&meadows&and&field&crops.&Inter7row&spacing&~50&m.&Inter7row&spacing&~50&m.&

Bocage,&Bretagne,&France&&

Hedgerows&contouring&meadows,&Germany&&

(example:&Spreewald&Biosphere&Reserve)&&

Plan<ng&hedges,&with&or&without&bank,&&

Pruning,&Thinning,&Shredding&and&harves<ng

Meadows&are&mowing&and&grazing&with&caele&(3&per&ha)&from&May&to&October.&&Tradi<onally&regular&harvest&of&hedgerow&biomass&every&5715&years&for&fuelwood.&&Currently&this&prac<ces&has&disappeared&by&economic&reasons&but&also&it&is&prohibited&by&nature&conserva<on&rules.&

GERMANY&

FRANCE&

UK&

GRAZED FORESTS

Reindeer&husbandry&in&Conifers&+&Birch&forest:&150072000&trees/ha&

Understory&rich&in&herbs,&berries&and&terrestrial&and&arboreal&lichens.&&

Grazed&by&migra<ng&reindeer&herds.&Stoking&rate&<&0.01&ha71&

Soil&scarifica<on,&plan<ng/seeding,&and&&natural&regenera<on&,&with&further&cleaning,&thinning&and&clear7cut&(cycles&of&1007130&years)

GALAZANI,&&Zagros,&Kurdistan,&Iran&&&

BEYOND*EUROPE*

California&

TUNICIA&

BUT*AGRICULTURE*AND*LIVESTOCK*BREEDING*HAS*BEEN*A*MOTOR*OF*DEFORESTAION*EVERYWHERE*

WHY*TREES*WERE*MANAGED*/*CONSERVED*IN*CERTAIN*REGIONS*/*SYSTEMS*

PROVISIONING GOODS AND REGULATING SERVICES

Multiple woody and non-woody products, •  High-quality food (e.g., Meat, Honey, Mushrooms) • Energy (Firewood and charcoal) •  Materials (Cork) •  Recreational (e.g. Games) or Cultural Services

Keystone structures (Ecosystems services) •  Carbon sequestration (Howllet et al., 2011) •  Soil fertilization (Moreno & Obrador 2007) •  Microclimate amelioration (Moreno et al., 2007) •  Shelter for livestock (animal welfare) NOT EVALUATED YET •  Control of soil erosion (Moreno & Pulido 2009) •  Control nutrient leaching (López-Díaz et al., 2011) •  Biodiversity maintenance (Marañon et al., 2009)

The*role*of*trees*in*pastoral*systems*

PROVISIONING SERVICES: FOODER*RESOURCES*

&

FORAGE&BANKS&

Valonian*acorn*cups*is*used*for*tanning*in*Kea*islands,*Greece*

Tree Fodder: Prunned Branches

TREES*HAS*NEUTRAL*AND*POSITIVE*EFFECTS*ON*GRASSLANDS*

Protec<on&for&livestock&(shelter)&and&crops/pastures&(windbreaks)&were&recognized&by&local&stakeholders&as&an&important&ecosystem&service&of&HNCV&agroforestry.&&

HOW*MUCH*METABOLIC*ENERGY*(FOOD)**IS*SAVED?*

7  Shade&for&livestock&(primary&role,&recognized&by&the&great&majority&of&stakeholders)&

7  Buffering&the&grassland&against&wind&and&dryness&(recognized&

by&some&stakeholders)&

TREES*HAS*CLEAR*POSITIVE*EFFECTS*ON*GRASSLANDS*

PROVISIONING SERVICES: TIMBER & ENERGY

Tree Fodder: Prunned Branches

Charcoal

Firewood

PROVISIONING SERVICES: Material (e.g. Cork)

Cork&is&the&main&marketable&products&of&Portuguese&montado,&also&important&in&Spain&and&Sardina&&In&Sardinia&Cork:&17,000&720,000&tonnes&&per&yeas&(150,000,000&Euros)&for&cork&boele&stoppers&&&

Other&goods& include& ,&mulch,&wild& fruits& (e.g.,& syrup&and& jam&from&rosehips&and&mulberry),&honey,&mushrooms,&wild&edible,&medicinal&and&aroma<c&plants,&and&recrea<onal&ac<vi<es&such&as&hun<ng&and&fishing,&educa<on&and&leisure&ac<vi<es.&&

PROVISIONING SERVICES: Other marketable products

While& high& quality& livestock7based& foods& (meat& (lamb,& beef& …)& and& dairy& products&(cheese,&milk),& eggs)& are& common& to&most& of& the& systems& studied,& some& goods& are&regionally&specific.&&&In&some&cases,&specific&labels&are&iden<fied&for&the&products&of&the&HNCV&agroforestry&systems&(e.g.&Iberian&jam,&Sardinian&cheeses:&cheeses&such&as&Pecorino&Romano&PDO,&Pecorino&Sardo&PDO&and&Fiore&Sardo&PDOI).&&Other& goods& include& ,& mulch,& wild& fruits& (e.g.,& syrup& and& jam& from& rosehips& and&mulberry),& honey,& mushrooms,& wild& edible,& medicinal& and& aroma<c& plants,& and&recrea<onal&ac<vi<es&such&as&hun<ng&and&fishing,&educa<on&and&leisure&ac<vi<es.&&

SARDINIA:&High&cultural&value&for&tourism&&GERMANY:&High&aesthe<c&and&cultural&value&and&is&of&importance&for&tourism&(2&to&2.2&million&visitors&between&May&and&September&each&year)&in&Spreedwal&&SPAIN:&Hun<ng&is&more&profitable&than&livestock&breeding&for&some&dehesa&farms&(hilly&areas)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Birdwatching&is&an&important&commercial&ac<vity&in&the&dehesa&territory&&&&

PROVISIONING SERVICES: Leisure activities

OTHER&ECOSYSTEM&SERVICES

Trees increase soil carbon content

IBERIAN DEHESA

137

94

67

G C kg-1 Suelo

SARDINIA&SOM&(lieer):&10&to&22&t&ha71&in&the&dense&oak&forest&&vs&3&to&11&t&ha71&in&the&wooded&pasture&&&

GERMANY&Important&C&sequestra<on&with&the&Spreewald&system&encroach&

FRENCH&BOCAGE&Soil&organic&carbon&contents&measured&in&topsoil&under&old&hedgerows&can&be&up&to&2.5&<mes&higher&than&those&in&the&adjacent&crop&field.&

(Howlee&et&al&2011.&J.&Env.&Monit)&

And Soil Fertility

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 5 10 15 20 25

Distance to the tree trunk, m

Nut

rient

con

tent

(N, C

a, M

g), g

/ kg

x

0

50

100

150

200

250

K c

onte

nt g

/ kg

x

N Ca Mg P K

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

P c

onte

nt g

/ kg

x

Moreno et al. 2007 Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

IBERIAN&DEHESA&

Trees help to control Nitrate leaching

Preventing N leaching cost 100€ ha-1 y-1 in Spreedwald system compared to 400€ ha-1 y-1

in more intensive grasslands in Germany Especial emphasis on the regulation of the nitrate and phosphorus pollution is done in Britany where hedgerows are designed to improve the groundwater quality. At a watershed scale, the nitrate flux brought by water surface decreased when the hedge tree density increased.

Benhamou C, Salmon-Monviola J, Durand P, Grimaldi C, Merot P (2013) Modelling the interaction between fields and a surrounding hedgerow network and its impact on water and nitrogen flows of a small watershed. Agricultural Water Management 121: 62-72&

Trees help to control Soil Erosion The capacity to improve water infiltration and prevent soil erosion is mentioned

for Mediterranean case studies but also for the Continental Spreewald floodplain and the Atlantic bocage.

Several studies demonstrated also the anti-erosive effect of hedgerows, with high spatial variability at the landscape scale.

Parameter&Tree&Cover1&

HTD& MTD& Treeless& BC&

Soil&Cover,&%&& 85& 55& 35& 80&

Runoff,&%&rainfall&& 12& 30,5& 36,3& 11,1&

Soil&Erosion&Rate,&&&g&/&m2&/&y&

3.1& 5.2& 5.8& 0.9&

1Tree&Cover:&HTD:&High&Tree&Density;&MDT:&Medium&Tree&Density;&BC:&Beneath&Canopy&

Values&of&the&propaga<on&probability,&rate&of&spread&and&fireline&intensity&calculated&for&grazed&(A,&C,&E)&and&ungrazed&(B,&D,&F)&condi<ons&in&Sardinia&(Italy)&by&FIRESITE&simulator&&

Agroforestry practices reduces the risk of wild fire

Some&examples&of&well&documented&benefit&of&agroforestry&for&biodiversity&in&our&10&case&study&&FRENCH&BOCAGE&The&diversity&of&bueerflies&in&bocage&was&found&to&be&higher&in&hedgerow&banks&than&other&herbaceous&habitats,&in&rela<onships&with&a&high&diversity&of&plant&species.&&The&diversity&of&pollinators&such&as&solitary&bees&increased&with&hedgerow&density&in&farming&landscapes,&due&to&the&high&quality&of&nectar&and&nes<ng&resources&in&these&elements.&&Regarding&the&communi<es&of&natural&enemies&of&crop&pests,&the&diversity&of&predatory&carabid&beetles,&of&ladybugs&and&of&aphid&parasitoids&in&cereals&fields&was&found&to&be&posi<vely&related&to&the&density&of&hedgerows&and/or&their&proximity&to&crops&in&the&surrounding&landscape.&&ROMANIAN&WOOD&PASTURES&In&an&ancient&oak&wood7pasture&from&Romania&of&133&hectare,&overall&476&species&of&vascular&plants,&121&species&of&macromycetes,&281&species&of&Lepidoptera,&40&species&of&xylophagous&beetles,&27&species&of&nes<ng&birds&and&38&species&of&mammals&were&iden<fied.&&Wood7pastures&contain&more&bird&species&and&func<onal&groups&than&high&forests&and&open&pastures.&More&recent&surveys&carried&out&in&a&moderately&intensively&grazed&wood7pasture&(with&1.1&LU/hectare)&revealed&an&excep<onal&diversity&of&spider&communi<es&in&such&systems,&with&140&species&and&four&new&species&of&spiders&for&Romania.&&

THE&HIGH&BIODIVERSITY&OF&HIGH&NATURE&&&CULTURAL&VALUE&AGROFORESTRY&

Apart&in&Romania,&ancient&trees&of&Bri<sh,&Greek,&Hungarian&wood&pastures&are&especially&rich&in&fungi,&epiphyte,&macroinvertebrates,&bats&and&birds.&&&A&comprehensive&biodiversity&survey&on&a&220&ha&montado&farm&in&Portugal&iden<fied&264&fungi,&75&bryophytes,&304&vascular&plants&and&121&vertebrate&species&were&recorded.&&&

In&Spanish&dehesa,&135&species&of&plants&in&0.1&ha&in&holm&oak&dehesas&and&60–100&species&per&0.1&ha&in&cork&oak&stands&have&been&described&&ANNEX&II&of&&EU&HABITAT&DIRECTIVE&Wood&pastures&have&been&iden<fied&as&a&priority&habitat&in&the&UK,&&Valonian&oak&forest&in&Greek&and&Iberian&dehesa&in&Spain&were&declared&Habitat&of&Communitary&(European)&Interest&&&&&

THE&HIGH&BIODIVERSITY&OF&HIGH&NATURE&&&CULTURAL&VALUE&AGROFORESTRY&

The&willingness&to&pay&to&preserve&biodiversity&of&HNCV&grasslands&in&Germany&amounted&to&

approximately&10€&per&month&&

TREES*IN*WOOD*PASTURES*INCREASE*BIODIVERSITY*BECAUSE*&•  Tree7based&gradients&•  Addi<onal&food&resources&•  Refuge&for&nes<ng&

TREE7BASED&(FINE)&GRADIENTS&

SPECIES*RICHNESS*INCREASE*IN*OPEN*WOOD*PASTURES*RESPECT*TO*OPEN*PASTURES*AND*TO*DENSE*FORESTS*

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Measured Chao23Estimated Coleman323Rarefied

Estim

ated

)Num

ber)o

f)Plant)Spe

cies

Pastures Wood3PasturesPRODUCTIVE NON3PRODUCTIVEALL

PLANTS

Although&high&biodiversity&values&found&in&Iberian&dehesas&can&be&partly&explained&by&the&existence&of&a&habitat&dominated&by&scaeered&trees,&the&in<mate&mix&of&tree&and&treeless&pastures&and&marginal&habitats&has&also&a&significant&role&(Moreno&et&al&2016)&&

HABITAT*DIVERSITY*ALSO*MATTERS*

SOME*DISSERVICES*OF*THE*HIGH*BIODIVERSITY*/*WILDLIFE*OF*HNCV*AGROFORESTRY*&

Forage*consumpLon**Livestock*diseases**

0

20

40

60

80

100

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

% o

f d

isti

nct

fo

od

ers

Acorns Browse Grass

HOWEVER HNCV AGROFORESTRY IS EUROPE IS MOSTLY MARGINAL (CURRENT TRENDS)

With&the&excep<on&of&Iberian&dehesas&and&montados,&and&in&some&way&the&Sardinian&agro7silvo7pastoral&landscapes,&the&rest&of&the&HNCV&agroforestry&systems&studied&experienced&an&important&regression&and/or&abandonment&of&the&farming&prac<ces&during&the&20th&century.&&

Hedges&are&not&maintained&and&their&rejuvena<on&is&hindered&by&trampling&and&grazing&by&caele,&and&tree&deseases&(Phytophthora'alni'for'black'alder'and'Hymenoscyphus'fraxineus'for'ash).&&Deadwood&up&to&50%&of&stand&trees&In&Spreewald&Reserve.

Progressive&lost&of&trees&in&Romanian&Wood&Pastures&

0

20

40

60

80

100

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Size classes (Diameter of trunk, cm)

% o

f tre

es (F

ores

t)

0

5

10

15

20

% o

f tre

es (D

ehes

a)

FOREST DEHESA

Overageing&of&tree&popula<on&in&Iberian&dehesas&

Greece:&Steady&decline:&lack&of&natural&regenerata<on&(>80%&of&sites)&because&overgrazing,&shrub&encroachment&and&wildfire;&switching&to&olive&groves&or&arable&crops&

INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY This&slow&decline&of&most&HNCV&agroforestry&systems&in&Europe&has&led&to&programs&to&restore&tradi<onal&farming&prac<ces.&&&PORTUGAL&(similar&for&certain&SPANISH&REGIONS)&Financial&support&to&the&installa<on&of&new&HNCV&areas&trough&PDR&2020&measures&&&Financial&support&to&the&maintenance,&improvement&of&produc<ve&capacity&and&increase&resilience&of&exis<ng&HNCV&areas&trough&PDR&2020&measures&&Increase&knowledge&and&knowledge&transfer&from&the&scien<fic&community&to&prac<<oners,&on&best&management&prac<ces&(debarking&)&related&to&the&systems&components:&tree,&understory&and&animal&&&HUNGARY&formerly&abandoned&areas&are&being&farmed&again&as&wood&pastures&&to&supply&the&demand&the&organic&and&high&quality&foods&&SWEEDEN&Forest&plans&of&intensive&<mber&planta<ons&are&being&adapted&&to&compa<bilist&<mber&produc<on&with&the&reindeer&husbandry&&UK&Pollarding&and&grazing&ac<vi<es&in&old&abandoned&wood&pastures&is&re7introduced&to&maintain&the&cultural&landscape&mostly&used&for&public&recrea<onal&ac<vi<es.&&&

GERMANY&A&plan&for&the&rejuvena<on&of&the&abandoned&hedgerows&in&the&German&Spreewald&floodplain&has&also&been&ini<ated.&The&program&called&"Spreewald&Grassland&Shares"&aims&to&s<mulate&public&involvement&in&maintaining&the&tradi<onal&landscape&of&Spreewald.&&BRITANY,&FRANCE&In&Britany&in&France,&new&hedge&plan<ng&schemes&have&been&implemented&since&the&1990s.&&

INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY

ROMANIA&

INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY

Ini<a<ves&to&promote&the&social7ecological&values&of&the&wood7pastures&from&Southern&Transylvania.&&

• Mul<&secular&oak&reserva<on&at&Breite’&7&project&aimed&to&promote&the&value&of&the&Breite&ancient&wood7pasture.&

•  Building&milk&collec<ng&centers&in&villages,&promo<ng&markets&for&tradi<onal&products&and&mo<va<ng&farmers&to&use&their&WP.&

•  The&project&‘Conserva<on&of&biodiversity&in&the&Breite&ancient&oak&reserve,&Sighisoara’.&•  The&Project&‘The&implica<on&of&the&local&communi<es&in&the&conserva<on&of&the&wood7pasture&habitats&from&the&Saxon&villages&of&Southern&Transylvania’.&&

•  The&projects&‘Find&the&oldest&tree’&and&‘One&oak&for&every&pupil’&were&first&of&all&educa<onal&and&awareness&rising&projects.&•  ‘The&oak&day’&was&a&community&event&organized&by&MET&in&partnership&together&with&over&50&ins<tu<ons&and&important&persons&

from&Sighisoara.&&

•  ‘The&Remarkable&Trees&of&Romania’&is&a&new,&ci<zen&science&based&project&targe<ng&the&large,&old&trees&of&Romania.&&

•  Approaching&the&Minister&of&the&Environment&of&Romania&to&discuss&possibili<es&for&social7ecological&sustainability&of&Romanian&

wood7pastures.&&• Highlight&of&the&WP&as&valuable&landscapes&needing&protec<on&in&the&management&plan&of&a&local&Natura&2000&site&of&85,000&ha&

•  Ini<a<on&of&a&policy&seminar&in&Brussels&(European&Commission)&in&order&to&recognize&European&wood7pastures&within&the&

Common&Agricultural&Policy&(17th&of&November,&2015).&&

•  Ini<a<on&of&ar<s<c&event&‘Old&Trees’&in&three&major&ci<es&of&Romania,&to&popularize&the&ancient&trees.&

•  Eight&peer7reviewed&scien<fic&papers&addressing&the&ecological&and&socio7cultural&values&and&threats&for&wood7pastures&from&

Southern&Transylvania.&

ROMANIA&INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY

INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY GRAZING&WOOD&PASTURES&AS&FIREBREAKS&(SPAIN,&SARDINIA)&

INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY Farmers in the frontier

CONCLUSIONS

Most of the traditional HNCV agroforestry systems and associated agro-silvo-pastoral practices were under-valued in the XX century and the systems have either evolved in dense forests and shrublands or been deforested by the gradual loss of trees.

Recently, HNCV agroforestry systems have acquired interest again for their ecological, cultural and recreational value, through the support of agri-environment programmes and the rising demand for high quality food.

Numerous projects of rejuvenation or restoration have emerged to preserve ancient trees, hedgerows, tree cover, and practices such as grazing forest, pannage, and pollarding.

However, there is still important uncertainties on how to restore and maintain these systems, and ultimately to guarantee an economic and ecological sustainable management of these systems.

Research on the best agroforestry management practices to optimise more demanded public services and high quality and low-carbon-emission products are still needed.

income&from&agricultural&products&which&ooen&hardly&compensates&labour&costs&

cultural&landscape&of&high&aesthe<c&value&and&their&associated&tradi<onal&knowledge&as&poten<al&for&tourism&

current&wood7pasture&systems&is&largely&resumed&to&the&herbaceous&layer&while&the&trees&are&in&sharp&decline&

Acknowledgement**The& AGFORWARD& project& (Grant& Agreement& N°& )& is& co7funded& by& the& European& Commission,& Directorate& General& for& Research& && Innova<on,& within& the& th&Framework&Programme&of&RTD,&Theme&&7&Biotechnologies,&Agriculture&&&Food.&The&views&and&opinions&expressed&in&this&report&are&purely&those&of&the&writers&and&may&not&in&any&circumstances&be&regarded&as&sta<ng&an&official&posi<on&of&the&European&Commission.&

Full&reports&are&accessible&at&AGFORWARD&project&portal&(www.agforward.eu/index.php/en/FarmerNetworks.html).&