1 Responsible Use of Refrigerants in HVAC Julian de Bullet ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer Director of...
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Transcript of 1 Responsible Use of Refrigerants in HVAC Julian de Bullet ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer Director of...
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Responsible Use of Refrigerants in HVAC
Julian de BulletASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer
Director of Industry Relations
McQuay International
703-395-5054
PLEASE MUTE CELL PHONES
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It’s About the World…..
Globally the Issues are the Same……….
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History of Refrigerants
• 1830s - Jacob Perkins - Vapor Compression (ether)• 1851 - John Gorie - Patent for Vapor Compression
Cycle • 1859 R-717 / R-718 (Ammonia / Water)
• 1866 CO2 - Naval Applications
• 1873 - R-717 (Ammonia) Commercial Refrigeration - Karl Linde
• 1875 - R-764 (Sulfur dioxide)• 1920s -R-600a (Isobutane) & R-290 (Propane)• 1922 - Willis Carrier - R-1130 (Dielene)• 1926 - R-30 (Methylene Chloride)
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Fluorocarbons
• CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs
• Limited Combinations
– Adding Chlorine Or
Bromine Increases ODP
– Adding Fluorine Increases
GWP
– Adding Hydrogen Increases
Flammability And Lowers
Atmospheric Lifetime
HYDROGEN
CHLORINE FLUORINE
Flammable
Toxic
Long Atmospheric Lifetime (fully halogenated)
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rowlandmolina.gif
Ozone Depletion was Detected in the 70’s………..
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Refrigerants Circa 1987
• Common HVAC Refrigerants Include CFC-11, CFC-12
(ODP=1.0), HCFC-22 (ODP=0.05)
• Chiller Efficiency 0.70-0.80 kW/ton
• Low Pressure Chillers Lose 25% Of Charge Annually
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Montreal Protocol Corrective Measures
• HFC-134a (ODP=0) Replaces CFC-12 for Chillers and
HCFC-22 for most Commercial HVAC Systems
• HCFC-123 (ODP=0.02) Replaces CFC-11
– These Chillers Tightened Up (High Efficiency Purge,
Portable Refrigerant Vessels, Blankets etc.)
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20 years later….Ozone Depletion Continues…..
2005 ‘Hole” was one of largest and deepest ever….
Latest NASA predictionsdelays recovery until2068…..nearly 20 yearslater than previouslybelieved…..
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1996 2004 2010 2015 2020 2030
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
65%
25%
10%0.5%
Consumption cap reducedfrom 35% to 25% in 2010
2013 2020 2025 2030 2040
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
65%
32.5%
2.5%
2015
90% Current: Consumption cap steadilyreduced starting in 2015 Previous: Consumption capped at2015 levels until 2040
Phase Out Schedule – Developed Countries
Phase Out Schedule – Developing Countries
Co
nsu
mp
tio
nC
on
sum
pti
on Freeze
Note: acceleration shown in light blue
2015 Service Tail Review
Montreal Protocol –Changes Made on Friday September 21st, 2007
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AVAILABILITY OF REFRIGERANT(Dupont & ICI Projections)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Tons (000)Tons (000)
HCFC22HCFC22
HCFC123HCFC123
HFC134aHFC134a
HFC410AHFC410A
Year
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
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And Don’t Forget HCFC-22
• HCFC-22 phase-out in 2010 for new equipment and 2020 for service tail production– Consider alternatives for HCFCs now
• Recommended actions – Select high efficiency units that use zero ozone
depleting refrigerants like HFC-410A, HFC-134a and HFC-407C
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HCFC-22 Issues- Clarification
Allow the sale of window air conditioners, packaged terminal air conditioners, and some commercial refrigeration units after Jan. 1, 2010, if they were manufactured before Jan. 1, 2010. Stockpiling of this equipment is allowed under the rule.
• Allow the sale of pre-charged appliance components and parts manufactured (in the traditional sense), such as condensing units, line sets, and expansion valves, used for servicing as long as they were manufactured before Jan. 1, 2010. Stockpiling of this equipment is allowed under the rule.
• Ban the sale and installation on or after Jan. 1, 2010, of pre-charged R-22 air conditioners (such as split systems) and refrigeration appliances that require field charging. Contractors are advised not to stockpile this equipment.
• Permit servicing and repair work that requires the refrigeration loop to be opened and closed. There was a question as to whether this activity would be banned because it could be interpreted as ‘manufacturing’ after the Jan. 1, 2010 deadline.”
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ASHRAE Standard 34
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ASHRAE 34 SAFETY GROUPS
High High FlammabilityFlammability
LowLowFlammabilityFlammability
No FlameNo FlamePropagationPropagation
A3PropaneButane
B3
A2R-142b, 152a
B2Ammonia
A1R-11, 12, 22, 114, 500, 134a
B1R-123, SO2
Lower ToxicityLower Toxicity Higher ToxicityHigher Toxicity
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Refrigerants & Compressors
100101.10
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
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WATER COOLED CHILLER DUTY
CFM/TON
DE
LTA
H, (
Btu
/lb)
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT,ROTARY, SCROLL, RECIP, SCREW
CENTRIFUGAL
113123
11
114
124
134
152a
134a
12
500
22
502125
507
143a
410A
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Application ConsiderationsApplication Considerations
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REFRIGERANT TRANSITION
CFCs HCFCs HFCs
high chlorine
strong ozone depletion
strong global warming
•1974 – Molina-Rowland theory•1987 – Montreal protocol•1990 – CAA amendments•1996 – total phaseout of CFCs
lower chlorine
lower ozone depletion
lower global warming
•2010 - phaseout ofHCFC-22 for new equipment•2020 - total phaseoutof HCFC-22 and New HCFC -123 chillers.
no chlorine
zero ozone depletion
lower global warming
1930s-1990s 1950s-2010s 1990s +
SO2 -NH3
1920s
toxic
flammable
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ASHRAE Standard 15
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ASHRAE Standard 15
What is ASHRAE 15?What is ASHRAE 15?
An industry standard that specifies safe An industry standard that specifies safe design, construction, installation, and design, construction, installation, and operation of refrigerating systemsoperation of refrigerating systems
Establishes safeguards for life, limb, Establishes safeguards for life, limb, health, and property, and prescribes health, and property, and prescribes safety standardssafety standards
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Mechanical Room Safety Check:Mechanical Room Safety Check:
Location of inlet Location of inlet vents in relationvents in relationto exhaust outlets ? to exhaust outlets ?
Location of roof drains ?Location of roof drains ?
Rupture discRupture discoutlet locations ?outlet locations ?
Purge vents Purge vents to outside ?to outside ?
Are safety ruptureAre safety rupture lines the right size ?lines the right size ?
Is access to mechanicalIs access to mechanicalroom restricted ?room restricted ?
Is there a tightIs there a tightseal on doors ?seal on doors ?
Where do theWhere do thefloor drains floor drains empty to ?empty to ?
Are drain valves connectedAre drain valves connectedto evacuation devices ?to evacuation devices ?
Are there anyAre there anypit areas in thepit areas in theroom ?room ?
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Mechanical Room Per ASHRAE 15 Mechanical Room Per ASHRAE 15
Relief discharge shall be located not lessRelief discharge shall be located not lessthan 20 ‘ from ventilation opening andthan 20 ‘ from ventilation opening andnot less than 15’ above ground level (9.7.8)not less than 15’ above ground level (9.7.8)
All indoor machineryAll indoor machinery rooms must be ventedrooms must be vented to the outdoors utilizingto the outdoors utilizingmechanical ventilationmechanical ventilation98.13.3 & 498.13.3 & 4
Access to mechanicalAccess to mechanicalroom shall be restricted.room shall be restricted.Tight fitting doors openingTight fitting doors openingoutward (self closing if theoutward (self closing if theopen into the building)open into the building)adequate in number to adequate in number to ensure freedom of escape.ensure freedom of escape.No other openings that wouldNo other openings that wouldpermit passage of escaping permit passage of escaping refrigerant (8.13)refrigerant (8.13)
Purge systems and relief devicesPurge systems and relief devicesmust be vented to outside (8.16)must be vented to outside (8.16)
Refrigerant sensors are located in areas whereRefrigerant sensors are located in areas whererefrigerant vapor from a leak will be concentratedrefrigerant vapor from a leak will be concentratedso as to provide warning at concentration notso as to provide warning at concentration notexceeding the refrigerant TLV-TWA exceeding the refrigerant TLV-TWA
The total amount ofThe total amount ofrefrigerant stored in arefrigerant stored in amachinery room in allmachinery room in allcontainers not providedcontainers not providedwith relief valves & pipedwith relief valves & pipedin accordance with standardin accordance with standardshall not exceed 330 lb.. (11.5)shall not exceed 330 lb.. (11.5)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (AFEAS/DOE)
Energy and Global Warming Impacts of HFC Refrigerants and Emerging Technologies Nov 1997
What About GWP and Leakage Rates?
For chillers, (Indirect) global warming gas emissions (CO2) at the power plant account for more than 96% of the Total Equivalent Warming Impact
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Number of Leaks Detected per Unit
Water-Cooled Leaks / Unit Tested
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
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Climate Change & HFC Refrigerants
• GWP=How much a given mass of GHG contributes to global warming• HFC emissions covered under the Kyoto Protocol – Represent less than 2% of all GHG emissions
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Key Refrigerants
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
R-22 R-12 R-134a R-404A R-407C R-410A R-507A
Refrigerants
GW
P (
Re
lati
ve
to
CO
2)
1 kg R-12 = 10,600 kg CO21 kg R-134a = 1,430 kg CO21 kg R-410A = 2,088 kg CO21 kg R-404A = 3,922 kg CO2
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Climate Initiatives
Waxman/Markey House Bill- Energy Efficiency
• The goal would be for the model building energy codes to be updated every three years to reduce building energy consumption by 30% such target to be increased to 50% incremental reductions in building energy consumption for new code editions released after January 1, 2016, with the ultimate goal being “net-zero-energy” buildings.
• The starting baselines would be the 2004 IECC and ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004.
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Climate Initiatives
Waxman/ Markey Bill- Climate
– The Draft provides for an HFC regulatory program under the Title VI of the Clean Air Act, and as expected, provides for (1) a cap and reduction schedule, (2) allocations to HFC Producers, Users and Importers (both bulk and products-containing); and several other provisions
– The Draft proves for an initial cap in 2012 that is based on the average of 2004-2006 production (and 100% of HFC and HCFC production). The number is then to be reduced by 6% in the first year, and then 3% each year until 2028. EPA is given authority to set this baseline within the bounds of 380 and 280 MMTCO2e
27
Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI)
• TEWI - Tool to estimate global warming impact of various technologies
• TEWI estimates CO2 emissions of a given system over its lifetime– Direct: equivalent CO2 emissions caused by direct
leakage or loss of refrigerant
– Indirect: CO2 emissions due to energy consumption by the system
28
TEWI – Major Findings
TEWI - Residential Central Air Conditioners
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
1 2
Year
TE
WI
(MT
CO
2/Y
ear)
Direct CO2 emissions A/CMetric Tons
Indirect CO2 emissions A/CMetric Tons
1970 2006
13.9%
86.1%
94%
6%
• New products have half the carbon footprint than products manufactured 35 years ago
• Energy efficiency is key to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from HVACR equipment
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Ohnishi Basis for ICCP/TEAP report
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ARI Standard 550/590
Chiller Certification and IPLV
The Industry ARI Standard Part Load Analysis (IPLV)
% Load % Hrs 100 1 75 42 50 45 25 12
Systems Solution
32
Historic Energy Improvements
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1990 1994 1998 2002
Year
Eff
icie
ncy (
CO
P)
State of the Art IPLV
State of the Art Full Load
Average IPLV
Average Full Load
http://www.unep.org/ozone/Teap-Reports/teap_chiller_report_May2004.pdf
33
Full Load Vs. Annual Load
Design Performance
Chiller58%
Tower5%
Fans24%
Pumps13%
Annual Energy Usage
Pumps22%
Tower2%
Chiller33%Fans
43%
34
ASHRAE Standard 147 Reducing the Release of Halogenated Refrigerants from HVAC & R Systems
• Replaces Guideline 3
• Includes HFC Refrigerants
New Initiatives
• ARI- Responsible Use Guideline for Minimizing Fluorocarbon Emissions in Manufacturing Facilities
35
Other Refrigerants
• R-718 Water
• R-717 Ammonia
• R-744 CO2
• R-290,600,600a (Propane, Butane, Isobutane)
• R-407c
• R-410a
36
Natural Refrigerants - Water R-718
• Refrigerant In Absorption Chillers• Safe, Abundant, Environmentally
Friendly• COP = 1 (Centrifugal COP = 6.4)• Current Energy Rates Offer Poor
Life Cycle Analysis In America• Common In Japan
37
Natural Refrigerants - Ammonia R-717
• Higher Toxicity And Lower Flammability (B2)
• Environmentally Friendly• Efficient• Special Safety Efforts Required
(Std 15)• Guarded Plants
European Built Ammonia A/C Chiller
38
IIAR 2
39
Refrigerants
• CO2
• R-245fa• Hydrocarbons• Water
40
Flammable Refrigerants
• Propane And Butane
• Major Safety Concerns
• +35% Domestic Market In N. Europe
• 8% Domestic World Market
• Not Popular In North America
41
Compression
• Best Performance And Lowest Cost Always Starts With Compression
• Refrigerant Choice Drives Compressor Design
• Examples– Magnetic Bearing
– High Speed Synchronous DC Motors
– DC Rotary And Scroll Compressors (Japanese Technology)
– Inverter Technology
Synchronous brushless DC
motor
Magnetic Brgs
42
AHRI CFC Chiller Task Force
• Most recent estimate: 27,000 CFC chillers still in N.A.• Summit of AHRI and Efficiency Advocates- ACEEE,
ASE, Utilities etc• Plan to use Stimulus moneys to replace CFC chillers• Three targets
– Federal Buildings– State and Local Government Buildings– Commercial Buildings
• Plan: – Gain consensus– Develop communication piece– e.g. CFC chillers at 0.9 kw/ton vs 0.56 kw/ton or 90.1- 2010
standards– Write legislative language to finance using Stimulus funds
43
Considerations when Replacing or Retrofitting
• Difficulties in Servicing and Maintaining Existing HCFC Equipment.
• Declining Availability of HCFC Refrigerants.
• Adequate Life-Cycle Timeframes for New Equipment using HCFC’s.
• Determining the Remaining Life-Cycle of Existing Equipment.
• Understanding Alternative Equipment, Refrigerant Options and Compatibility of Both Refrigerants and Equipment.
• Containment is Key……………
44
Steps we can take today• To have sustainable HVAC solutions
– Need to focus on overall global impact– No one solution works for everyone
• A focus on components alone– Limited by efficiency of individual components– Need to look at the performance of the system
• A focus on refrigerants alone– May increase energy consumed (indirect effect)– HFC’s are a good solution today
• Focus on overall impact of building– Reduce leaks in system– Increase energy efficiency through performance standards
45
Innovative Design AwardInnovative Technology Award
46
It’s about the NEXT GENERATION…….
THANK YOU………