1. Rock-forming minerals-An overview.ppt
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Transcript of 1. Rock-forming minerals-An overview.ppt
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Rock-forming minerals:Rock-forming minerals:
An overview An overview
Dr. Arifudin IdrusDr. Arifudin Idrus
Department of Geological EngineeringDepartment of Geological EngineeringGadjah Mada Uniersit! " I#D$#E%IAGadjah Mada Uniersit! " I#D$#E%IA
E-mail address:E-mail address: [email protected] [email protected]
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Introduction:
let back to basic concept!
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What is a mineral?What is a mineral?
• naturally forming
• inorganic
• crystalline solid
• known chemical composition
• known physical properties
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How do Minerals form?How do Minerals form?• Precipitation from a fluid like H2O or CO2.
This can take place within the earth bhdrothermal processes! dia"enesis! andmetamorphism! and at or near the #arth$ssurface as a result of e%aporation! weatherin"!or biolo"ical acti%it.
• &ublimation from a %apor. This process issomewhat more rare! but can take place at a%olcanic %ent! or deep in space where thepressure is near %acuum.
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• Crstalli'ation from ma"ma. This takesplace durin" crstalli'ation of molten
rock (ma"ma) either below or at the#arth$s surface.
• &olid * &olid reactions. This processin%ol%es minerals reactin" with otherminerals in the solid state to produceone or more new minerals. &uch
processes take place durin"metamorphism and dia"enesis due tochan"in" temperature and pressureconditions.
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Composition of the CrustComposition of the Crust• The #arth$s crust is made up of about +,-
i"neous and metamorphic rocks! - shale!/.0,- sandstone! and /.2,- limestone.
• The continental crust has an a%era"ecomposition that appro1imates "ranodiorite (a
medium to siliceous i"neous rock)! whereas
the oceanic crust has an a%era"e composition
that is basaltic (a low silica i"neous rock).
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%era"e composition of the continental crust (Clarke %era"e composition of the continental crust (Clarkeand Washin"ton! 3+2)and Washin"ton! 3+2)
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& 'ecause of the aerage composition of
the crust( the most common minerals
found in the crust are silicates and
o)ides.
& $f the silicates( the aluminosilicates( like
the feldspars and cla! minerals are the
most common.
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& $ther minerals( containing the otherelements in the periodic ta*le are foundin the crust.
& 'ut( in order for these minerals to occur(special geologic conditions are necessar!to concentrate these less a*undantelements so that the! occur in highenough concentrations to form a separatemineral.
& Elements that occur in concentrations lessthan a*out +., usuall! measured inparts per million or parts per *illion/ arecalled dispersed elements or trace
elements.
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0late 1ectonic " Rock Genesis0late 1ectonic " Rock Genesis
3. Mid*ocean 4id"es
2. 5ntracontinental 4ifts
6. 5sland rcs
. cti%e Continental Mar"ins
5.5. Back-arc BasinsBack-arc Basins
6.6. Ocean Island BasaltsOcean Island Basalts
7.7. Miscellaneous Intra-Miscellaneous Intra-
Continental ActivityContinental Activity
kimberlites, carbonatites,kimberlites, carbonatites,anorthosites...anorthosites...
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Diagram of the Interior ofthe EarthCrust
0 to 40 km 0°C
Upper Mantle40 to 670 km
1,000°C
Lower Mantle670 to 2,890 km
2,000°C
Outer Core2,890 to 5,150 km
3,700°C
Inner Core5,150 to 6,370 km
4,300°C
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The #arth7s 5nterior The #arth7s 5nterior Crust8
Oceanic crustThin8 3/ km
4elati%el uniform strati"raph
9 ophiolite suite8
• &ediments
• pillow basalt
• sheeted dikes
• more massi%e "abbro
• ultramafic (mantle)
Continental Crust
Thicker8 2/*+/ km a%era"e :6, km
Hi"hl %ariable composition
; %era"e : "ranodiorite
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he !arth"s Interior he !arth"s Interior
Mantle#Mantle#
$eridotite %ultrama&ic'$eridotite %ultrama&ic'
())er ())er to *+ km %olivineto *+ km %olivine →→ s)inel's)inel'
o /elocity ayer o /elocity ayer 6-00 km6-00 km
ransition 1oneransition 1one as velocity increases 2 ra)idlyas velocity increases 2 ra)idly
*+-66 km*+-66 km
s)inels)inel→→
)erovskite-ty)e )erovskite-ty)e
3i3iI/I/ →→ 3i3i/I/I
oer Mantleoer Mantle has more 4radualhas more 4radual
velocity increasevelocity increase
Figure 1-2. Maor subdivisions o& the !arth.
inter %0+' An Introduction to I4neous andMetamor)hic $etrolo4y. $rentice all.
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he !arth"s Interior he !arth"s Interior
Core#Core#
8e-9i metallic alloy8e-9i metallic alloy
Outer CoreOuter Core is li:uidis li:uid 9o 3-aves 9o 3-aves
Inner CoreInner Core is solidis solid
Figure 1-2. Maor subdivisions o& the !arth.
inter %0+' An Introduction to I4neous andMetamor)hic $etrolo4y. $rentice all.
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Figure 1-5. Relative atomic abundances of the seven most common elements
that comprise 97% of the Earths mass. !n "ntroduction to "gneous and
#etamorphic $etrolog& b 'ohn (inter & $rentice )all.
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.
Minerals make u rocks.
!atura" compounds an#
elements $om%ine toform minerals.
Elements $om%ine to formthe natura" compounds.
Rocks make u the Earth.
&here i' a hierar$h( to thee"ement' of )eo"og(
Atoms make u elements.
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Elements $an %e arrange#, %a'e# on their
i#entifia%"e roertie', into the Periodic Table
Atomic Theor roo'e' that a"" matter i'$omo'e# of the atoms of a%out 100 #ifferent$hemi$a" elements. It further roo'e' that $hemi$a"
compounds are forme# %( the $om%ination of theatom' of #ifferent $hemi$a" e"ement'.
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*n"( ei!htei!ht e"ement' make u o+er "#$ of the earth' $ru't-
M!
%a
&
O
'iAl
(eCa
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The identi)iable characteristics o)The identi)iable characteristics o)
MineralsMinerals arearenaturall occurrin! inor!anic elements or compoundsnaturall occurrin! inor!anic elements or compounds
ha*in! an orderl internal structureha*in! an orderl internal structure
and a characteristic chemical compositionand a characteristic chemical composition+
crstal )orm andcrstal )orm and
phsical properties o) a solidphsical properties o) a solid
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ome RocksRocks are ma#e u of /u't one minera" "ike the 'e#imentar( rock salt ma#e u ofthe minera" ha"ite
*ther' RocksRocks are ma#e u of man(
minera"' "ike the igneou' ro$k !ranite an# the metamorhi$ ro$k !neiss.
MineralsMinerals $om%ine to form$om%ine to form RocksRocks
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M< * The 4ock Ccle in Michi"an * @ebruar 2//3