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Transcript of 1 R ICE U NIVERSITY China, Energy & Environment Awareness Presentation Prepared for China &...
1
RICE
UNIVERSITY China, Energy & Environment
AwarenessPresentation Prepared for
China & Sustainable Development
Environmental & Energy Systems InstituteShell Center for Sustainability
Rice UniversitySeptember 27, 2004
Steven W. Lewis, Ph.D.James A. Baker III
Institute for Public PolicyRICE UNIVERSITY
2
RICE
UNIVERSITY
Research on Energy, Energy Security and Environmental
Awareness in China at the Baker Institute
Regional Cooperation on Energy, Energy Security and Environmental Awareness in Northeast Asia (China, Japan and the U.S.)
Privatization of National Oil Companies; China in Comparative Perspective
Lifestyles and Attitudes of China’s Emerging Middle Class
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RICE
UNIVERSITY
NE Asia Energy Cooperation Workshops
RESEARCH GOAL: How to Integrate China’s Energy Economy into the Global Energy Economy Through Cooperation Among China, Japan and the U.S.?
RESEARCH PARTNERS: UFJ Research and Institute for
Energy Economics, Japan Chinese Association for Asian and
African Studies (CASS) Horizon Survey Research and Boodc
of Beijing
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RICE
UNIVERSITY
NE Asia Energy Cooperation Workshops
POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS: In the Long-Term, Major Consumer Nations
Should Help China Develop the Institutions Necessary to Join the International Energy Agency and OECD;
In the Short-Term, Major Consumer Nations Should Help China Develop a National Energy Policy, Increase Energy Security and Environmental Awareness Through:
1. Coordinated Use of Petroleum and Product Stockpiles
2. Coordinated Negotiations with to Major Oil Producers to Eliminate Asian Premium
3. Standardization of Fuel and Fuel Consumption Measures in NE Asia
4. Comparative Studies of Energy and Environment Awareness in China
Horizon Survey Research June 2004:Environment Issues Rank Highly Among Urban Chinese
Rank
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
1Unemployment( 21.6%)
Environmental issue( 49.2%)
Unemployment( 45.2%)
Unemployment( 53.5%)
Unemployment( 52.9%)
2Corruption( 14.7%)
Unemployment( 43.7%)
Environmental issue
(41.3%)
Social security(34.5%)
Social security(32.1%)
3Economy
development( 11.1%)
Children education( 34.7%)
Social security(32.6%)
Environmental issue
(29.5%)
Housing reformation
(31.6%)
4Environmental
issue( 5.6%)
Social security( 33.4%)
Economic development
(25.8%)
Medicare reformation( 26.3%)
Environmental issue
(24.3%)
5Crime-control( 5.4%)
Corruption( 29.0%)
Housing reformation(25.8%)
Economy reformation
(25.7%)
Economy development
(22.7%)
6Job opportunities
( 3.6%)Economy development
( 20.2%)Corruption
(15.4%)Housing reformation
(23.1%)Medicare
reformation( 21.4%)
7Growth of population( 3.3%)
Aged problem( 19.3%)
Social security(15.2%)
Children education(20.6%)
Corruption(20.7%)
Horizon Survey Research June 2004: Chinese Residents’ Environmental Protection & Energy-Saving Habits
Saving water
Save electricity
Cut down on the use of disposable living articles
Saving coal
Saving natural gas for home use
Using environmental-friendly lotions
categorizing household garbage
Saving motor gasoline
Often using public means of transportation to reduce air pollution caused by private cars
Replacing non-renewable or nocuous energy sources with clean or renewable energy
88.1
81.7
34.2
33.2
32.4
22.3
19.7
16.7
9.7
8.0
9.617
7.5
10.9
82.970
02.1
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Private car owners Non-car owners
Weak awareness Medium
Strong awareness Not sure
75.5
74.1
37.8
33.6
25.9
20.9
83.1
75.1
41.7
30.7
22.9
15.8
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Addressing urban pollutionsources
Addressing industrial pollutionsources
Addressing global environmentalissues
Developing domestic energyresources
Increasing power supply
Developing international energyresources
Private car owners
Non-car owners
Horizon Survey Research June 2004: Private car owners are more concerned with energy issues, while those without a car are more
concerned about environmental protection.
Energy shortage awareness Energy and environmental issues of concern to the residents
Horizon Survey Research June 2004: Urban residents near factories or plants pay
much attentions to air pollution and noise caused by manufacturing but less
attention to the waste of water and land resources
53
28. 1
44. 1 45
63. 6
23
48. 8
40. 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Waste of water andl and resources
noi se caused bycommerce and
manufacturi ng
water pol l uti on causedby manufacturi ng
ai r pol l uti on causedby manufacturi ng
Wi th Adj acent Factori es or Power Pl ants
Wi thout Adj acent Factori es or Power Pl ants
Horizon Survey Research June 2004: Chinese residents expect a public hearing mechanism with high participation will be established for energy pricing
28.4
45.3
19.9
3.4
34.4
29.5 28.2
44.9
46.8
36.5
20.722.5
14.9
3.2
8.2
2.3
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Electric power for home use Fuel for private cars Natural gas for home use Coal for home use
Government Public hearing State-owned enterprises Private enterprises or joint ventures
41.0
29.4
23.8
4.4
0.6
0.8
Letting government officials hear public opinion
Letting the public may communicate and share information with one another
Letting the public express their dissatisfaction with the current pricing mechanism
Letting government officials conduct public education
Others
Don't know
Horizon Survey Research June 2004: Letting Government Officials hear
Public Opinion is the Main Reason for Advocating Energy Pricing through
Public Hearings
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RICE
UNIVERSITY
Privatization of National Oil Companies; China in Comparative
Perspective
RESEARCH QUESTION: China’s energy needs for economic development require at least semi-privatized oil and gas SOEs that can compete with the major multi-national companies to: Boost domestic production while at the
same time obtain stable, low-cost supplies of oil and gas from overseas;
Attract financial resources from energy sector partners and investors in domestic and foreign capital markets
Are China’s NOCs up to the task? RESEARCH PARTNERS:
U.S., Japanese and Chinese Scholars
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RICE
UNIVERSITYPreliminary Findings I
PetroChina, Sinopec and CNOOC are competitive with their privatizing NOC peers and with some of the Multi-National oil and gas companies in many measures of operating and financial performance
The decentralized nature of privatization in China has created unique institutional obstacles to the future effective semi-privatization of its oil and gas SOEs;
The decentralized privatization of the oil and gas SOEs blocks the design of comprehensive national energy and energy security policies, and the creation of effective governmental institutions to coordinate them.
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RICE
UNIVERSITY
Preliminary Findings II:
In particular, decentralization and the lack of a national privatization program make identification and compensation of potential stakeholders problematic:1. Local government pitted against SOEs and central government on costs of privatization, including establishment of social welfare system for laid-off employees and cleaning up industrial pollution from the energy and petrochemical sectors;2. Communist Party’s informal system of controlling ownership of SOEs makes corporatization, identification and compensation necessarily opaque, stunts development of legal systems and autonomous regulatory agencies
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RICE
UNIVERSITY Lifestyles and Attitudes of China’s Emerging Middle Class
RESEARCH QUESTIONS: With Whom Will Urban Chinese
Identify With in the Future? Will They Identify with Local, National and Transnational Communities? How Will This Identification Affect Energy and Environmental Policies?
RESEARCH PARTNERS: Transnational China Project at BIPP Network of Media and Cultural Studies
Scholars in U.S., Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan and Europe
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RICE
UNIVERSITYLifestyles and Attitudes of
China’s Emerging Middle Class
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS: Companies, Governments and NGOs
are Using Advertisements in New Public Spaces to Appeal to Urban Chinese to Think of Themselves as Local, National and Transnational
Are Urban Chinese Persuaded by these Appeals, and Will This Affect Their Views on Collective Solutions to Energy and Environment Problems?
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UNIVERSITY
Shanghai 2003
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UNIVERSITY
Taipei 2001
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UNIVERSITY
Shanghai 1999
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UNIVERSITY
Beijing 2000
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UNIVERSITY
Shanghai 2003
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UNIVERSITY
Beijing 2000
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UNIVERSITY Shanghai 1998
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UNIVERSITY Shanghai 1999
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UNIVERSITY Shanghai 1998
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UNIVERSITY
Shanghai Heng Shan Park 2004
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UNIVERSITY Shanghai The Bund 2004
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UNIVERSITY
谢谢
Thank You