1 Scientific Method. 2 Posing and Testing Methods Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction...
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Transcript of 1 Scientific Method. 2 Posing and Testing Methods Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction...
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Scientific Method
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Posing and Testing Methods
• Observation
• Question
• Hypothesis
• Prediction
• Experiment
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Posing and Testing Methods
• Observation: The flashlight doesn’t work
• Question: What’s wrong with the flashlight
• Hypothesis: The batteries are dead
• Prediction: If the batteries are dead and you replace them with new ones, then the flashlight will work.
• Experiment: Replace the batteries.
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Now you try:
• Observation :
• Question :
• Hypothesis :
• Prediction :
• Experiment :
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What Makes A
Good Biology Experi-ment?
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1. Ask a testable Question.
Example:
Does watching T.V. make you fail Biology class?
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2. Form a Hypothesis.
• Educated guess.
•Never in a question form.
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3. Design a Controlled Experiment:
A test where only one variable is being changed at
one time.
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What is involved in designing a good experiment?
• Set up a Control Group• Set up a Experimental Group• Determine which is the Independent Variable• Determine which is the Dependent Variable• Repeat the experiment to verify results• Use a lot of sample groups in order to get the best
indication of results• Consider all Safety Issues• Eliminate Experimental Error• Prevent Bias• AND REPEAT
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3a. Control Group
The group that does not receive the “treatment”
(business as usual)
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3b. Experimental Group
The group that receives the “treatment”
Only one variable is changed at a time.
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3c. Independent Variable (manipulated variable)
The variable that is deliberately changed in an
experiment.
(it is what I (the scientist) changes from one group to the other)
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3d. Dependent Variable (or responding variable)
The variable that changes because the independent
variable changed.
Depends on the Independent Variable
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3e. Replication: How many times an experiment is done.
3f. Sample Size:
The number of control & experimental groups.
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3g. SAFETY!!!•For the researcher
• For the Environment (Inside or outside labs)
• For the test subjects
•(like animals)
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Two types of Error
• Operator Error– What the scientist did wrong
• Bias• Falling Asleep during data collection• Inaccurate measurements
• Equipment Error– What went wrong with equipment
• Dirty Glassware• Equipment with incorrect increments for measurement
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SET UP AN EXPERIMENT
• Shoe Brand’s Effect on Speed
• ** Add: “Dependent Variable: _____________”
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Early Experiments
in Transportation
.
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Farside Cartoon: G. Larson “Notice all the
computations, theoretical scribblings,
and lab equipment,
Norm…Yes, curiosity
killed these cats.”
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3h. Identify sources experimental error.
•Bias: Preconceived ideas that influence experimenter.
•Operator or Equipment failure.
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3i. How can you prevent bias??
•Placebos- ½ test subjects given control or fake variable
•Blind-Study- test subjects don’t know if they have placebo or real
•Double-Blind- test subjects and scientists don’t know who has placebo or real
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4. Collect Data.
Think about how best to set up a data sheet.
Will your data be qualitative or quantitative?
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5. Analyze data.
Create a graph, chart, or map to organize collected
data.
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6. Form conclusions.
What patterns do you see?
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7. Repeat Experiment.
Do not change any variables!
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VALIDITY
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What is involved in designing a good experiment?
• Set up a Control Group• Set up a Experimental Group• Determine which is the Independent Variable• Determine which is the Dependent Variable• Repeat the experiment to verify results• Use a lot of sample groups in order to get the best
indication of results• Consider all Safety Issues• Eliminate Experimental Error• Prevent Bias• AND REPEAT