GOOD MORNING!1. Please get out your notes.2. Please read the excerpt below and answer

the prompt that follows.

Roman Patronage  Roman society also involved a system of patronage.

Members of the upper classes – the patroni – offered protection to freedmen or plebeians, who became their "cliens." Patronage might consist of money, food, or legal help. Traditionally, any freed slaves became the cliens of their former owner. 

~http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/order.html

How is this system of Roman patronage reflected in the feudal society of Medieval Europe?

TODAY’S AGENDALecture on Medieval Europe

HMWK: Read and take notes over the SPODEK article “Trade and Social Change in Europe”

APQ Spodek on 11/17 (B-day) & 11/18 (A-day)

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT“MANORIAL SYSTEM” The economic arrangement between the

land owner (land lord) and their peasant laborers

MANORPopulation: majority were serfs (legally bound

to the land, but not slaves)Paid rent with a large percentage of their

goods or services to the landlordCompensated with protectioncastle, church, village (mill, blacksmith, bake

house, etc.) and surrounding farmland

A Medieval Manor

ROMANESQUE ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Buildings based on Roman arch

Architecture appears “heavy”

Church interiors were dark

http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&l=en&id_site=84&gallery=1&&maxrows=56

Technological & Agricultural Development• Stirrups (military use by Arabs)• Mold Board (attached to a plow)• 3-field system

The Vikings

Who were they?•Scandinavian•Farmers, seafarers, warriors, traders•Polytheistic

Reasons for raids:•Overpopulation•Wealth•Trade

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lc225HP2psw

Where did they settle?• British Isles•Normandy•Iceland•Vinland

OLD ENGLISH

Spoken/written c. 5-12th centuries12-15th centuries- Middle English16th century- present- Modern English

1066: THE BATTLE OF HASTINGSKey figures: William, Duke of Normandy Harold, Duke of Wessex Edward the Confessor, King of

England

Harold Hardrada Tostig Odo, Bishop of Bayeux

Outcomes:• End of Anglo-Saxon traditions•Introduction of feudalism•Blending of French and English languages (leads to development of modern English)•Doomsday book

The Battle:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLy1LskT6Y8

The Records:The Bayeux TapestryAnglo-Saxon Chronicle

Medieval Europe1000-1450

Early Middle Ages c. 500-1000

Low literacy Settlement of Germanic

tribesPastoral nomads and

subsistence farmersLed by tribal chieftains

High Middle Ages c. 1000-1450

Signs of recovery & organizations

Growth of towns & cities Trade w/eastern

hemisphere reestablished Class system gets more

complex (Merchant class)

THE MEDIEVAL CHURCHFilled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.•United Christian church in East and West Europe until 1054…Great Schism (East/West Schism)•Papal authority over-rides secular authority• Excommunication

•Missionaries/Monasticism – Monks & friars who travel spreading Christian religion and encouraging converts•Literacy – The Church clerics•Tithe- 1/10 tax on assests

Roman Catholic ChurchJurisdiction: Western EuropeHeadquarters: RomeLeader: Pope

Hierarchy within the clergy:PopeCardinalsBishopsPriests/Monks

MEDIEVAL MONASTICISM

provided schools for the children of the upper class.

• inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.

• libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.

• St. Patrick, St. Boniface (missionaries)

• St. Benedict (529) Benedictine Rule of

poverty, chastity, and obedience.

MONASTERIESSelf- sufficient

Typically under jurisdiction of a Bishop or Cardinal

Leaders are Abbots andAbbesses (leaders of convents; typically answer to Abbots)

Residents are Monks or Nuns

Monastic Orders:•Benedictine•Franciscan•Dominican

GOTHIC CATHEDRALS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwKg4ESvYG4

“Lighter” Architecture made possible by:Pointed ArchesRibbed VaultsRose windowsStained glassFlying ButtressesPointed Spires

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Early Middle Ages- rely on Christianity

and combine with Plato High Middle Ages- rediscover Aristotle

Augustine of Hippo- • early rhetorician and later Bishop of

Hippo (N. Africa)• Works on evil and human free will

Boethius- • Important for bringing anc. Greek

philosophy to M.A.Anselm-• Provides argumentative theology• Less about study of scriptures and

more about doctrinePeter Abelard• Increases the use of argument and

reasoning in theologyField becomes more rigorous and preciseTheology and Philosophy are more distinguishable

Scholasticism: philosophical and theological approach of the M.A. based on the use of reason/logic to solve theological problems. Based in schools and universities.

Thomas Aquinas-• Most famous of

Medieval philosophers

• maintained that reason, unaided by faith, can give us knowledge of God’s existence and an understanding of morality as it is grounded in natural law

Medieval Universities

The Crusades

POPE URBAN (R.C.C.) &EMPEROR ALEXIUS (E. ORTHODOX)

Battle of Manzikert - Seljuk Turks (Muslims) took over Anatolia and were threatening Constantinople.

Emperor Alexius writes to ask Pope Urban II for help

1. Opportunity to expand the influence of the Roman church to the eastern Mediterranean. 2. Wants an uninterrupted route for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. 3. European knights were constantly fighting amongst each other and also attacking priests, nuns, and church property. He promised them forgiveness of their sins (rape, murder, stealing)

It was a win/win situation for the Church

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKhEw7nD9C4

Pope Urban II Preaching a Crusade, 1096

Emperor Alexius I

For further info on the Crusades, I recommend the following documentaryhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQ0FFiUcBzw

Eastern Mediterranean in 11c-12c

Setting out on Crusade

EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES Rise of nation-states Revival of trade Contribute to end of feudalism and

manorialism

MEDIEVAL TRADE

Commercial Monopoly:

Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].

Controlled prices

GuildsTowns

BLACK DEATH- 1347- 1351 The Bubonic plague reached Europe in the mid 14th Century and was responsible for the deaths of over one-third of the population

Was called the Black Death by Europeans because of the physical effects it had on the body

Spread to Europe by the Mongols

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXDZQ&index=14&list=PLE2204FE3E14F153E

THE BLACK DEATH

Social upheaval ensued and many blamed Jews for the calamity accusing them of contaminating water wells and spreading the disease.

The huge population loss accelerated the end of serfdom, as a smaller population meant less competition for jobs.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grbSQ6O6kbs

THE GREAT SCHISM (1378 – 1417) 1305 Frenchman

elected Pope. The papacy was

moved to Avignon, France

Gives the French king considerable influence over the Pope

1378 Italian elected Pope. Papacy moves back to

Rome French elect own Pope

1409 a third Pope was elected.

Eventually a new Church Council deposes all three Popes

Effects Highlights corruption Church’s influence and

prestige weakened

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ya_BL8nqkUk

THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR 1337-1453

Notably the French were outnumbered by the English in most of the battles and the English won most of the battles yet the French ultimately won the war. • Battle of Agincourt= notable English victory• Historians credit Joan of Arc with rallying the French, leading men in key battles.

The periodic conflicts between England and France from1337-1453, which resulted in England’s final withdrawal from French territory.

http://europeanhistory.about.com/video/Overview-of-the-Hundred-Years-War.htm

EFFECTS OF THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR

Centralized power in France Government tax system

Increased nationalism Changes to military practices

Standing armies New weapons (longbow, canons/gunpowder)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0fu4k2cbB4