1 PHONICS COPYRIGHTED MATERIALcatalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/pdf/0787982571.excerpt.pdf · ul =...

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P H O N I C SP H O N I C S

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COPYRIG

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ATERIAL

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List 1. Consonant Sounds

List 2. Vowel Sounds

List 3. The Final “E” Rule

List 4. Double Vowels

List 5. Sound Determined by LetterPosition

List 6. Phonics Awareness

List 7. Suggested Phonics TeachingOrder

List 8. Phonics Research Basis

List 9. Phonics Example Words

List 10. Phonics Worksheet

List 11. Phonograms

List 12. The Most Common Phonograms

List 13. Phonically Irregular Words

List 14. Standalones

List 15. Syllabication Rules

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LIST 1. CONSONANT SOUNDS

The following are all the beginning consonant sounds for either words or syllables (except for final con-sonant blends). They constitute what some linguists call the “onset” for the syllable. The rest of the sylla-bles must have a vowel or a vowel plus consonant (a vowel plus a consonant is called a phonogram or rime).

Single Consonants Consonant Digraphs b h n v ch as in “chin” ph as in “phone”c j p w sh as in “shut” gh as in “rough”d k r y th (voiced) as in “thin”f l s z th (voiceless) as in “this”g m t wh (hw blend) as in “which”

Important Exceptions Rare Exceptions qu = /kw/ as in “quick” ch = /k/ as in “character”

(the letter “q” is never used without “u”) ch = /sh/ as in “chef”ph = /f/ as in “phone” ti = /sh/ as in “attention” c = /s/ before e, i, or y as in “cent,” “city,” s = /sh/ as in “sure”

or “cycle” x = /gz/ as in “exact”c = /k/ before a, o, or u as in “can,” “cot,” or “cub” x = /z/ as in “xylophone”g = /j/ before e, i, or y as in “gem,” “giraffe,” s = /zh/ as in “measure”

or “gym” si = /zh/ as in “vision”x = /ks/ blend as in “fox”s = /z/ sound at the end of some words as in “is” Silent Consonantsng = /ng/ phoneme as in “sing” gn = /n/ as in “gnat”ck = /k/ often at the end of a word as in “luck” kn = /n/ as in “knife”

wr = /r/ as in “write”gh = /silent/ as in “high”mb = /m/ as in “lamb”lf = /f/ as in “calf”lk = /k/ as in “walk”tle = /l/ as in “castle”

INITIAL CONSONANT BLENDSr family l family s family 3-letter s family no family br as in “bride” bl as in “blend” sc as in “scare” sch as in “school” dw as in “dwell”cr as in “crop” cl as in “clay” sk as in “skunk” scr as in “scrub” tw as in “twin”dr as in “drive” fl as in “fly” sm as in “smile” squ as in “squall” thr as in “threw”fr as in “free” gl as in “glass” sn as in “snack” str as in “strong”gr as in “grand” pl as in “plug” sp as in “spell” spr as in “sprout”pr as in “prize” sl as in “slow” st as in “sting” spl as in “splash”tr as in “trust” sw as in “swipe” shr as in “shrank”wr as in “write”

FINAL CONSONANT BLENDS(Note: These are usually learned best with rhymes.)

ct as in “act” lt as in “salt” nk as in “think” sk as in “tusk”ft as in “lift” mp as in “jump” nt as in “hunt” sp as in “lisp” ld as in “old” nc(e) as in “since” pt as in “kept” st as in “lost” lm as in “calm” nch as in “lunch” rd as in “word”lp as in “pulp” nd as in “band” rt as in “art”

See also List 7, Suggested Phonics Teaching Order; List 9, Phonics ExampleWords; List 112, Games and Methods for Teaching.

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LIST 2. VOWEL SOUNDS

There are about 21 vowel sounds in English (the actual number is dialect dependent), includ-ing vowel sounds affected by the consonant “r.” For words that use these vowel sounds, referto List 9—Phonics Example Words.

Short Vowels Long Vowels—Final E Rule Long Vowel Digraphs a = /a∪/ as in “cat” a = /a−/ as in “make” ai = /a−/ as in “aid”e = /e∪/ as in “end” e = /e−/ as in “these” ay = /a−/ as in “say”i = / i

∪/ as in “sip” i = / i

−/ as in “five” ea = /e−/ as in “eat”

o = /o∪/ as in “hot” o = /o−/ as in “hope” ee = /e−/ as in “see” u = /u∪ / as in “cup” u = /u− / as in “cube” oa = /o−/ as in “oat”

ow = /o−/ as in “own”ew = /u− / as in “new”

Vowel Y Vowel Plus Ry = / i

−/ as in “try,” “cycle” ar = /är/ as in “far”

y = /e−/ as in “funny” er = /ər/ as in “her” ir = /ər/ as in “sir”

Schwa or = /ôr/ as in “for”a = /ə/ as in “ago” ur = /ər/ as in “fur”e = /ə/ as in “happen”o = /ə/ as in “other”

Diphthongsoi = /oi/ as in “oil” oy = /oi/ as in “boy”ou = /ou/ as in “out”ow = /ou/ as in “how”

Vowel Exceptions ea = /e∪/ as in “bread” or /e−/ as in “seat” “ea” makes both a long and short E sound.e = /silent/ as in “come” and “make” E at the end of a word is usually silent, and

often makes the preceding vowel long. y = /y/ as in “yes” Y is a consonant at the beginning of a word

(yes), but is a vowel in the middle or end ofother words. See Vowel Y shown above.

le = /əl/ as in “candle” Final “le” makes a schwa plus l sound.al = /əl/ as in “pedal” Final “al” makes a schwa plus l sound.ul = /əl/ as in “awful” Final “ul” makes a schwa plus l sound.

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Long Vowels—Open Syllable Rulea = /a−/ as in “baby”e = /e−/ as in “we”i = / i

−/ as in “tiger”

o = /o−/ as in “open”

Double O Broad Ooo = /oo / as in “soon” o = /ô/ as in “long”oo = /oo∪ / as in “good” a(l) = /ô/ as in “also”u = /oo / as in “truth” a(w) = /ô/ as in “saw”u = /oo∪ / as in “put” a(u) = /ô/ as in “auto”

See also List 3, The Final “E” Rule; List 4, Double Vowels; List 7,Suggested Phonics Teaching Order; List 9, Phonics Example Words.

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*The final -le is sometimes called a syllabolic l when the letter l acts like a vowel.

LIST 3. THE FINAL “E” RULE

Often, an “e” at the end of a word makes the preceding vowel long. Here are some shortvowel words contrasted with long vowel words that illustrate this rule. These words makeinteresting and instructive word walls, flash cards, or spelling lessons.

A Words fad—fade rag—rage wag—wage stag—stage cam—came dam—dame tam—tame sham—shame ban—bane can—cane pan—pane Sam—same cap—cape gap—gape fat—fate tap—tape scrap—scrape rat—rate hat—hate mat—mate

I Wordshid—hide rid—ride slid—slidedim—dime rim—rime Tim—timegrim—grime prim—prime slim—slimedin—dine fin—fine pin—pineshin—shine spin—spine tin—tinetwin—twine win—wine rip—ripegrip—gripe snip—snipe strip—stripebit—bite kit—kite lit—litequit—quite spit—spite sit—site

O Wordslob—lobe rob—robe glob—globecod—code nod—node rod—rodecop—cope hop—hope mop—mopepop—pope slop—slope tot—tote

U Wordscub—cube tub—tube cut—cute

Exceptions to the final e rule. The letter “e” is nearly always silent at the end of a word.Here are some words that have a silent final “e,” but do not follow the final e rule.

• most words ending in -le*: circle, cattle, middle, apple, single, trouble • most words ending in -ce: since, notice, voice, force, dance, office, practice • most words ending in -se: house, else, horse, course,

praise, sense, else, whose, please• most words ending in -re: before, sure, figure, are,

measure, square, store• most words ending in -ve: give, love, believe, have, serve • others: come, some, one, there, large, eye, edge, gone, done

See also List 7, Suggested Phonics Teaching Order; List 9, PhonicsExample Words.

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LIST 4. DOUBLE VOWELS

The following are long vowel digraphs contrasted with short vowels in closed syllables. Theold double vowel rule has too many exceptions like “oo” or “ou” to be generalized.

Short a Long a Short e Long e Short i Short o/a• / /a- / /e•/ /e-/ /i

•

/ /o•/lad laid red reed did crockmad maid bed bead lid clockpad paid fed feed rodclam claim led lead sopman main Ned need cotpan pain wed weed gotran rain bled bleed van vain bred breed bran brain Fred freed plan plain sped speed span Spain stem steam pant paint Ben bean bat bait Ken keen

men meanten teenfend fiendpep peeprep reapstep steepbet beetbet beatmet meetmet meatnet neatpet peatset seatden deanbest beast

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Long i/ i-

/diedlied

Long o/o-/croakcloakroadsoapcoatgoat

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3. Marker-dependent lettercorrespondences (marker is another letterin the word that changes sound)

Final E Rule (always “VCe”)

a /a−/ cake o /o−/ homee /e−/ these u /u− / usei / i

−/ ice

When a single vowel is followed by a singleconsonant and a silent final e, the vowel is long.

Consonant Second Sounds c /k/ cake (followed by a, o, u)c /s/ city (followed by i, e, y)g /g/ gate (followed by a, o, u)g /j/ gem (followed by i, e, y)

R Modified Vowels (always where “r” follows)a /är/ far o /or/ fore /ûr/ her u /ûr/ furi /ûr/ fir

4. Digraph correspondences(two letters positioned together)Consonant Digraphs Double Osh /sh/ shoe oo /oo / moonch /ch/ church oo /oo∪ / lookth /th/ thisth /th/ thing Exceptionswh /hw/ white qu /kw/ quickmb /m/ bomb ea /e/ bread

ph /f/ phoneLong Vowel Digraphs ng /ng/ singea /e−/ eatee /e−/ see Silent Consonantsai /a−/ aid gn /n/ gnatay /a−/ say kn /n/ knife oa /o−/ oat wr /r/ write ow /o−/ know gh /silent/ right

ck /k/ backBroad O Digraphs au /o/ auto Diphthongsaw /o/ saw ou /ou/ out

ow /ou/ nowoy /oi/ boyoi /oi/ boilew /ew/ few

See also List 156, Double-Letter Spelling Patterns.

LIST 5. SOUND DETERMINED BY LETTER POSITION

Another way of teaching phonics is to show how the sound of the letter or grapheme is determined by itsposition or environment within a word. For example, 1 shows that many consonants make the same soundno matter where they are, but 2 shows that the position in a syllable or other factors change the sound.

1. Position-independent lettercorrespondences (doesn’t matter wherethe letter is)

Single Consonants

t /t/ top f /f/ fishn /n/ nut v /v/ valentiner /r/ ring h /h/ handm /m/ man k /k/ kited /d/ dog w /w/ windowl /l/ letter j /j/ jarp /p/ pen z /z/ zebrab /b/ book

2. Position-dependent letter corres-pondences (position changes sound)Closed Syllable Rule (If syllable ends in aconsonant, the vowel is short.)a /a/ ate /e/ endi /i/ iso /o/ hotu /u/ pup

Second Soundss /s/ saw (at the beginning)s /z/ his (frequently at the end)y /y/ yes (at the beginning)y /e−/ funny (at the end)y / i

−/ my (middle or end)

e /silent/ come (at the end)

Open Syllable Rule (If syllable ends ina vowel, the vowel is long.)a /a−/ table o /o−/ donute /e−/ before u /u− / musici / i

−/ tiny

Schwa (always in an unaccented syllablewhen word has two or more syllables)a /ə/ principal o /ə/ canyone /ə/ happen u /ə/ radiumi /ə/ pencil

Letter X (always at end)x /ks/ box

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LIST 6. PHONICS AWARENESS

The English language uses 26 alphabetic letters in more than 100 combinations to representbetween 44 and 45 speech sounds. Phonics helps new as well as experienced readers makeconnections between letter patterns and the speech sounds for which they stand. It beginswith an awareness and recognition of letters and sounds, then builds connections betweenthem, starting with the most frequent and distinct correspondences.

Letter Knowledge Recognize, name, and distinguish upper- and lower-caseletters.

Word Segmentation Recognize individual words within a sentence. Example:“I went to the store.” (5 words)

Syllable Segmentation Recognize and separate syllables within words. Examples:Bill-y, Ton-ya, a-bout, talk-ing

Syllable Blending Can listen to simple polysyllabic words spoken in separatesyllables and can say the complete blended word. Example:let-ter → letter

Phonemic Awareness— Upon hearing two similar words with different initial Consonants consonants, tell whether the initial sounds are the same or

different. Examples: mat—sat; big—beg

Upon hearing two similar words with different finalconsonants, tell whether the final sounds are the same ordifferent. Examples: sat—sad; met—matDo the same with consonant endings.

Phonemic Awareness— Upon hearing two similar words with different vowelVowels sounds, tell whether the vowel (medial) is the same or

different. Examples: mane—cane; pin—pen

Phonemic Blending Upon hearing separate phonemes, blend them and say thecomplete word. Example: /t/ /o/ /m/ → Tom

Phonemic Segmentation Upon hearing a complete word, separate and pronounce theindividual sounds. Example: cat → /c/ /a/ /t/

Rhyming Recognize and produce rhyming pairs. Examples: tan/pan;big/pig; get/set; sap/tap

Upon hearing a series of onset consonants and aphonogram, blend them to produce rhyming words.Examples: /k/ /ab/ → cab; /d/ /ab/ → dab; /g/ /ab/ → gab;/j/ /ab/ → jab

Upon hearing a series of rhymes, break the rhyme into onsetand rime. Examples: set → / s / / et / ; bet → /b/ /et/; let → /l/ /et/

See also List 186, Handwriting Charts.

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LIST 7. SUGGESTED PHONICS TEACHING ORDER

This suggested teaching order is based on research (see List 8). It is simplified and combinesconsonants and vowels so it will be more useful for the classroom teacher.

Letter(s) Sound Example Letter(s) Sound Example

Easy Consonants t /t/ tap l /l/ lap(high frequency/ n /n/ nap c /k/ cathigh contrast) r /r/ rat p /p/ pat

m /m/ mat b /b/ batd /d/ dog f /f/ fats /s/ sat v /v/ vet

Short Vowels a /a∪/ cat o /o∪/ hote /e∪/ let u /u∪ / cuti / i

∪/ hit

Long Vowels a_e /a−/ make o_e /o−/ bone(final e rule) e_e /e−/ these u_e /u− / use

i_e / i−/ nine

Long Vowels e /e−/ me o /o−/ go(open syllable rule-end of word)

Other Single g /g/ get x /ks/ boxConsonants h /h/ hot qu /kw/ quit

k /k/ kit z /z/ zipw /w/ wet y /y/ yesj /j/ jet

Initial Consonant th /th—/ thin sh /sh/ shipDigraphs th /th/ these wh /hw/ when

ch /ch/ chin

Y Vowels -y / i−/ my y /e−/ funny

Consonant Second c /s/ city g /j/ gymSounds s /z/ his x /gs/ exam

Consonants qu /kw/ queenQ and X x /ks/ box

Long Vowel ea /e−/ meat ay /a−/ dayDigraphs ee /e−/ feet oa /o−/ boat

ai /a−/ pain ow /o−/ tow

Initial Consonant pr /pr/ prize fr /fr/ freeBlends tr /tr/ trip st /st/ step

gr /gr/ greet sp /sp/ spinbr /br/ Brad sk /sk/ skipcr /cr/ crib sc /sc/ scandr /dr/ drive sw /sw/ swim

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SUGGESTED PHONICS TEACHING ORDER CONTINUED

Letter(s) Sound Example Letter(s) Sound Example

Initial Consonant sm /sm/ smell fl /fl/ flipBlends (cont.) sn /sn/ snap sl /sl/ slap

pl /pl/ play gl /gl/ glowcl /cl/ clip tw /tw/ twinbl /bl/ blip str /str/ street

Final Consonant ld /ld/ cold nt /nt/ antBlends lf /lf/ elf mb /mb/ lamb

sk /sk/ ask mp /mp/ campst /st/ pest ng /ng/ singnk /nk/ ink

R-Vowels ar /är/ far air /âr/ fairer /ûr/ her are /âr/ bareir /ûr/ fir ear /e−r/ tearor /ôr/ for eer /e−r/ beerur /ûr/ fur

Broad O Vowels aw /aw/ awful al /aw/ alsoau /aw/ auto o /aw/ off

Other Vowels— ow /ou/ owl oi /oi/ boilDiphthongs ou /ou/ out oy /oi/ boy

Double O Vowels oo /oo / pool u /oo / truthoo /oo∪ / foot u /oo∪ / push

Schwa in a /ə/ about o /ə/ onionUnaccented Syllable e /ə/ letter u /ə/ circus

i /ə/ holiday

Other Spellings/ gn /n/ gnu kn /n/ knewSilent Letters ph /f/ phone wr /r/ write

Other Vowel ough /aw/ ought igh / i−/ sight

Spellings ea /ea/ head

See also List 8, Phonics Research Basis; List 9, Phonics Example Words.

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LIST 8. PHONICS RESEARCH BASIS

These tables give the research basis for including all the common phoneme-grapheme (phonics)correspondences. The numbers tell how many times each correspondence occurs in a 17,310-wordvocabulary study done at Stanford University and funded by the U.S. Department of Education(Hanna).

The grouping gives a research-based teaching order; List 7 gives a teaching order using avowel–consonant mix based on this data.

Vowel Graphemes Arranged by Rule and/or Sound Grouping andPhoneme-Grapheme Frequency in a 17,310-Word Vocabulary Study

Long and Short Vowels Other Vowel Sounds

Short Vowels 16,135 Vowel Dipthongs 438Closed Syllable Rule OU/ou/ 227 out

I 5,346 is OW/ou/ 119 owlA 4,192 at OI/oi/ 92 oilE 3,316 end OY/oi/ 45 toyU 1,723 upO 1,558 hot R Modified Vowels 3,271

ER/er/ or /ər/ 1,979 herLong Vowels 6,105 AR/är/ 474 armOpen Syllable Rule OR/ar/ or er/ 312 labor

O 1,876 go UR/ər/ or/er 234 turnE 1,765 me AR/âr/ 168 varyA 1,007 baby IR/er/ or/ər/ 104 sirU/oo / 907 musicI 555 idea Schwa 1,252

E/ə/ 763 itemLong Vowels 1,789 O/ə/ 321 atomFinal E Rule A/ə/ 114 ago

A 790 ateO 370 home Broad O/ô/Vowel 509I 339 ice AL/ôl/ 165 allU 290 use AU/ô/ 146 auto

O/ô/ 123 offLong Vowels 1,083 AW/ô/ 75 sawVowel Digraphs

Long E Long & Short OO 487EE 249 see U/oo

∪/ or/u. / 200 pull

EA 245 eat OO/oo / 173 moonLong A OO/oo

∪/ 114 look

AI 208 aidAY 131 say

Long OOA 126 oatOW 124 own

Vowel Y 2,012Y = /e−/ 1,801 veryY = / i

−/ 211 my

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PHONICS RESEARCH BASIS CONTINUED

Consonant Graphemes Ranked by Frequency of Regular Phoneme-GraphemeCorrespondence in a 17,310-Word Vocabulary

Consonant Sounds

Very Common R 9,134 Rare Z 299T 7,528 X/ks/ 2455

N 7,452 Qu/kw/ 1913

L 4,894 Y 536

S/s/ 4,5994

Common D 3,611 Consonant TH /th/ 411C/k/ 3,4521 Digraphs SH 398M 3,302 CH 311P 3,296 TH/TH/ 149B 2,342 WH 89

Less Common F 1,580V 1,485G/g/ 1,1782

H 762J 218K 601W 578

Notes:1The letter C is ranked by its regular sound of /k/ as in “cat” (3,452); however; the letter C frequently makes the/s/ sound as in “city” (1,067).

2The regular sound of G is /g/ as in “good (1,178); however, G makes the /j/ sound as in “general” (647) moreoften than letter J does (218).

3The letter Q has no sound of its own and always appears with a U, so this ranking is when QU makes the /kw/sound as in “queen” (191).

4The regular sound of S is /s/ as in “so” (4,599); however, S makes the /z/ sound as in “is” (640) more often thanletter Z does (299).

5The letter X has no sound of its own, so this ranking is for when it makes the /ks/ sound as in “box” (245).6The letter Y is usually a vowel; however, this ranking is when it makes its consonant sound /y/ as in “yes” (53).

Reference:Fry, E. B. (2004). Phonics: A large phoneme-grapheme frequency chart revised. Journal of Literacy Research, 36-1.

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LIST 9. PHONICS EXAMPLE WORDS

This is an important list at the heart of phonics instruction. It alphabetically lists 99 singlephonemes (speech sounds) and consonant blends (usually two phonemes), and it gives exam-ple words for each of these; often for their use in the beginning, middle, and end of words.These example words are also common English words, many taken from the list of InstantWords. This list solves the problem of coming up with a good common word to illustrate aphonics principle for lessons and worksheets.

/a/ SHORT A, CLOSED SYLLABLE RULE

Initial Medialand add am that has beganat act animal can than standas adjective ant had man blackafter answer ax back hand happenan ask Africa last plant fast

/a− / LONG A, OPEN SYLLABLE RULE

Initial Medialable paper lazy label vibrationacre lady flavor equator basisagent baby tomato relation hazyapron radio navy vapor potatoAsia crazy station enable ladleapex labor basic volcano vacationApril tablecloth

/a− / LONG A, FINAL E RULE

Initial Medialate ape make late gave baseballage ace made tale base spaceshipache face place plane racetrackale same name game shapeless

came wave shapestate space

/a− / LONG A, AI DIGRAPH

Initial Medialaim rain mail claim obtain faintaid train pain detail paid grainailment wait sail explain remain railail tail strait fail wait

chain afraid gain plainjail brain main laid

See also List 7, Suggested Phonics Teaching Order; List 8, PhonicsResearch Basis.

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/a- / LONG A, AY DIGRAPH

Medial Finalalways gayly jaywalk day pay repaymayor haystack player say gray anywaylayer wayside daylight away bay waymaybe payment play stay pray

rayon may birthday laytoday highway gay

hay

/ə/ SCHWA, A SPELLING

Initial Medial Finalabout appear several canvass antenna chinaabove away national familiar algebra commaago again senator career alfalfa ideaalone ahead thousand purchase bananaAmerica another magazine compassalike agree breakfast diagram

/o/ AL DIGRAPH SPELLING

Initial Medial Finalall altogether talk scald call baseballalways alternate walk walnut tall wallalso altar chalk fallen fall stallalready albeit salt overall recallalmost almanac false hallalthough almighty falter small

/o/ AU DIGRAPH SPELLING

Initial MedialAugust Australia audible because cause sausageauthor autoharp authentic caught dinosaur overhaulautumn auction auditor laundry sauce launchauditorium auburn haul caution faucetautograph auxiliary daughter exhaustaudience automatic fault fraud

/o/ AW DIGRAPH SPELLING

Initial Medial Finalawful lawn yawn crawl law pawawkward drawn tawny squawk jaw clawawning lawyer drawer scrawl draw flawawe hawk shawl straw gnawawl lawful bawl thaw cawawfully taw

crayon

announce

ball

auto

saw

PHONICS EXAMPLE WORDS CONTINUED

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/air/ AIR VOWEL, AR AND ARE SPELLINGS

Initial Medial Finalarea January February declare care fare

dictionary tiara beware rare starevary parent flare aware glareprimary wary share welfaresecretary careful spare harecanary scare bare squaredaring scarcely dare

/ar/ AR VOWEL, AR SPELLING

Initial Medial Finalare argument card garden car mararm article March start far pararmy arch farm dark bar scarart armor hard yard jarartist ark part party tararctic arbor large

/b/ REGULAR B CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalbe back number subject tub jobby but problem baby cab clubboy because remember rob rubbeen below object cub grabbox before probably rib adverbbig better verb bulb

/bl/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialblack blame blank blink oblige obliterateblue bloom blast blur emblem grumblingbleed blossom blend blow tumbler obliviousblood blond blue blanket nosebleed gamblerblind blade blot bleach ablaze rambling

nimbly

/br/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialbread bring brush library daybreak algebrabreak breath breeze umbrella cobra embracebrick branch bridge celebrate membrane lubricatebroad bright brain vibrate outbreakbrother broken brass abroad zebrabrown brave breakfast

library

star

book

block

broom

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/k/ HARD C, REGULAR CONSONANT K SOUND

Initial Medial Finalcan call because across back checkcome country picture become rock stickcame cut American quickly sick blackcamp car second lock pickcolor cold kick thickcould carry music electric

/s/ SOFT C, REGULAR CONSONANT S SOUND

Initial Medial Finalcent certain cigar pencil decide facecircle civil cyclone fancy Pacific sincecycle ceiling cellar concert percent icecircus celebrate cease acid precisecenter cereal dancing processcell cinder peaceful sincere

/ch/ CH CONSONANT DIGRAPH SOUND

Initial Medial Finalchildren chief pitcher searching which catchchurch chart attached stretched each branchchange chin purchase exchange much touchchance chest merchant such inchcheer chain teach reachcheck chase rich watch

/cl/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialclean clear clever climb enclose eclipsecloth class cliff click include acclaim discloseclay clap close cyclone conclude declineclaim claws cloud exclaim reclaim proclaimclub clerk clues exclude declare incline

/cr/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialcry crew cried cruel across aircraft recruitcrack crazy crops credit secret sacred scarecrowcrowd cross crayon increase concrete screencrash crow creek microscope diseasecream create crown democrat decree

cat

city

chair

clock

crab


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/d/ REGULAR D CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finaldo does study order and findday door under Indians good needdid done idea didn’t had diddear different body said olddown during red arounddeep don’t would end

/dr/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialdry dream drift address undress hydrogendraw dragon drama hundred withdraw laundressdrug drill drain children daydream redressdrove drink drip dandruff eardrum dewdropdrop drive drench cathedral laundrydress drew droop

/e/ SHORT E, CLOSED SYLLABLE RULE

Initial Medialend empty ever when let set menegg energy edge then them went spellevery explain enter get very help nextextra enjoy elf left tell well redenemy engine else

/e-/ LONG E, OPEN SYLLABLE RULE

Initial Medial Finaleven cedar meter being me weequal demon prefix recent he beether secret react legal she maybeevil zebra area reallyecology female depot

/e-/ LONG E, EE DIGRAPH

Initial Medial Finaleel sleep seem see bee feeeerie green teeth three degree spree

keep sweet tree flee refereestreet week free kneefeet screen agree gleewheel fifteenfeel

dog

drum

elephant

Egypt

deer

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/e/ LONG E, EA DIGRAPH

Initial Medial Finaleat eager ease neat leaf seaeach easel eaves read feast teaeast Easter easily least peach fleaeasy eaten beat meat pleaeagle eastern clean weak pea

deal peanut

/e/ SHORT E, EA SPELLING

Medialhead breath feather meadow threaten heavenheavy dear death pleasant treasure dreadready ahead measure spread weapon pleasurethread breakfast instead heading weather widespreadsteady already leather sweat overhead gingerbreaddead

/ə/ SCHWA, E SPELLING

Initial Medialefface effective happen scientist fuel labeleffect efficient problem item given absentefficiency hundred united level agenterratic arithmetic quiet heaven hundredessential children diet even oftenerroneous calendar different happen

/er/ ER VOWEL, ER SPELLING

Medial Finalcamera afternoon her better another riverallergy liberty mother sister baker winterbakery operate over under wonder liverwonderful federal other after ever showerdangerous battery were water offer lower

/f/ REGULAR F CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalfor father after different if chieffirst face before Africa half stufffind family often beautiful myself brieffour follow careful off clifffunny far leaf itselffood few himself wolf

peach

bread

11eleven

letter

fish


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/fl/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialflower floor fleet flea afflict inflameflat flavor flow fluffy inflict afloatflight flood flap conflict reflectflew flute flock influence inflatefly flame fling aflame inflexiblefloat flash flip snowflake

/fr/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialfree frost fruit frisky afraid defraudfrom frank freedom freighter affront infringefront freshman frozen fragile befriend leapfrogfriend frame France bullfrog refrainFriday fresh carefree refreshfry fraction confront infrequent

/g/ REGULAR G CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalgo gun again segment dog froggood game ago regular big piggot gas began figure egg loggave gift sugar leg baggirl gone wagon figget garden signal flag

/j/ SOFT G, REGULAR CONSONANT J SOUND

Initial Medial Finalgem gym gesture danger change pagegentlemen gypsy genius energy large villagegeography ginger genuine region bridge hugegenerous gelatin generate engine age strangegently germ giant original

general vegetableoxygen

/gl/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialglad glisten glare glider eyeglass hourglassglass gloom glade glimpse jingling buglerglow glue gleam glitter spyglass anglerglory glum glee glance smuggling manglingglove glamour glaze wiggling singly

flag

frog

gate

giraffe

globe

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/gr/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialgrade grand grant hungry program disgracegreat green grin angry regret fragrantgrow ground gradual congress degrade outgrowgrew group grandfather agree engrave engrossgrass grab gravity degreegray grain

/h/ REGULAR H CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medialhe help half high behind rehearsehad here his hit ahead beholdhave happy hen house unhappy unhookher home hero behave ahoyhim hard hide overheardhow has hill autoharp

/i/ SHORT I, CLOSED SYLLABLE RULE

Initial Medialin it ill with will differentis invent include did big untilif important isn’t this still missinto insect inside little give begininch instead which his city

him

/ i/ LONG I, OPEN SYLLABLE RULE

Initial MedialI icy bicycle pilot variety titleidea Irish tiny quiet dinosaur spiderI’ll iodine silent triangle giant diagramiris Iowa rifle climate lion ChinaI’m ivoryitem

/i/ LONG I, FINAL E RULE

Initial Medialidle five fire nine mile driveire white write bite size wireisle ride life like wide mineI’ve time side line describe wife

grapes

hand

India

iron

ice


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/er/ ER VOWEL, IR SPELLING

Medial Finalgirl skirt thirteen shirk circuit firfirst birthday girth mirth girdle sirthird thirsty birth confirm stirrup stirshirt affirm circus Virginia dirty tapirdirt circle thirty firm whir

astir

/j/ REGULAR J CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medialjust jet June object project unjustjump job jungle enjoy adjust majestyJanuary joke junior subject dejected majorityjaw joy jacket major overjoyed rejoiceJuly juice join banjo adjoin

adjective reject

/k/ REGULAR K CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalkind kiss monkey market like workkey kitten broken packing make markkill kid turkey stroking book speakking kettle worker look milkkeep kick cake bankkin keen cook break

/n/ SOUND, KN SPELLING

Initial Medialknee knelt knack knockout knell unknownknew knit kneel knickers kneecap doorknobknow knock knapsack knothole knotty penknifeknowledge knight knob knoll known acknowledgeknife knuckle knead knave knickknack

knock-kneed

/l/ REGULAR L CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finallittle large only really will oillike last below follow all telllong line along family girl untillook learn children school spelllive left shall wellland light small vowel

girl

jar

kite

letter

knot

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/m/ REGULAR M CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalme more number important from farmmy mother American example them roommake move something family am armmuch must complete seem teammany made warm formmay men him bottom

/n/ REGULAR N CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalnot name many until in manno number under any on evennew need answer animal can ownnight never country when opennext near an beennow next then than

/ng/ CONSONANT DIGRAPH SOUND

Medial Finalslingshot gangster sing long bang springlengthen singer bring song lung stronglonging hanger thing gang wing fangkingdom gangplank going hang ring hungyoungster gangway swing young fling string

wrong

/o/ SHORT O, CLOSED SYLLABLE RULE

Initial Medialodd opera not fox follow rockolive oxygen hot drop got bottomoxen operate body pop problem copyOctober occupy clock product cannotopportunity

/o/ LONG O, OPEN SYLLABLE RULE

Initial Medial Finalopen odor October go zero echoover omit program no cargo volcanoobey oboe Roman so pianoocean okra moment hello potatoOhio poem ago hero

total alsobroken auto

man

nut

king

box

radio


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/o-/ LONG O, FINAL E RULE

Initial Medialowe home rode whole rose stove

those nose slope spoke awokehope stone bone smoke phonenote joke tone drovealong globe pole vote

/o-/ LONG O, OA DIGRAPH

Initial Medialoak coat toast approach croak coaloat soap goat loaf soak toadoath road goal groan cloak moanoatmeal coast loan foam roach throatoaf load float roast boast coach

/o-/ LONG O, OW DIGRAPH

Initial Medial Finalown bowl crowbar show follow mowowe stowaway bowling low tomorrow glowowing snowball mower slow throw knowowner towboat snow blow crow

row grow arrowyellow flow borrow

/ou/ OU DIPHTHONG, OW SPELLING

Medial Finaldown crown towel how somehow endowtown cowboy powder now eyebrow vowbrown power tower cow bow prowflower vowel chowder plow scow avowcrowd downward shower allow sow snowplow

/oi/ OI DIPHTHONG, OY SPELLING

Initial Medial Finaloyster royal joyous toy decoy convoy

voyage disloyal joy newsboy envoyloyal loyalty enjoy annoy corduroyboycott enjoyment employ soyannoying joyful destroy viceroyemployer boyish coy Troyboyhood cowboy alloy

rope

boat

window

owl

boy

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/ə/ SCHWA, O SPELLING

Initial Medial Finalother oblige mother action kimonooriginal obstruct money canyonofficial oppose atom weaponobserve occasion second periodopinion oppress nation missionobjection opossum method riot

/oi/ OI DIPHTHONG, OI SPELLING

Initial Medialoilcloth join broil coil sirloin jointoilwell point spoil moisture disappoint embroideroily voice avoid exploit toil typhoidointment coin poison doily void

choice boil soil broilernoise turmoil rejoice

/ou/ OU DIPHTHONG, OU SPELLING

Initial Medial Finalout outer hour aloud doubt thouour outline sound found countounce outside about council boundaryoust outlook around groundourselves outcry round loudoutdoors outfield scout cloudouch amount mountain

/o/ O SPELLING

Initial Medialoff onto offhand soft wrong mothoffice offset offshore long cloth frostofficer offspring ostrich along toss crossoften onward cost coffee belongon onset across strongoffer oncoming song

/or/ OR VOWEL, OR SPELLING

Initial Medial Finalor Oregon short score corner fororder organ horn form store moreore ordinary forget before north nororbit oral born horse forceorchestra orchard cord story

orchid important

violin

oil

house

dog

fork


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/OO/ SHORT DOUBLE O, OO SPELLING

Mediallook took foot shook brook cookgood wood stood goodbye wool dogwoodbook rook soot lookout notebook rookieafoot hoof cookie football understood handbookhood crook nook wooden neighborhood overlookmotherhood

/oo / LONG DOUBLE O, OO SPELLING

Initial Medial Finalooze soon tooth mood too bamboo

school cool roof zoo cuckooroom goose loose shampoo boofood troop balloon woo iglooshoot fool noon coosmooth boot tattoopool took kangaroo

/p/ REGULAR P CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalput point open perhaps up shippeople piece example happy sleep toppage pass paper jump steppair person important help mappart paper upon stop deeppicture pull group drop

/f/ SOUND, PH SPELLING

Initial Medial Finalphoto phase alphabet cellophane photograph telegraphphonics phantom orphan emphasis phonograph graphphrase phonetic nephew gopher autograph triumphphysical pharmacy sulphur graphic paragraphphysician phoenix geography trophypheasant phenomenon sophomore

/pl/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialplay place player supply display applaudplant plan pleasant multiply explain applyplain plane plot employ supplying complainplease planets plank reply surplusplow plastic plug perplexplus platform plate imply

hook

moon

pencil

airplane

telephone

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/pr/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialpretty president present probably surprise approachprice prince problem prove April approximatepress program produce pray improve appropriateprint practice property products apron impression

prepare provide propeller express

/kw/ QU CONSONANT BLEND SOUND

Initial Medialquart quiet quote square liquid squirmquite quack quill equal equipment sequencequestion quail quality squirrel equator squeakquick quake frequent equivalent inquirequit quilt require squashqueer quiz equation earthquake

/r/ REGULAR R CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalrun rest very large our otherred ride part story their overright road word form for waterran rock around year herread room dear afterrat rod your near

/s/ REGULAR S CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalsome sound also question this lessso say person inside us acrosssee sentence answer system likes itssaid side himself makes gassoon same yes busset sea miss perhaps

/z/ Z CONSONANT SOUND, S SPELLING

Medial Finalmusic observe please is odds newseasy museum cheese as says hersbusy present wise was suds doesthose result these his yoursbecause season has tongsdesert poison ours days

prize

queen

ring

saw

eyes


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/sc/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialscore scatter scream scoop describe inscribeschool scholar scallop scrub telescope unscramblescreen scout screw description microscopicscratch scare scared microscope unscrupulousscarf scramble scab nondescript telescopingscar scrape unscrew descriptive

/sh/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medial Finalshe shot dashed ashes wish rushshall shirt splashing friendship wash dishshow shell sunshine fish crashship sheet worship push bushshort shop fisherman finish flashshape shut fresh establish

/sk/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medial Finalsky skeleton skillet outskirts desk maskskin skull skirmish askew task huskskill skid skinny muskrat ask duskskunk sketch skylark rollerskate briskskirt ski skeptic muskmelonskip skim skate masked

/sl/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialslow sled slope sly asleep oversleepsleep slave slam slash landslide snowslideslept sleeve slate slab onslaught grandslamslip slant slipper sleek enslave nonslipslid slice sleet slimy bobsledslap slight slim manslaughter

/sm/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialsmile smash smock smote smuggler blacksmithsmooth smear smoky smokestack smelt gunsmithsmell smith smudge smattering smite silversmithsmall smolder smuggle smorgasbord locksmithsmart smack smug smithysmother smog smitten smoker

scale

shoe

desk

slide

smoke

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sweater

/sn/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initialsnow snuggle snapshot sniff snooze snuffsnowball snip sneak sniffle snorkel snowmansnare snarl snatch snipe snort snipersneeze snap sneakers snob snout snowysnore snack sneer snoop snubsnug snail

/sp/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medial Finalsports speed spider inspect despair claspspace spell spend respect inspire crispspeak spot spark respond despite gaspspring spin despise graspspread spoke unspeakable waspspecial spare respectful lisp

wisp

/st/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medial Finalstop story stick instead restless beststep street stone destroy poster caststay stand stood restore tasty duststate star westward faststill study haystack leaststore strong destruction past

west

/sw/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initialswim switch sweet swollen swampy swarthyswell swallow swift sway swirl swatswept swung swan swine swarm swervesweat swam swagger swoop swear swornswing swamp swap swindle swelter swishsweep

/t/ REGULAR T CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalto took city later not whattwo top into sentence at settake ten water until it parttell talk after out gottoo today get puttime told but want

snake

spoon

table

stamp


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/th—/ VOICELESS TH CONSONANT DIGRAPH SOUND

Initial Medial Finalthank thought something toothbrush with truththink thread author python both deaththing threw nothing ninth souththird thumb athlete worth fifththirty thunder faithful cloth baththick threat bathtub teeth

/th/ VOICED TH CONSONANT DIGRAPH SOUND

Initial Medial Finalthe though mother weather smooththat thus other gatherthem thy brother breathingthey thence father rhythmthis their although fartherthere then bother leatherthan thou clothing northernthese either

/tr/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialtrack trick trouble extra control countrytractor travel trap electric sentry patroltrain tree trail central waitresstrade trim triangle attract contracttruly trip traffic entry patrontry true subtract contrast

/tw/ CONSONANT BLEND

Initial Medialtwelve twirl twinkle twinge twelfth betweentwenty twine twist twang twill entwinetwice tweed twitter twentieth twiddle untwisttwig twilight twitch tweet intertwine

/u/ SHORT U, CLOSED SYLLABLE RULE

Initial Medialup unhappy unless but number suchus upon umpire run must huntunder usher much study summeruntil unusual just hundred jumpugly uproar cut sudden gununcle upset funny sun

three

feather

umbrella

truck

twins

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/u–/ LONG U, OPEN SYLLABLE RULE

Initial Medial Finalunit unify future humid fugitive menuunited unique human museum funeralUtah utilize valuable continuous beautifuluniform humor fuel unusualuniverse January bugle musicianusual pupil cubic punyuniversity community communicate

/oo∪ / SHORT DOUBLE O, U SPELLING

Medialbullet bush cushion bull’s-eye pulpit bulldogfull bushel ambush bushy fully armfulpull sugar bulletin pullet bullfrog bullypush pudding handful pushcart fulfill bullfightput butcher pulley bulldozer bulwark output

/oo—/ LONG DOUBLE O, U, AND U_E SPELLINGS

MedialJune flute tune punctuation revolution tunaJuly prune conclusion constitution ruby influencetruth cruel tube duty prudent solutionjunior numeral February nutrition situation rhubarbrule parachute aluminum reduce ruin trulycrude

/er/ ER VOWEL, UR SPELLING

Initial Medial Finalurn turn purple further fur spururban burn hurt purpose sulfur cururchin hurry turkey burst murmur bururge curl curb surf concururgent Thursday nurse church occur

purse surface slur

/v/ REGULAR V CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalvery vowel over however give livevisit van even cover five movevoice verb never several love abovevote vase river gave leaveview violin twelve wavevest valley have believe

ruler

music

bull

turtle

Valentine


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yarn

wrench

wheel

/w/ REGULAR W CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medialwe way wave away awake halfwaywith were win reward aware sidewalkwill word woman forward unwind upwardwas week wait sandwich highway midwaywork would want backward tapewormwater

/wh/ WH CONSONANT BLEND SOUND

Initial Medialwhen white whip whiskey awhile buckwheatwhat while whisper whack bobwhite cartwheelwhich why whistle whiff overwhelm somewherewhether wheat wheeze whimper somewhat anywherewhere whale wharf whiz everywhere nowhere

meanwhile

/r/ SOUND, WR SPELLING

Initial Medialwrite wrestle wretch wrung awry typewriterwriting wrist wrinkle wry rewrite typewrittenwritten wreath wrapper wrangle handwritingwrote wring wrathful unwrapwrong wreck wreckage playwrightwrap wren wriggle shipwreck

/ks/ REGULAR X CONSONANT SOUND

Medial FinalMexico explain fox fix complex vexTexas axis ax relax index waxmixture oxen six mix lax sexextremely extra tax prefix hex perplexsixty excuse ox loxexpert exclaim

/y/ REGULAR Y CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medialyou youth yam yew lawyer vineyardyear yawn yank yeast canyon papayayellow yard yak yen beyond dooryardyes yet yodel yolk courtyard stockyardyell your yacht yonder barnyard backyardyoung

window

box

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/e−/ LONG E, Y SPELLING

Medial Finalanything very happy country earlybabysit any lady city moneyeveryone many story really quicklyladybug pretty family body heavybodyguard only study usually readycopying funny every easy energyeverything

/ i–

/ LONG I, Y SPELLING

Medial Finalmyself type my sky shy replynylon lying by July defy slycycle rhyme why fry dry denydying python buy apply allystyle hyena cry pry spy

/z/ REGULAR Z CONSONANT SOUND

Initial Medial Finalzero zipper lazy citizen size quizzoo zoom crazy frozen freeze whizzone puzzle grazing prize buzzzest dozen realize fizzzenith magazine breeze fuzzzigzag organize jazzzinc seize adz

baby

zebra

fly

See also List 1, Consonant Sounds; List 7, Suggested Phonics TeachingOrder; List 11, Phonograms; List 13, Phonically Irregular Words.


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LIST 10. PHONICS WORKSHEET

Name ______________________________ Date __________________________

Here is the grapheme we are studying today:

____________________________

Here is a word that uses this grapheme:

____________________________

Here are five words I have found using this grapheme to make this sound:

1. _______________________________

2. _______________________________

3. _______________________________

4. _______________________________

5. _______________________________

(As a word source for these five words, you can use the Instant Words (List 16) or a book youare reading.)

Here are two words using this grapheme and sound in words I thought up all by myself with-out using any list or book:

1. _______________________________

2. _______________________________

See also List 7, Suggested Phonics Teaching Order.

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LIST 11. PHONOGRAMS

A phonogram is a vowel plus a final consonant sound; for example, the “ab”, in “cab.” As teach-ers, we found it difficult to find a complete list of phonograms, so we developed our own usingmany available lists and a rhyming dictionary. We think this is the most complete one in existence.These are useful for all kinds of games and practice in reading and spelling. Phonograms, orrimes, have been used in the teaching of reading since Colonial times and are currently used inregular classrooms, remedial/corrective reading instruction, English as a Second Language classes,and in adult literacy instruction. Because syllable rimes also include just vowel endings like -ayin “say” or -ea in “tea,” we have included some of them in this list. These phonograms are all one-syllable words; however, the same phonograms appear in many polysyllabic words.

-ab/a/cabdabgabjablabnabtabblabcrabdrabflabgrabscabslabstab

-ace/a- /facelacemacepaceracebracegraceplacespacetrace

-ack/a/back

hackJacklackMackpackquackracksacktackblackclackcrackknackshackslacksmacksnackstacktrackwhack

-act/a/factpacttacttract

-ad/a/badcaddadfad

gadhadladmadpadsadtadBradChadcladgladshad

-ade/a- /badefadejademadewadebladegladegradeshadespadetrade

-aff/a/gaffchaffquaffstaff

-aft/a/daftraftwaftcraftdraftgraftshaft

-ag/a/baggaghagjaglagnagragsagtagwagbragcragdragflagshagslagsnagstagswag

-age/a- /cage

gagepageragesagewagestage

-aid/a- /laidmaidpaidraidbraidstaid

-ail/a- /bailfailGailhailjailmailnailpailquailrailsailtailwailflailsnailtrail

-ain/a- /lainmainpainrainvainwainbrainchaindraingrainplainslainSpainsprainstainstraintrain

-aint/a- /faintpaintsainttaintquaint

-air/er/ or /ar/fairhairlair

pairchairflairstair

-aise/a- /raisebraisechaisepraise

-ait/a- /baitgaitwaitstraittrait

-ake/a- /bakecakefakeJakelakemakequakeraketakewakebrakedrake

See also List 1, Consonant Sounds; List 2, Vowel Sounds; List 12, TheMost Common Phonograms.

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flakeshakesnakestake

-ale/a- /baledalegalehalemalepalesaletalescaleshalestalewhale

-alk/aw/balkcalktalkwalkchalkstalk

-all/ô/ballcallfallgallhallmallpalltallwallsmallsquallstall

-alt/aw/halt

maltsalt

-am/a/camdamhamjamPamramSamtamyamclamcramdramgramscamscramshamslamswamtram

-ame/a- /camedamefamegamelamenamesametameblameflameframeshame

-amp/a/campdamplampramptampvamp

champclampcrampscampstamptramp

-an/a/bancanDanfanmanpanrantanvanbranclanflanplanscanspanthan

-ance/a/dancelancechanceFranceglanceprancestancetrance

-anch/a/ranchblanchbranchstanch

-and/a/band

handlandsandblandbrandglandstandstrand

-ane/a- /banecaneJanelanemanepanesanevanewanecraneplane

-ang/a- /bangfangganghangpangrangsangtangclangslangsprangtwang

-ank/a- /bankdankhanklankranksanktankyank

blankclankcrankdrankflankFrankplankprankshankstankthank

-ant/a/can’tpantrantchantgrantplantscantslant

-ap/a/capgaplapmapnappaprapsaptapyapchapclapflapscrapslapsnapstraptrapwrap

-ape/a- /cape

gapenaperapetapedrapegrapescrapeshape

-ar/ar/barcarfarjarmarpartarcharscarsparstar

-ard/ar/bardcardguardhardlardyardshard

-are/air/barecaredarefareharemareparerarewareblareflareglarescare

sharesnaresparesquarestare

-arge/ar/bargelargecharge

-ark/ar/barkdarkharklarkmarkparkClarksharksparkstark

-arm/ar/farmharmcharm

-arn/ar/barndarnyarn

-arp/ar/carpharptarpsharp

-art/ar/cart

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dartmartparttartchartsmartstart

-ase/a- /basecasevasechase

-ash/a/bashcashdashgashhashlashmashrashsashbrashclashflashslashsmashstashthrashtrash

-ask/a/askcaskmasktaskflask

-asm/a/chasmplasmspasm

-asp/a/gasphaspraspclaspgrasp

-ast/a/castfastlastmastpastvastblast

-aste/a- /bastehastepastetastewastechaste

-ass/a/basslassmasspassbrassclassglassgrass

-at/a/batcatfatgnathatmatpatrat

sattatvatbratchatdratflatscatslatspatthat

-atch/a/batchcatchhatchlatchmatchpatchscratchthatch

-ate/a- /datefategatehateKatelatemateratecrategrateplateskatestate

-ath/a/bathlathmathpathwrath

-aught/aw/caught

naughttaughtfraught

-aunch/aw/haunchlaunchpaunch

-aunt/aw/dauntgaunthauntjaunttauntflaunt

-ave/a- /caveDavegavepaveravesavewavebravecravegraveshaveslavestave

-aw/aw/cawgnawjawlawpawrawsawclawdrawflawslawsquawstraw

-awl/aw/bawlbrawlcrawldrawlshawlscrawltrawl

-awn/aw/dawnfawnlawnpawnyawnbrawndrawnprawnspawn

-ax/a/laxMaxtaxwaxflax

-ay/a- /baydaygayhayjaylaymaynaypayquayraysaywaybrayclaycrayfray

grayplayprayslayspraystaystrayswaytray

-aze/a- /dazefazegazehazemazerazeblazecrazeglazegraze

-ea/e-/peaseateafleaplea

-each/e-/beachleachpeachreachteachbleachbreachpreachscreech

-ead/e/deadheadleadread

breaddreadspreadthreadtread

-ead/e-/beadleadreadkneadplead

-eak/e-/beakleakpeakteakweakbleakcreakfreaksneakspeaksqueakstreaktweak

-eal/e-/dealhealmealpealrealsealtealvealzealsquealsteal

-ealth/e/healthwealthstealth

PHONOGRAMS CONTINUED

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-eam/e-/beamreamseamcreamdreamgleamscreamsteamstreamteam

-ean/e-/beandeanJeanleanmeanweancleanglean

-eap/e-/heapleapreapcheap

-ear/e-/dearfeargearhearnearrearseartearyearclearshearsmearspear

-ear/e/bearpearwearswear

-east/e-/beastfeastleastyeast

-eat/e-/beatfeatheatmeatneatpeatseatbleatcheatcleatpleattreatwheat

-eave/e-/heaveleaveweavecleavesheave

-eck/e/deckheckneckpeckcheckfleckspeckwreck

-ed/e/bedfedledNedredTedwedledbredfledFredshedshredsledsped

-edge/e/hedgeledgewedgedredgepledgesledge

-ee/e-/beefeekneeleeseeteeweefleefreegleetree

-eech/e-/beechleechbreechscreechspeech

-eed/e-/deedfeedheedkneedneedreedseedweedbleedbreedcreedfreedgreedspeedsteedtreedtweed

-eek/e-/leekmeekpeekreekseekweekcheekcreekGreeksleek

-eel/e-/feelheelkeelpeelreelcreelsteelwheel

-eem/e-/deemseemteem

-een/e-/keenqueenseenteengreenpreenscreensheen

-eep/e-/beepdeepJeepkeeppeepseepweepcheepcreepsheepsleepsteepsweep

-eer/e-/beerdeerjeerleerpeerqueerseersneersteer

-eet/e-/beetfeetmeetfleetgreet

sheetskeetsleetstreetsweettweet

-eeze/e-/breezefreezesneezesqueezetweezewheeze

-eft/e/deftheftleftclefttheft

-eg/e/begkeglegmegpeg

-eigh/a- /neighweighsleigh

-eld/e/heldmeldweld

-ell/e/bellcell

dellfellhelljellknellNellselltellwellyelldwellquellshellsmellspellswell

-elp/e/helpkelpyelp

-elt/e/beltfeltkneltmeltpeltweltdweltsmelt

-em/e/gemhemstemthem

-en/e/Bendenhen

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Kenmenpentenyenglenthenwhenwren

-ence/e/fencehencewhence

-ench/e/benchwenchclenchdrenchFrenchquenchstenchtrenchwrench

-end/e/bendendfendlendmendrendsendtendvendwendblendspendtrend

-ense/e/densesensetense

-ent/e/bentcentdentgentKentlentrentsenttentventwentscentspent

-ep/e/peprepprepstep

-ept/e/keptweptcreptsleptswept

-erge/er/mergesergeverge

-erk/er/jerkclerk

-erm/er/bermgermtermsperm

-ern/er/fernternstern

-erve/er/nerveserveverveswerve

-esh/e/meshfleshfresh

-ess/e/Bessguesslessmessblesschessdresspressstresstress

-est/e/bestguestjestlestnestpestresttestvestwestzestblestchestcrestquestwrest

-et/e/betgetjetletmetnetpetsetwetyetChetfretwhet

-etch/e/fetchretchsketchwretch

-ew/oo /dewfewhewJewknewnewpewblewbrewchew

-ex/e/hexsexvexflex

-ey/a- /heygrayprey

theywhey

-ib/i/bibfibjibribcribglib

-ibe/i/jibebribescribetribe

-ice/i/dicelicemicenicericevicepriceslicesplicethricetwice

-ick/i/DickhickkicklickNickpickquickRicksicktickwickbrickchickclick

flickslickstickthicktrick

-id/i/biddidhidkidlidmidquidridgridskidslid

-ide/i/bidehideridesidetidewidebridechideglideprideslidesnidestride

-ie/i/diefieliepietievie

-ied/i/diedlied

driedfriedtried

-ief/e-/briefchiefgriefthief

-ield/e-/fieldyieldshield

-ier/i/briercrierdrierflier

-ies/i/diesliespiestiescriesdriesfliesfriesskiestries

-ife/i/fifeknifeliferifewifestrife

-iff/i/miff


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tiffcliffskiffsniffwhiff

-ift/i/giftliftriftsiftdriftshiftswiftthrift

-ig/i/bigdigfiggigjigpigrigwigbrigsprigswigtwig

-igh/i/highnighsighthigh

-ight/i/knightlightmightnightrightsight

tightblightbrightflightfrightplightslight

-ike/i/bikedikehikelikeMikepikespikestrike

-ild/i/mildwildchild

-ile/i/bilefilemileNilepiletilevilesmilestilewhile

-ilk/i/bilkmilksilk

-ill/i/bill

dillfillgillhillillJillkillmillpillquillrillsilltillwillchilldrillfrillgrillskillspillstillswillthrilltrilltwill

-ilt/i/giltjilthiltkilttiltwiltquiltstilt

-im/i/dimhimJimKimrimTimvimbrim

grimprimslimswimtrimwhim

-ime/i/dimelimemimetimechimeclimecrimegrimeprimeslime

-imp/i/limpchimpcrimpprimpskimpblimp

-in/i/bindinfinginkinpinsintinwinchingrinshinskinspinthintwin

-ince/i/mincesincewinceprince

-inch/i/cinchfinchpinchwinchclinchflinch

-ind/i/bindfindhindkindmindrindwindblindgrind

-ine/i/dinefinelinemineninepinetinevinewinebrineshineshrinespineswinewhine

-ing/i/bing

dingkingpingringsingwingzingbringclingflingslingspringstingstringswingthingwring

-inge/i/bingehingesingetingecringefringetwinge

-ink/i/kinklinkminkpinkrinksinkwinkblinkbrinkchinkclinkdrinkshrinkslinkstinkthink

-int/i/hintlintminttintglintprintsplintsprintsquintstint

-ip/i/diphiplipnipquipripsiptipzipblipchipclipdripflipgripshipskipslipsnipstriptripwhip

-ipe/i/piperipewipegripesnipestripeswipetripe

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-ir/er/firsirstirwhir

-ird/er/birdgirdthird

-ire/i/firehiretirewirespire

-irk/er/quirkshirksmirk

-irt/er/dirtflirtshirtskirtsquirt

-irth/er/birthfirthgirthmirth

-ise/i/guiserisewise

-ish/i/dish

fishwishswish

-isk/i/diskriskbriskfriskwhisk

-isp/i/lispwispcrisp

-iss/i/hisskissmissblissSwiss

-ist/i/fistlistmistwristgristtwist

-it/i/bitfithitkitknitlitpitquitsitwitflitgrit

skitslitspitsplittwit

-itch/i/ditchhitchpitchwitchswitch

-ite/i/bitekitemitequiteritesitewhitewritesprite

-ive/i/divefivehivejivelivechivedrivestrivethrive

-ix/i/fixmixsix

-o/oo /dotowho

-o/o-/gonosopro

-oach/o-/coachpoachroachbroach

-oad/o-/goadloadroadtoad

-oak/o-/soakcloakcroak

-oal/o-/coalfoalgoalshoal

-oam/o-/foamloamroam

-oan/o-/Joanloanmoangroan

-oar/or/boar

roar soar

-oast/o-/boastcoastroasttoast

-oat/o-/boatcoatgoatmoatgloatfloatthroat

-ob/o/Bobcobfobgobjobknoblobmobrobsobblobglobslobsnob

-obe/o-/loberobeglobeprobe

-ock/o/dockhockknock

lockmockrocksocktockblockclockcrockflockfrockshocksmockstock-od/o/codGodmodnodpodrodsodTodclodplodprodshodtrod-ode/o-/codelodemodenoderodestrode-oe/o-/doefoehoeJoetoewoe

-og/o/bog

cogdogfoghogjog logtogclog flogfroggrogslogsmog

-ogue/o-/brogueroguevogue

-oil/oi/boilcoilfoilsoiltoilspoilbroil

-oin/oi/coinjoinloingroin

-oist/oi/foisthoistjoistmoist

-oke/o-/cokejokepokewoke


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yokebrokechokesmokespokestokestroke

-old/o-/boldcoldfoldgoldholdmold oldsoldtoldscold

-ole/o-/doleholemolepolerolestolewhole

-oll/o-/pollrolltolldrollknollscrollstrolltroll

-oll/o/dolllollmoll

-olt/o-/boltcoltjoltmoltvolt

-om/o/MomTomprom

-ome/o-/domehomeNomeRometomegnomechrome

-ome/u/comesome

-omp/o/pomprompchompstomp

-on/u/sontonwon

-ond/o/bondfondpondblondfrond

-one/o-/boneconehonelonetonezoneclonecronedronephoneproneshonestone

-ong/aw/bongdong gong long songtongprongstrongthongwrong

-oo/oo /boocoogoomoopootoowoozooshoo

-ood/oo• /goodhoodwoodstood

-ood/oo /foodmoodbrood

-oof/oo /goofroofproofspoof

-ook/oo• /bookcookhooklooknooktookbrookcrookshook

-ool/oo /coolfoolpooltooldroolschoolspoolstool

-oom/oo /boomdoomloomroomzoombloombroomgloomgroom

-oon/oo /coonloonmoonnoonsooncroonspoonswoon

-oop/oo /coophooploopdroopscoopsloopsnoopstoopswooptroop

-oor/oo/poorboormoorspoor

-oose/oo /gooseloosemoosenoose

-oot/oo /boothootlootmootroottootscootshoot

-op/o/bopcophopmoppopsoptopchopcropdropflopploppropshopslopstop

-ope/o-/copedopehopelopemopenopepoperopegropescopeslope

-orch/or/porchtorchscorch

-ord/or/cordfordlordchordsword

-ore/or/borecoreforegoremoreporesoretoreworechorescoreshoresnoresporestoreswore

-ork/or/corkforkporkYorkstork

-orm/or/dormformnormstorm

-orn/or/borncornhornmorntornwornscornshornswornthorn

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-ort/or/fortMortportsortshortsnortsport

-ose/o-/hosenoseposerosechosecloseprosethose

-oss/aw/bosslossmosstosscrossflossgloss

-ost/o/costlostfrost

-ost/o-/hostmostpostghost

-ot/o/cotdotgot

hotjotknotlotnotpotrottotblotclotplotshotslotspottrot

-otch/o/botchnotchblotchcrotchScotch

-ote/o-/notequoterotevotewrote

-oth/aw/mothbrothclothfrothsloth

-ouch/ow/couchpouchvouch crouchgrouchslouch

-oud/ow/loudcloudproud

-ough/u/roughtoughslough

-ought/aw/boughtfoughtoughtsoughtbroughtthought

-ould/oo/couldwouldshould

-ounce/ow/bouncepounceflouncetrounce

-ound/ow/boundfoundhoundmoundpoundroundsoundwoundground

-oup/oo /soup

croupgroupstoup

-our/ow/hoursourflourscour

-ouse/ow/dousehouselousemouserousesouseblousegrousespouse

-out/ow/boutgoutloutpoutrouttoutcloutfloutgroutscoutshoutsnoutspoutsproutstouttrout

-outh/ow/mouthsouth

-ove/o-/cove

woveclovedrovegrovestovetrove

-ove/u/dovelovegloveshove

-ow/o-/bowknowlowmowrowsowtowblowcrowflowglowgrowshowslowsnowstow

-ow/ow/bowcowhownowrowsowvowbrowchowplowprowscow

-owl/ow/fowlhowljowlgrowlprowlscowl

-own/ow/downgowntownbrownclowncrowndrownfrown

-own/o-/knownmownsownblownflowngrownshownthrown

-owse/ow/dowsebrowsedrowse

-ox/o/boxfoxloxpox

-oy/oi/boy

coyjoyRoysoytoyploy

-ub/u/cubdubhubnubpubrubsubtubclubdrubflubgrubscrubshrubsnubstub

-ube/oo /cuberubetube

-uck/u/buckduckluckmuckpucksucktuckChuckcluckpluckshuckstuckstrucktruck


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-ud/u/budcuddudmudspudstud thud

-ude/oo /dudenuderudecrudeprude

-udge/u/budgefudgejudgenudgedrudgegrudgesludgesmudgetrudge

-ue/oo /cueduehueSuebluecluefluegluetrue

-uff/u/buffcuffhuff

muffpuffruffblufffluffgruffscuffsluffsnuffstuff

-ug/u/bugdughugjuglugmugpugrugtugchugdrugplugshrugslugsmugsnugthug

-uke/oo /dukenukepukefluke

-ule/u- /mulepuleruleyule

-ulk/u/bulk

hulksulk

-ull/u/culldullgullhulllullmullskull

-ull/oo• /bullfullpull

-um/u/bumgumhummumrumsumchumdrumglumplumscumslumstrumswum

-umb/u/dumbnumbcrumbplumbthumb

-ume/oo /fume

flumeplumespume

-ump/u/bumpdumphumpjumplumppumprumpchumpclumpfrumpgrumpplumpslumpstumpthump trump

-un/u/bunfungunnunpunrunsunshunspunstun

-unch/u/bunchhunchlunchmunchpunchbrunchcrunch

-une/u- /June

tuneprune

-ung/u/dunghunglungrungsungclungflungsprungstungstrungswungwrung

-unk/u/bunkdunkfunkhunkjunkpunksunkchunkdrunkflunkplunkshrunkskunkslunkspunkstunktrunk

-unt/u/bunthuntpuntruntbluntgruntshuntstunt

-up/u/cuppupsup

-ur/er/curfurblurslurspur

-ure/u- /curelurepuresure

-url/er/burlcurlfurlhurlpurl churlknurl

-urn/er/burnturnchurnspurn

-urse/er/cursenursepurse

-urt/er/curthurtblurtspurt

-us/u/buspusplusthus

-use/u- /fusemuseruse

-ush/u/gushhushlushmushrushblushbrushcrushflushplush slushthrush

-uss/u/busscussfussmusstruss

-ust/u/bustdustgustjustlustmustrustcrustthrusttrust

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-ut/u/butcutguthutjutnutrut

Tutglutshutsmutstrut

-utch/u/Dutch

hutchclutchcrutch

-ute/u- /cutejutelute

mutebrutechuteflute

-utt/u/buttmutt

putt

-y/ i-

/bymycrydryfly

fryplypryshysky slyspysprytry

why

-ye/ i-

/ayedyeeyelyerye

See also List 1, Consonant Sounds; List 2, Vowel Sounds.


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LIST 12. THE MOST COMMON PHONOGRAMS

A phonogram, or rime, is usually a vowel sound plus a consonant sound, but it is often lessthan a syllable and therefore less than a word. When a consonant sound is added at the begin-ning, or at the onset, the two form many recognizable words. Adding single consonants orconsonant blends to common phonograms is an excellent way to quickly build reading andspelling vocabulary. This list includes the most common phonograms ranked in the order ofthe number of words they can form.

Rime Example Words Rime Example Words

-ay jay say pay day play -ug rug bug hug dug tug

-ill hill Bill will fill spill -op mop cop pop top hop

-ip dip ship tip skip trip -in pin tin win chin thin

-at cat fat bat rat sat -an pan man ran tan Dan

-am ham jam dam ram Sam -est best nest pest rest test

-ag bag rag tag wag sag -ink pink sink rink link drink

-ack back sack Jack black track -ow low slow grow show snow

-ank bank sank tank blank drank -ew new few chew grew stew

-ick sick Dick pick quick chick -ore more sore tore store score

-ell bell sell fell tell yell -ed bed red fed led Ted

-ot pot not hot dot got -ab cab dab jab lab crab

-ing ring sing king wing thing -ob cob job rob Bob knob

-ap cap map tap clap trap -ock sock rock lock dock block

-unk bunk sunk junk skunk trunk -ake cake lake make take brake

-ail pail jail nail sail tail -ine line nine pine fine shine

-ain rain pain main chain plain -ight light night right fight sight

-eed feed seed weed need freed -im him Kim rim grim brim

-y my by dry try fly -uck duck luck buck truck stuck

-out pout trout scout shout spout -um gum bum hum drum plum

See also List 11, Phonograms.

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LIST 13. PHONICALLY IRREGULAR WORDS

As every reading teacher knows, there are many words that do not follow regular phonics orspelling rules. This list contains common words that are not pronounceable using regular phon-ics rules. Students need to learn to recognize them on sight and to memorize their spellings.See also words with silent letters in Consonant Sounds, List 1.

a does listen said usuallyadjective door live science wantagain earth many should wasalthough enough measure sign watchanswer example most some waterany eyes mother something whereare father mountain stretch werebecome feather move subtle whatbeen find of sure whoboth four off the womanbread friends often their womenbrought from old there wordsclimbed give on they workcold great once though worldcolor group one thought wouldcome have only through youcould heard other to youngcountry island people today yourdesign kind picture two youthdo learn piece

LIST 14. STANDALONES

Words in the English language often follow patterns—similar sounds and/or spellings. Justtake a look at the number of phonograms in List 11. Or think about how easy it is to rhymemost longer words. The list below contains words that have no “close cousins” or rhymes. Canyou think of any other words for which there is no true rhyme?

bulb hundred nothing tabletdreamt hungry orange waspdruggist infant purple Wednesdayexit month silver zebrafilm noisy sixth

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LIST 15. SYLLABICATION RULES*The teaching of syllabication rules is somewhat controversial. Some say you should, and somesay it is not worth the effort. Syllables sometimes are part of phonics lessons because syllab-ication affects vowel sounds (for example, an open vowel rule), and sometimes they are partof spelling or English lessons. There is no close agreement on various lists of syllabicationrules, and some of the rules have plenty of exceptions. We are not urging you to teach them,but neither are we urging you to refrain from doing so.

Rule 1. VCV† A consonant between two vowels tends to go with thesecond vowel unless the first vowel is accented andshort.Examples: bro�-ken, wag�-on, e-vent�

Rule 2. VCCV Divide two consonants between vowels unless they area blend or digraph. (See List 1.)Examples: pic-ture, ush-er

Rule 3. VCCCV When there are three consonants between two vowels,divide between the blend or the digraph and the otherconsonant.Example: an-gler

Rule 4. Affixes a. Prefixes always form separate syllables (un-hap-py,re-act).

b. Suffixes form separate syllables if they contain avowel sound.

c. The suffix -y tends to pick up the precedingconsonant to form a separate syllable.Example: fligh-ty

d. The suffix -ed tends to form a separate syllableonly when it follows a root that ends in d or t.Example: plant-ed (not in stopped)

e. The suffix -s never forms a syllable exceptsometimes when it follows an e.Examples: at-oms, cours-es

Rule 5. Compounds Always divide compound words. Example: black-bird

*Source: Costigan, P. (1977) A Validation of the Fry Syllabification Generalization. Unpublished master’s thesis,Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Available from ERIC.†V = vowel: C = consonant.

NOTE: These rules tend to give phonetic (sound) division of syllables that is in harmony with phonics instruction.Dictionaries tend to favor morphemic (meaning) division for main entries. Often, this does not conflict with the pho-netic (pronunciation) division but sometimes it does; for example, “skat-er” morphemic versus “ska-ter” phonetic.The “er” is a morphemic (meaning) unit meaning “one who.”

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SYLLABICATION RULES CONTINUED

Rule 6. Final le Final le picks up the preceding consonant to form asyllable. Example: ta-ble

Rule 7. Vowel Clusters Do not split common vowel clusters, such as:

a. R-controlled vowels (ar, er, ir, or, and ur). Example: ar-ti-cle

b. Long vowel digraphs (ea, ee, ai, oa, and ow).Example: fea-ture

c. Broad o clusters (au, aw, and al). Example: au-di-ence

d. Diphthongs (oi, oy, ou, and ow). Example: thou-sand

e. Double o like oo. Examples: moon, look

Rule 8. Vowel Problems Every syllable must have one and only one vowelsound.

a. The letter e at the end of a word is usually silent.Example: come

b. The letter y at the end or in the middle of a wordoperates as a vowel. At the beginning of a word itis a consonant.Examples: ver-y, cy-cle, yes

c. Two vowels together with separate sounds formseparate syllables.Example: po-li-o

See also List 29, More Prefixes, List 31, More Suffixes.

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