1. Pendahuluan Teratologi
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TERATOLOGI (2 SKS)
Pengampu:Dr.Tetri Widiyani, M.Si
Prof.Dr.Okid Parama Astirin, MS
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MATERIMATERI
INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
TERATOLOGY CAUSES OF
DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITY
MECHANISMS OF TERATOGENESIS
MANIFESTATIONS OF ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT
ACCESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO DEVELOPING TISSUE
TERATOGENESIS TESTING
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PUSTAKAPUSTAKA James G. Wilson. 1973. ENVIRONMENT & BIRTH DEFECT.
Academic Press. Carole A. Kimmel & Judy Buelke-Sam. 1981.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY. Raven Press, New York. Diana Anderson & D.M. Conning. 1988. EXPERIMENTAL
TOXICOLOGY. Royal Society of Chemistry, London. p: 213-241
Sam Kacew & George H. Lambert. 1997. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. Taylor & Francis, Washington.
Mammed Sagi. 1999. TERATOLOGI. Fakultas Biologi UGM.
Okid Parama Astirin & Tetri Widiyani, 2011, Teratologi, Pohon Cahaya, Yogyakrta
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1. PENDAHULUANAgustus 2013
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Studi tentang malformasi atau penyimpangan bentuk dari jenis normal dalam organisme
Cabang ilmu yang bersangkutan dengan struktur & pengembangan, anatomi, dan klasifikasi cacat janin
Studi tentang dampak buruk dari lingkungan pada sistem pengembangan, yaitu pada sel-sel germinal, embrio, janin, & individu postnatal dewasa
Ilmu berkaitan dengan penyebab, mekanisme, dan manifestasi penyimpangan perkembangan baik struktural atau fungsional
Studi tentang perkembangan embrio normal & cacat bawaan
DEFINISI TERATOLOGI
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Kenyataanya bhw: Kenyataanya bhw: Tahap perkembangan awal (embrio) mrp
tahap yang paling sensitif dlm siklus hidup semua organisme terhadap pengaruh lingkungan yang merugikan
Meskipun tdk semua embrio berhadapan langsung dengan lingkungan luar → kebanyakan embrio dilengkapi dengan protective device
Sejak dahulu kala manusia sudah mpy ketertarikan yang sgt besar terhadap perkembangan abnormal baik yang terjadi pada manusia sendiri maupun berbagai jenis hewan
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SEJARAH
Lukisan dinding, patung & naskah kuno dr jaman Babilonia & Mesir Kuno
Pd jaman dulu bayi yang lahir cacat mrp hasil dr kutukan Dewa/Tuhan, keturunan setan → seringkali dikaitkan dengan hal-hal mistis
Bayi cacat = ‘monster/makhluk aneh’ Monster dlm bhs Yunani: Teras
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WILLIAM HARVEY (1651)
Org pertama yang menerapkan prinsip2 embriologi dlm mempelajari congenital abnormalities (bibir sumbing/hare lip)
Hipotesis Harvey: congenital abnormalities terjadi karena adanya ‘arrested growth’
Hipotesis tsb kmd dpt menjelaskan terjadinya abnormalitas seperti cleft palate, ectopia cordis & gastrorachisis
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ETIENNE GEOFFREY St. HILAIRE ETIENNE GEOFFREY St. HILAIRE & SON ( 1832)& SON ( 1832)
Mempelajari developmental abnormality pada embrio ayam
Developmental abnormality dpt terjadi dgn mengocok telur atau menutupi sebagian kulit telurnya dengan bahan yang impermeabel → spina bifida & anencephaly
Mempelajari pola2 developmental abnormality pd manusia
Menciptakan istilah teratologi
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TERATOLOGI TERATOLOGI EKSPERIMENTALEKSPERIMENTAL
Etienne Geoffrey de Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844)
Camille Dareste (1891) Stockard (1931) Hale (1935)Warkany (1940)
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GREGG et al (awal 1940)GREGG et al (awal 1940) Developmental abnormality dpt terjadi karena
pengaruh lingkungan (infeksi virus rubella) Infeksi virus rubella pada kehamilan awal
menimbulkan ‘rubella syndrom’ yang ditandai oleh: congenital heart desease, deafness, cataract, & kelainan lain
Lansdown (1978): infeksi berbagai macam virus dan infeksi lainnya berpotensi menimbulkan gangguan reproduksi, infertility, atau congenital anomalies pd manusia & hewan
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PERISTIWA THALIDOMID PERISTIWA THALIDOMID (JERMAN, 1961)(JERMAN, 1961)
Dikemukakan oleh Mc.Bride & Lenz Peristiwa tsb sgt penting →
teratologi berkembang pesat & dipandang sebagai ilmu yang penting
Developmental abnormality dapat terjadi karena pangaruh xenobiotic agents
Abnormalitas yang ditimbulkan berupa: spinal & limb abnormalities (amelia, fokomelia & mikromelia)
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PERISTIWA MINAMATAPERISTIWA MINAMATA(JEPANG, 1968)(JEPANG, 1968)
Limbah industri yang mengandung metil merkuri menyebabkan developmental abnormality berupa congenital minamata syndrom yang ditandai a.l microcephaly, IQ rendah, pertumbuhan terhambat dll.
Peristiwa yang sama terjadi di Irak pd thn 1971-1972
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ILMU-ILMU YANG BERKAITAN ERAT DGN TERATOLOGI
EmbriologiEmbriologi eksperimentalEmbriologi molekulerToksikologi
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TERATOLOGI EKSPERIMENTAL
In vivo (utero)In vitroIn ovo → CHEST,
FETAX
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KEGUNAAN TERATOLOGIKEGUNAAN TERATOLOGI
Antisipasi & evaluasi utk mencegah tjdnya developmental abnormality
Deteksi dini kemungkinan tjdnya developmental abnormality
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DETEKSI DINI
-fetoprotein maternal serum pd mgg 15-20 → deteksi kerusakan saraf
Amniocentesis pd trisemester II: mengukur rasio lecitin-sfingomyelin → deteksi distress syndrom
Cordocentesis → deteksi penyakit2 hemolytic
USG → deteksi BBLRMenghitung detak jantung bayi scr
elektronik → deteksi hipoksia
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3 ASPEK TERATOLOGI3 ASPEK TERATOLOGI
1. CAUSES2. MECHANISMS3. MANIFESTATIONS
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1. CAUSES1. CAUSESAction by an agent from the environment Action by an agent from the environment
on germ cells, embryos or fetuses:on germ cells, embryos or fetuses:
Radiations Chemicals Dietary imbalance Infection Hypoxia, hipercapnia, etc Temperature extremes Metabolic or endocrine imbalance Physical trauma Placental failure
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2. MECHANISMS2. MECHANISMSReaction(s) within germ cells, embryos, or Reaction(s) within germ cells, embryos, or
fetuses:fetuses:
Mutations Chromosomal non disjunction Mitotic interference Altered nucleic acid integrity or function Lack of precursor, substrat, etc Altered energy sources Change membrane characteristics Fluid-osmolyte imbalance Enzym inhibition
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3. MANIFESTATIONS3. MANIFESTATIONSPathogenesis, iniated as one or more of the Pathogenesis, iniated as one or more of the
following:following: Cell death Failed cell interactions Reduced biosynthesis Impeded morphogenetic movement Tissue disruption Altered differentiation schedule
Resulting in final defect(s) expressed as one or more of following:
Intrauterine death Malformation Growth retardation Functional deficit
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ISTILAH-ISTILAHISTILAH-ISTILAH
TerataTeratogenTeratogenesis
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MANIFESTATIONS OF MANIFESTATIONS OF ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENTABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT
Terata MalformasiAnomaliBirth defectCongenital defect