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1
Seventh International Scientific & Technical Conference(MNTK-2010)
Moscow, 26 – 27 May 2010
Seventh International Scientific & Technical Conference(MNTK-2010)
Moscow, 26 – 27 May 2010
Russian Nuclear Power in the Ever-changing World
V.G. AsmolovV.G. Asmolov
Beloyarsk NPP
Balakovo NPP
Novovoronezh NPP
Kursk NPP
Kalinin NPP
Kola NPP Leningrad NPP
Smolensk NPP
Bilibino NPP
Rostov NPP
VVER-1000 (10 GW – 41,3%)
VVER-440 (2,6 GW - 11%)
BN-600 (0,6 GW – 2,5%)
EGP-6 (0,05GW – 0,2%)
RBMR-1000 (11 GW - 45%)
2
Russian NPPs in commercial operationRussian NPPs in commercial operation1010 NPPs, 3232 Units, Ninst.= 2424224242 MW
33
Electricity generation by Russian NPPs
Electricity generation by Russian NPPs
119,6
119,2
97,8 99,3
108,8 108,3
103,5
120,0128,9
134,9
139,8148,6
143,0147,6
154,7
158,3162,3
163,3
169,2
90
140
190
240
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
bln
kW
-h
Volgodonsk (Rostov) NPP
Unit 1 commissioned
Balakovo NPPUnit 4
commissioned
Kalinin NPP Unit 3
commissioned
Rostov NPP Unit 2
commissioning
44
Load Factor of Russian NPPsLoad Factor of Russian NPPs
55
Load Factor at Russian NPPs in 2009Load Factor at Russian NPPs in 2009
81,7475,59
39,94
64,16
74,9976,5378,2484,27
89,3295
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Volgodonsk
BalakovoKalinin
SmolenskKursk
Beloyarsk
Leningrad
NovovoronezhKola
Bilibino
66
100,6%
109,6% 107,4%102,4% 101,0%100,9% 100,8% 100,3% 100,2% 100,0%
88,6%
16
32
78
,4
83
21
,9
40
22
,3
31
29
9,0
16
7,9
26
48
5,5
12
04
7,2
27
41
5,3
21
48
1,5
22
14
6,6
98
91
,2
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
REA
Volgodonsk
Beloyarsk
BalakovoBilibino
Leningrad
NovovoronezhKursk
SmolenskKalinin Kola
Execution of the planned target for electricity generation at Russian NPPs
in 2009 (% and mln. kW-h)
Execution of the planned target for electricity generation at Russian NPPs
in 2009 (% and mln. kW-h)
77
Trend of operational events at Russian NPPs
Trend of operational events at Russian NPPs
4 01 2 0 0 0 0 0 1
65 67
37
4544 40
42 47
3828
6967
38
4744
4042
47
38
29
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Important for safety Others
88
Trend of events with scrams at Russian NPPs
Trend of events with scrams at Russian NPPs
12
89
12
6
1110
1315
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
99
Radioactive noble gases releases from NPPs in 2009
(% of the allowed release level)
Radioactive noble gases releases from NPPs in 2009
(% of the allowed release level)
2,0
25,8 25,721,0 20,5
17,7 17,0 17,0 18,0
1,7 9,2 8,6 11,1 10,2 10,47,3 3,2 5,5
0,1 3,6 3,6 4,0 4,72,0
2,8 4,1 3,80,0 0,8 0,3 1,3 1,0 1,8 0,4 0,3 0,60
5
10
15
20
25
30
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
BN
RBMK
BN VVER RBMK EGP
New limits for allowed release
introduced (by SP AS-99 standard)
On-line data for 2009
1010
Collective doses at NPPs for different reactor types (man-Sv/Unit)
Collective doses at NPPs for different reactor types (man-Sv/Unit)
5,94 5,85
4,42 4,233,35 3,87
3,39 3,21 3,312,67 2,58 2,09
1,921,59 1,66 1,57 1,44 1,52
1,26 1,12 1,08 0,9 0,89 0,68 1,04 0,62 0,75
0,8 0,77 0,73 0,62 0,53 0,5 0,48 0,57 0,590
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
RBMKs All NPPs VVERs Non-serial (EGP, AMB, BN)
1111
Summary of the year 2009 Summary of the year 2009
►Nuclear power units safe operation has been ensured
►The maximum electricity generation level of 163.3 bln kW-h (100.6% of the FTS balance target) has been achieved
►The maximum generation capacity of 22 700 MW has been attained
►Load Factor of 80.2% has been reached (79.5% in 2008)
►Availability Factor of 83.6% has been reached (82.2% in 2008)
1212
Production targets for 2010Production targets for 2010
Planned generation as per FTS balance target
- 169.2 bln kW-h
Load Factor
- 81,3 %
1313
Electricity generation increase at the operating nuclear power units is achieved by implementation of relevant measures in the following areas:
►Reliability improvement;
►Nuclear power units efficiency factor raise;
►Thermal power increase;
►Reduction of overhaul and mid-life repair terms;
►Thermal efficiency improvement for thermomechanical equipment;
►Operation life extension for NPP units.
Electricity generation increase Electricity generation increase
1414
The gradual comprehensive upgrading plan for VVER-1000 power units
The gradual comprehensive upgrading plan for VVER-1000 power units
Reactor Steam Generator Turbine Generator
►Reduction of conservatism in defining the design basis and operational limits.
►Reduction of linear power release in a fuel element by means of axial and radial profiling.
►Fuel assembly modernization.
►Upgrading the steam separation system.
►Evaluation of internal SG pressure raising feasibility.
►Evaluation of feasibility of SG replacement with a more efficient one.
►Upgrading the flow-through part and optimization of the thermal circuit.
►Enhancement of the feedwater recovery system for efficiency factor improvement purpose.
►Upgrading in order to obtain a maximum possible electric power.
►Evaluation of feasibility of the generator replacement.
1515
Reduction of conservatism in the VVER-1000 power capability
evaluation
Reduction of conservatism in the VVER-1000 power capability
evaluation
Parameter Value at present Conservatism
reduction Measures towards
conservatism reduction
1. Kr – fuel element power
nonuniformity coeff. 1,52 1,48 Fuel load optimization
2.qтв - fuel element power
capability, KW 110 115Reduction of conservatism in the accident analysis domain
3. Fобщ(qтв ) - margin coefficient 1,17 1,11Ensuring the overall 95% probability of being within the limits
доп
As a resultthermal power can be increased by 12%
1616
Phases of Russian Nuclear Power Development in Post-Chernobyl
Period
Phases of Russian Nuclear Power Development in Post-Chernobyl
Period
►1992 – 2004 - the “survival” period
►2004 – 2008 - nuclear “renaissance”
►2008 – 2009 - global financial crisis
►2010 onward - end of recession period and post-crisis development
1717
Russian NPPs built in the “survival” period
Russian NPPs built in the “survival” period
1993 – Balakovo NPP Unit 4
2005 – Kalinin NPP Unit 3
2001 – Volgodonsk NPP Unit 1
1818
Foreign NPPs of the “survival” period
Foreign NPPs of the “survival” period
Tianwan NPP(China)
Bushehr NPP(Iran)
Kudankulam NPP (India)
1919
The “survival” period outcomeThe “survival” period outcome
►R&D infrastructure and the knowledge for the basis technology (VVER and BN reactors) have been retained
►The technology and infrastructure for the construction of NPP power units, and the whole nuclear industry have been retained
►Severe accidents research programs have been carried out, and computer codes have been developed and verified
►New safety design features have been developed and tested
20
Safety database 1986 - 2005Safety database 1986 - 2005
COMPUTATIONAL TOOL
APPLICATION TO THE NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS
Thermohydraulics - integral experimentsHydrogen (deflagration,detonation)RASPLAV, MASCAMelt - concreteinteractionThermomechanics
of fuel elements
Thermomechanics of a reactor vessel
Reactivity initiatedaccidents
RESEARCHPROGRAMS IN RUSSIAwith Western partnersinvolvement
RESEARCH PROGRAMS FACILITIES
with Russian involvement
AT WESTERN INTERNATIONAL
PROGRAMSdata bases, codes)(
Thermohydraulics CAMP, ICAP
OECD
EU, IAEA programs
NEA /EU, IAEA programs
Severe accidents CSARPNEA / OECD
-
Thermohydraulics - PMK (Hungary), PACTEL (Finland)Core damage - CORA (Germany)
BETA (Germany), ACE (USA)Filters on the containmentventing system -
Hydrogen -
ACE (USA), TYPHOON (Germany)
HDR(Germany)Melt-concrete interaction -
2121
The public request for accelerated nuclear power development
External conditions:● Non-uniform distribution of fossil fuel resources ● Increased tension at global energy market
Demonstration of developing consumer-oriented features of NPPs:● guaranteed safety● economic efficiency● closed NFC
RW & SF management fuel breeding
Boundary conditions that determined
the nuclear “renaissance”
Boundary conditions that determined
the nuclear “renaissance”
2222
Nuclear power globalization degree
Nuclear power globalization degree
►Five countries (U.S.A., France, Japan, Russia and Germany) altogether produce 70% of nuclear-generated electricity in the world.
►Light water reactors of three types (PWR, BWR, VVER) represent 80% of global reactor fleet.
►Five countries (Russia, France, Japan, China, India) are developing fast reactor technologies in an advanced phase.
►Six companies (Rosatom, URENCO, USEC, EURODIF, CNNC, JNFL) are performing commercial-scale uranium enrichment.
►Six countries (France, United Kingdom, Russia, Japan, China, India) have nuclear fuel reprocessing capacities.
23
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
- red line separates the units with guaranteed financing- blue line designates the mandatory power unit commissioning programme
Kola, Unit 2
Kola, Unit 1
LNPP, unit 2
LNPP Unit 1
Mandatory programme
Mandatory and supplementary programmes
Installed capacity by 2020, GW 51.6 57.4
Capacity to be commissioned, GW 32.1 38.9Kola-IIUnit 1
Kola-IIUnit 2
Cen
tral
, U
nit
1
Kola-II, Unit 3
Kola-II, Unit 4
Prim., Unit 1
Prim., Unit 2
To be decommissioned: 3.7 GW
NPP construction roadmap according to the General Plan till 2020
February 2008
Ro
sto
v, U
nit
2
com
ple
tio
n
Ku
rsk,
Un
it 5
* co
mp
leti
on
Kal
inin
, Un
it 4
com
ple
tio
n
NV
oro
nez
h-I
I, U
nit
1B
elo
yars
k, U
nit
4
BN
-800
Len
ing
rad
-II,
Un
it 1
Ro
sto
v,
Un
it 3
Sev
ersk
, U
nit
1T
ver,
Un
it 1
Ro
sto
v,
Un
it 4
Niz
hn
iy N
ovo
rod
Un
it 1
So
uth
Ura
ls,
Un
it 1
NV
oro
nez
h-I
I, U
nit
2
NV
oro
nez
h-I
I, U
nit
3
Nvo
ron
ezh
-II,
Un
it 4
Len
ing
rad
-II,
Un
it 2
Len
ing
rad
-II,
Un
it 3
Len
ing
rad
-II,
Un
it 4
Tve
r, U
nit
2
Tve
r, U
nit
3
Tve
r, U
nit
4
So
uth
Ura
ls,
Un
it 2
So
uth
Ura
ls,
un
it 3
So
uth
Ura
ls,
Un
it 4
Sev
ersk
, U
nit
2
Niz
hn
iy
No
voro
d,
Un
it 2
Niz
hn
iy
No
voro
d,
Un
it 3
Niz
hn
iy N
ovo
rod
, U
nit
4C
entr
al,
Un
it 2
Cen
tral
, U
nit
3 Cen
tral
, U
nit
4
NVNPP, Unit 3
NVNPP, Unit 4
24
NPPs in operationNPPs under construction
Prospective NPPs
NPP siting in accordance with the General Plan
Bilibino
Vilyuchinsk (PATES)
Primorye
Kola
Pevek (PATES)
Seversk
South Urals
Leningrad
Kalinin
Balakovo
Beloyarsk
Rostov
Kursk
Tver
Smolensk
Novovoronezh
Nizhniy Novgorod
In operation - 31 unitsUnder construction - 10 units (including floating units - PATES)Prospective - 28 units (including floating units - PATES)Upgrading - 14 unitsDecommissioning - 9 units (including Bilibino NPP)
Central
Baltic
Power unit information
2525
The AES-2006 design is the basis for implementation of the General Siting
Plan “roadmap”
2626
● Thermal power has been increased up to 3200 MW and Efficiency factor (gross) of a power unit has reached 36.2%, due to:
▬ elimination of excessive conservatism▬ improvement of steam turbine thermal circuit▬ improvement of steam parameters at the steam
generator outlets and decrease of pressure losses in steam lines
● Economic efficiency has been improved by means of:▬ optimization of passive and active safety systems
used in AES-91 and AES-92 designs▬ unification of the main equipment;▬ decrease of materials consumption
AES-2006 – the targets reached
2727
Negative effects of the world financial crisis
Negative effects of the world financial crisis
►Industrial production shrinkage
►Energy consumption recession
►Grid restrictions and NPP generation reduction
►Decreased profits and reduced investments in construction of new NPPs
28
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Projects in theconstruction phase
Projects ready forimplementation
Special projects
As both the economics and electricity demand will be recovered, it is expected to build:Central NPP;Nizhniy Novgorod NPP;Seversk NPP;South Urals NPP;Tver-II NPP
Rosto
v N
PP
pow
er
un
it
2
Kalin
in N
PP
pow
er
un
it 4
Novovoro
nezh
-II
NP
PP
ow
er
un
it
1Len
ing
rad
-II
NP
Pp
ow
er
un
it
1
Rosto
v N
PP
Pow
er
un
it
3
Len
ing
rad
-II
NP
Pp
ow
er
un
it
2
Rosto
v N
PP
Pow
er
un
it
4
Len
ing
rad
-II
NP
Pp
ow
er
un
it
3
Balt
ic N
PP
pow
er
un
it 2
Len
ing
rad
-II
NP
Pp
ow
er
un
it
4
Belo
yars
k N
PP
Pow
er
un
it 4
(BN
-800)
Novovoro
nezh
-II
NP
P Pow
er
un
it
2B
alt
ic N
PP
Pow
er
un
it 1
NPP units currently under constructionNPP units currently under construction
2929
NPPs under construction – current status
NPPs under construction – current status
►Completion of NPPs with VVER-1000 reactors:
- Rostov NPP, power units 2, 3 and 4- Kalinin NPP, power unit 4
►Construction of NPPs of the AES-2006 design:
- Novovoronezh-II NPP, power units 1 and 2- Leningrad-II NPP, power units 1 and 2
►Construction of NPP with BN-800 reactor:- Beloyarsk NPP, power unit 4
►Construction of floating nuclear cogeneration plant (PATES) with KLT-40 reactor (Vilyuchinsk)
3030
Rostov NPP Units 2, 3 and 4Rostov NPP Units 2, 3 and 4
Rostov NPP Unit 2
Rostov NPP Units 3,4
3131
Kalinin NPP Unit 4Kalinin NPP Unit 4
3232
Novovoronezh-II NPPNovovoronezh-II NPP
3333
Leningrad-II NPPLeningrad-II NPP
3434
Beloyarsk NPP Unit 4Beloyarsk NPP Unit 4
3535
Floating nuclear cogeneration plant (PATES)
Floating nuclear cogeneration plant (PATES)
36
NPP-2006 siting licenses for new sites
NPP-2006 siting licenses for new sites
NPP License obtaining date
Seversk NPP 13.11.2009
Nizhniy Novgorod NPP 3rd quarter of 2010
Tver NPP 3rd quarter of 2010
Leningrad-II NPP (Units 3 and 4) 2nd quarter of 2010
Baltic NPP 19.02.2010
Central NPP 2nd quarter of 2010
37
Main areas of optimization in AES-2006
Main areas of optimization in AES-2006
Economic requirements and boundary conditions of the
Customer
Basis – AES-2006 design
Reactor unitTurbine hallHeat exchangers
Safety systems
Auxiliary systems:•Ventilation,•Radwaste
Automated process control system
AES-2010 (VVER-SOC)
Design is not changed.Removal of conservatism
Variability. Optimization. Simplification of the design and completion of passive safety justification
Optimization Development in accordance with the adopted design
Significant upgrading (there is a significant back-up)
38
Development areas for AES-2010 concept design
Development areas for AES-2010 concept design
Area Comments
Cost and risks analysis for introduction of new advanced plant equipment and systems :
- reduced number of control rods;
R&D works accomplished
- introduction of new main circulation pumps (water lubrication, one-speed motor);
R&D works to be accomplished in 2010
- implementation of new steel for pressure vessels;
R&D works to be accomplished in 2011
39
Development areas for AES-2010 concept design (continuation)
Development areas for AES-2010 concept design (continuation)
Area Comments
- implementation of new set of heat exchanging equipment of collector-platen type;
The collector-platen arrangement of heat exchanging devices will allow to reduce metal consumption
- transition to a deaeratorless layout of the secondary circuit;
The transition will allow to achieve significant savings as regard to Turbine hall equipment & systems
- introduction of heat accumulators to ensure maneuverable parameters of a power unit
Application of heat accumulators will enable the NPP power units involved in maneuvering regimes to maintain the high LF levels and up-to-date fuel cycle parameters
40
Development areas for AES-2010 concept design (continuation)
Development areas for AES-2010 concept design (continuation)
Area Comments
- abandon the demineralizer use, or transition to low-capacity demineralizers;
This is connected with application stainless steels or titanium for heat exchanging surfaces in the secondary circuit and with transition to ethanolamine-based water chemistry
- optimization of the secondary circuit feedwater system arrangement
Introduction of feedwater pump capacity control by means of smooth variation of pump rotation speed. Analysis of application of:- a high-speed rotating turbine drive, a frequency-controlled motor drive;- a motor drive with hydraulic clutch
41
Development areas for AES-2010 concept design (continuation)
Development areas for AES-2010 concept design (continuation)
Area Comments
- implementation of MOX fuel
Analysis of feasibility to implement the EUR requirement concerning MOX fuel use
- introduction of hydrogen-potassium water chemistry for the primary circuit coolant
Will allow to:- minimize equipment composition and dimensions;- optimize service parameters of the water chemistry maintenance systems;- reduce significantly volume of process waste being generated
4242
● Low efficiency in beneficial use of mined natural uranium – less than 1%
● Continuously growing volumes of SNF and RW
Systemic problems of the modern nuclear power
Systemic problems of the modern nuclear power
43
1. Economical efficiency
2. Guaranteed safety
3. No limitations in regard to a raw materials base for а historically significant time span
4. SNF and RW management – the NP fuel cycle is to be organized in a way ensuring safe ultimate RW confinement
5. Energy production scale – the share in the national electricity market should be not less than 30%
6. Energy production structure is to ensure an opportunity to expand the markets
Requirements to a nuclear power system (NPS)
Requirements to a nuclear power system (NPS)
44
A power unit of the 4th generation with a sodium-cooled fast reactor:A power unit of the 4th generation with a sodium-cooled fast reactor:
►Complying with the requirements of large-scale nuclear power in areas of fuel utilization and minor actinides management
►With improved technical, economic performance and safety features
4545
Requirements to VVER technology development aimed at its application in combination with breeder reactors
within the closed NFC:
Requirements to VVER technology development aimed at its application in combination with breeder reactors
within the closed NFC:
Fuel utilization (Breeding Ratio)
Efficiency coefficient
Investment payback terms
46
Target features of an innovative NPP unit based on the traditional
VVER technology
Target features of an innovative NPP unit based on the traditional
VVER technology
►Fuel utilization – possibility of operation with breeding ratio (BR) of ~ 0.8 – 0.9 and natural uranium consumption of 130 – 135 t/GW(e) per year
►Thermodynamic efficiency - improvement of the efficiency coefficient by optimization of the steam generator design and by the maximum possible increase of steam parameters
► Investment payback – shortening of the construction period down to 3.5 – 4 years due to the enlarged industrial modular fabrication
47
Today Mid of 21-st centuryBasic electricity supply
Electricity supply, extra fuel breeding
Electricity supply + fuel breeding
Heat supply + electricity
High potential heat, new energy carriers
VVER-440 NPPs,VVER-1000 NPPsRBMK NPPs
BN-600 NPP
Bilibino NHPP
Open nuclear fuel cycle
AES-2006, AES-2006МNPPs with VVER-1000
NPPs with Super-VVER for operation in CNFC with BR ~ 0.9BN-800 NPPscommercial breeders
Regional NHPPs with small- and medium-size reactors
High-temperature reactors
Closed nuclear fuel cycle
Perspective pattern of Russiannuclear power system