the Cornell University Library.
in
AND
attempt has
must be
the
study
of
defects
of
growth
avenue
for
a
sciences,
among
has profound
outer
correspond-
diligently preserved by
after having urged
of lantern
complete
in
itself
for
example,
contains
Individuals (De
Extra-social: Nan-
ism and
Gigantism (103)
—
cofinection
with
of
Prognathism(268)
to Age
characteristic
We could not
edge has for
tigate the
orders,
of
to
the
study
distinguishes
it
but
held
in
zoology,
of
which
beheld
the
scientific
branches
of
cation
fluous
science,
and
the
manner that
tical
curing
it;
stones
were
them
in
the
forests.
our
so
much
to
learning,
the coming
individual; in other
in
classifying
a
to
that
extraneous
to
create
as
alcoholism,
poisoning
resulting
from
having
under
pological
for
on principles of
problems
which
interest
us
rising generation. And,
society: honour
concrete
have resulted in calling
of modern
of
spiritual
health;
because
Granting
the
social
social conditions
that of Christ; Aristotle, in his belief that there is
some one
of
morphological
and
the
entire
in our power to
morality,
at
large,
in
prerogatives,
on
which
factors
which
relating
vast conceptions:
the actions
of the
great
phenomena
the aid
come
instituted
by
Professor
at
Padua
the
anthropological
of patients.
individual
in
his
entirety,
view,
as a
several
predispositions
morphological types
the predominant
In
short,
the
the
influence
of
leads
to
cardiac
disorders
and
to
neurasthenia;
almost
everyone
encounters
the
this principle is applicable
and
speak
points out
that the
which
the
final
the
moral education.
Giuseppe Sergi
which
ideals
a more or less
they
types
of
men who labor with their hands and with their brains, the
transformers of their environment,
sitting
side
by
side,
upon
Italian
attended by about
mission and
—
with
interest
an
address
the
Congress,
within
a
brief
time,
Italian hand!
indigna-
in thus
of
a
profound
that goes
under the
name of
sciences
are following
until
we
know
him
thoroughly."
Here
our duty to
of
a
shadowed.
This
less
refined,
he
fails
to
enlist
the
to
say
that
rich
and
the
The
spirit
love which
to
the
field
of
of
science;
such
labour
could
result
only
convinced that
highest
general
truths,
derived
the
other
hand,
we
human
truths. But
deeds,
the
accumulated
mass
accomplished
by
man.
work
accomplished
by
man.
a
share
the
thoughts
of
our
con-
temporaries,
and
book
and
in
making
observations,
of
those
whose
and conse-
interpret
them.
We
infallible
: we
truth
that
life
manifests
sex, and
to
life.
very
materialise
the
unknowable.
In
this
of
life;
us
measurement
can
be
grouped
by
specula-
the basis of a
its
experimental
method
pletion,
world
new
method
new means
word, whence are
we to get
progress.
It
is
many
years
tends to
menacing
fate,
ever
watchful
and
threads
are
purely
philosophical
and
speculative
trend,
that
pedagogy
redemption.
purpose already
feature of scientific
do,
how
advance slowly;
psychic ground that
in the
course of
coming to life
new
energy.
of
schools
intended
for
average,
normal
method.
Perhaps
it
a
existed. Perhaps it
paint
have, as
work,
a
little
pology,
point
of
with
origin of
precisely
what
and
diagnosis
and
prognosis;
but
whenever
the
one
of
the
cases
where
medical
same may be
emancipate
which
consists
result,
learning.
But
to
whom
addi-
tion
to
are constantly renewed
favorable, like
any other
inorganic chemical
with great
species
to
have
appeared
a
mortifies
and
dies,
while
the
first
part
continues
to
part of
living
infusoria
are
developed
similar
tend
toward
a
definite
final
cause,
characteristics,
all
of the utmost diversity;
those
and
more
clearly,
from
the
metazoa
upward,
leucocytes in the
be
explained
by
phys-
corpuscles
and.
the
to
select
substances that
universal
phenom-
enon.
But
what
distinguishes
it
size.
The
peculiarities
is
accomplished.
Since
and not that
by
Ludwig
in
Germany
living
organism.
The
Formation
the element
of life,
because, in
an absolute
to invade
leaves,
dence
sequent
little sphere, enclosing their
pro-
tective
and
the
inner
nutritive;
and
in
consequence
of
layers, otherwise
entoderm, the digestive
is
a
general
involved
in
the
mechanical
or
materialistic
theories
of
evolution
which
bear
is
regarded
as
to
them
Accordingly
new
parallel
to
survive or it
tree.
Furthermore,
the
Some
eloquent
comparisons
possible
some
form
of
continuing
comfortable
shelter
whoever first
a social position below that of the physician; his income
will
bureaucratic
environ-
ment,
has
clerk. And
the same
ent
and
anthro-
resulted only in
withdrawn
a
potential
one of the
the
which have
indented margin, with
plant
.
ordinary mice with
example,
that
red
fiowers,
there
dis-
unlock
all
antagonist; in the development
but
are
question
for example:
the peas
plants,
a combi-
on
the
contrary,
are
constant,
with
smooth
us
One
of
the
plants
(rough, smooth), and colour
and all the plants of the
first
Hence
these
we will
they must
and
to
take
potentialities
belonging
to
the results
certain
parts
of
the
individual
plumage; the
the character
of locomotion,
flowers
and
and all the plants have pink flowers. In the second
generation
It
may
happen,
for
example,
head
and
round head
Similarly,
parents
in itseK
the exchange
ex-
cepting
may
happen
that
sepa-
rate
peculiar
to
themselves.
as
difficult observations of
in his ingenious
while,
among the
peoples of
Africa and
problem of heredity
an absolutely
revolutionary
evolu-
tion,
in
other
istics and
This is quite
the
most
bastard
was
under
a
ing in harmony, and calculated
to sanction the old-time
now consider
medial
man
(I'homme
developed by Viola.
the
recon-
struction
the
that
behave
and
hand-
conceit,
bestows
may
have
been
recessive.
It
is
expended. It
has been
associated with environ-
the
original
after
thus for
laws of Mendel,
the
mysterious
labyrinth
in
Race, Sex,
and Age.
began
to
be
studied,
because
principal part.
upon
the
beach,
limits
to the palm,
other
words,
as
measurements, on
the contrary,
this entirety
in a
lower
chest records
total spread
of the
arms denotes
lower
of
con-
stant
mutual
the
total
spread
slightly
greater
the weight,
there
are
centimetres
in
his
stature,
Ts,
the
W
It
has
height
of
column is
obhque direction,
in proportion
and trunk)
the bust
basin, the
of
the
to
to the race, namely, the organs
of
reproduction.
Deprived
constitutes
la^'erh;, and the mouth orifice.)
Fig.
11.
Dog.
Bat.
Rabliit.
(From
of
100,
we
or
it
ponderant trunk, by
opposite type,
the name
of macroscelous;
the stature, because
in all
the macroscelous type;
can
total spread of the arms,
since
in the
differ in
rela-
tion
in
walking on stilts,
from
lack
of
ideal
succeed in escaping from the anxieties
of
different races
a
measure
macroscelous,
approach
and have
of its
civilisation. It
Italian
scelia, approaching to a
forms
by
a
found
one of the
localities offering little
facility to emigra-
the capital as to
facilities of travel and emigration will very
soon effect an altera-
would be impossible,
that I accomplished in
to conclude
Greece and Rome.
macroscelous
type,
in
shadow-like,
upon
cannot
ing
to
we
compare
larger
in
the chest measure
 
he
is
macroscelous
consider
From the purely
of
characteristic
us
to
age,
eerve
we may
infant
as we do the average type of the
mature
mesatiscelous
type
in
by the
pistol in
place of
length.
When
we
wish
to
know
which
neglecting
to
their bodies,
time
the
weakest,
and
we
the
who have
case we say
a
noble
rivalry
between
the
brachyscele's
by the teacher
subject
the
praise,
reward,
exhortation
who
future
man.
his
the
massive
advancing
that leads to death.
first
because
free;
remains
cannot
what-
forms of
of
not
no
inclination
pleasures
which
virtue
of
inferior
individuals.
is not
clear-cut. There
always exist
and
furthermore,
since
no
a
would
be
outside
the
than half the statiu"e:
sluggish, as shown
with
a
tendency
to
develop
fatty
type,
which
corre-
sponds
to
the
lymphatic
temperament
of
limbs;
insufficient
muscularity.
Physiologically.
supply of oxygen
general all suffer; finally,
the venous blood is
as
educators,
interest
us
rickets and
of them
quite beyond
suited
to
mitigate
consist
the heart, in another the chest, in another to modify
the
intestinal
functions
schools,
and with differ-
little
dis-
cernment
for the same
length of time.
logical
proportions
of
the
organism,
Consequently
we
subject
to
an
Such
a
constitution
is
and
a
illness
individuals
of
frequent,
and
pride and
joints,
apparently
of
a
liver
are almost always happily overcome
(but
ill-
ness,
but
the
existence
to
which
can,
the
contrary,
the
great
majority
of
developed,
the
to the
bearing
in
mind
that
in
the
macrosceles
Suffers
small
home, and since then
for
theft,
Well-developed
heart
importance
of
were also certain anomalies of the internal organs, and a
wide-
his statis-
tics reveal
the
direction
takes
place
prematurely,
in their
favour, constituted
that is not
depart
ex-
tremely from the normal limits, in an exaggerated growth in the
direction of length
quite complex;
and
constitute
different parts
of an
individual, it
of whom
may have
adapted to
but
duty
to
the biological
development and
the social
relation between
form;
since
the
form
is
The Stature
individual
considered
by
in
Among
the
spread of the
we
come
to
the
analytical
bones, such
inter-
vening
between
each other
course
of
growth
a
certain
Accordingly,
the
stature
of
is, of
for
adaptation
to
value,
since
we
make
—
of
time
(it
tortoises
and
the
sloths!),
the
Among the human
extremes,
there
(1.33
ing of such individuals.
always to be
they
mon-
strosities
that
have
Deniker,*
15
inches
high
(0.38
m.
the
average
tall
(8
ft.
3
(16 3/4
following
limits
STATURE
OF
terre.
t
TopiNABD,
in order that when it becomes his duty to judge
of the
direction
of
a
dis-
vertical line
the
greatest
increase
in
stature
child
does
not
have
stature,
but
position)
has
year
augmented
so
growth
of
the
(From Figueiba)
Age in
its maximum
during the
(18
to
20)
it
taken successively
from year
transitory
Man,
as
a fugitive instant
individual,
line shows the
steadily lowered to a
strong are weak; and
there
progress in his
studies that rendered
organism to
weakening
a
child,
we
touch
the
puberty and the
the
graphic
Well,
it
is
undoubt-
edly
and
at
its eternity.
When it
organism
shows
immature or feeble
including also
those future
through
his
higher sexual morality;
created
a
masterpiece.
the
day,
the
of
their
to
stand
direction of length
rendered
as
well
as
among labourers. On
reclining
on
sofas
among
is
likely
to
tend
toward
According
to
bust as a
of
growth,
to
cut capers,
in other
words to
and
overcome
the
compression
are
physiological.
But
return
completely
to
a
amongwhich
m.ust
[victims of
the
mines
below.*]
in
during
the
a
strain
endure
a
position
so
painful
suffer seriously from anemia,
their task,
the
ver-
into an erect
position is extremely
painful. In the
boys ! And
toil.
of
which
we
vertebral
column
they
were
in
labourers, that
certain mechanisms
of a
of their
their
work,
goes
to
gener-
ations;
and
so
long
as
this
principle
is
maintained,
school
benches
fail
to
condemned
to
been
—
the
new
generation,
education,
upon
I
foresee,
in
a
if he is
may attain
individu-
may
develop
it shall obtain the requisite
material from its
repair
them.
The
material instinct;
of
nutrition
and
and
conse-
be
solved.
From
this
point
of
of
passes
away
of
matter,
what
greater
symbol
of
its
immateriality
and
its
spirituality
"
. .
.
Something
similar
to
tolerance
of
science
which
of food in
a
the meals that he eats symbolise all this: furthermore,
they
teach
known as
individuals, cultivate
some
day
his contribution toward pro-
his lips
over
system of hygiene
or
broth
The
English
recommend
classes, Niceforo
ENGLISHMEN
Professions
and
employments
the preco-
with thirteen for
the average; on
the thermic
the invertebrates,
the
heat
of
summer;
and
the
the
development
in
specifically used of
eggs are
hatched.
Accordingly
is
a
is
get
at
the
adapting
itself
to
varia-
we cleanse our system
in summer and
a
enfeebles his
the day
Fahrenheit),
that
afterward
a
child
a
few
the effects of cold are cumulative. In this
case
tion
cold
case, a lower stature
midst
a
and
begins only
the menopause
fertility
leave
Lap-
land and make their home in civilised countries, as for example
in Sweden, they have a more
precocious
girls
banks
in Egypt, and
year.
other
influences;
in
fact,
artificially warmed environment.
the different degrees of
as a hygienic
the course
of evolution.
chapter
of
phototherapy.
child, playing
he does in the
body is stUl only
great principle
when, by
words, using their
live in home so
to light a
street,
but also
there is
are
destined
such an
concur
in
aiding
life
in
its
development.
From
the
light
environment offers
triumph.
But,
in
the
take into
hidden
produce
"pleasure."
perfect his
the
simplicity
of
their
customs,
their
imagination
remained
calm
and
tranquil
only
her
mother
in
of
man:
precocity
or
in
their
this
is
the
first
time
sense, for
the spontaneous
expansion of
childhood
did
not
of them
intellectual
little children was like a spring of water gushing from
beneath
the
rocks
that
had
been
to
us
to
these
children
look
every one of them, but
particularly in certain ones,
upon
that
us
learn
to
hitherto, in place of these, we have
stifled the
splendid possibilities
it is from this that even his bones get their
growth
and
common level
and
are obliged
liberty
and
work,
in
order
heights; rewards
are
of
who
sary
to
encourage
the
It
fourteen it is
was
39
for
childish
When
or
let
him
eight
Stature 1.15 metres (average stature for the age of seven
being 1.11 m.; for eight, 1.17
m.). Has no
beard, nor any
disdain children's
popular illustrated
tobacco, and only
"afraid
of
being
scolded."
school
for
defective
he was
sent to
*
plagiocephaly)
causes,
whenever the results
certain little glands
digestive
ago,
it
was
atavistic
survivals,
develop.
gland. After
absence
of
bones
and
action, and
the
skin,
whitening
of
the
hair
and
fades
cretinica.
importance
were con-
a
thymus. The
made
animal
thymus
as
associated
with
the
general
nervous
ment)
of
the
tissues,
and
appearance
often due to
It was
and
muscular
systems,
progressive
anemia
and
mental
torpor;
system
the
case
of
hemicephalus
(absence
of
one-half
the
secretions
act
logical problems, the cases
hand
ought
Avithout
wholly
removing
Alcohol
has
such
a
of development
order that
alcohol
only
diminishes
the
stature,
work
could
maladies
belongs
Syphilis.—
This
which results from
to
grows
as in the
result
will
be
abortion
or
the
child
will
be
signs
of
its
affliction,
as
for
may be
symp-
toms
of
cause
to a
child's
scholarship
in which
reveal
an
stature below what
is normal at
to
remediable.
we supposed to be speaking?
Certainly not of the great
mass
of
working
women
brutalized
and
their
memory
loses
even
every way, to enlighten
we
wished
to
The
teacher
in
order
of
development
truly hereditary.
But such
the
the educative
procedure;
the
calf
be
nursed
can
be
made
as
robust
of
prevailing phenomena in
selves.
So
established
in
the
neighbourhood
variety of
wasting
pro-
such
malformation,
cerebral
monstrosities.
not
symptoms of
way
similar
a
stricture
of
Accordingly, children who show forms of mitral infantilism are
inferior
such
the
arrest
of
should be
puberty
might
be
years.
A
notable
case
a physical
while
on
certain
normal
stature
being
a
to
the bones-
of the
and in the frame
been known
that
abnormally
developed
wrists:
their points of union on each side
of the sternum
rosary. In
at
fact, gym-
position,
such studies are conducted
measurements,
now
in
general
to the
selection of
are
life. Sparta has furnished
scientific
pedagogy
ing
precipitously
into
of
defective
children,
rachitic
rachitis intermingle
inevitable
to
accom-
plish
such
have
the
opportunity
of help can
from lack
of intelligent
a
large
part
of
whole
complex
development
of
the
body,
taking
im-
must be
limits
expressed
by
scientists
(medium,
tall,
low).
on the contrary,
anxiety.
We
might
excellence
does not
practitioner
birth, within
new-born
child
in
a
decisive
the mortal-
3,412
interfere with this
on
the
too
frequent
conception.
4.
normal
growth"
(Schafer).
who
have
given
themselves
up
to
All
these
considerations
represent
a
series
of
hygienic
laws
regarding
complete
rest.
during the first
through its successive
These are:
1. From
two days,
it suffers
various
causes,
such
as
fife
(meconium),
and
the
nutrition.
normal
child
On the
having
at
that are
affected with
for attendance
at school,
for the
registered
regarding
the
lives
of
first days of
regarding
the
guide
for
to
may
decrease
by
as
high
as
which include
ones, we find
those biological
microbes. No
scheme of
the daily
guide for
instead
of
to
the
stature.
a.
because of
the difference
of
of its constituent parts.
idea of
year of
we have
at
birth
and
between
the
ages
of
are
but
relatively
gives
us
precisely
this
idea
flourishing
state
of
nutrition
that
any
pro-
the stature
ex-
pressed
in
plausible,
respectively
rectangle
But
if
adult
B
should, while
in the
—
the
life
of
so
far
evolution:
remarkably
the
period
increase, and
is shrunken
respect
to
the
re-
searches
made
as
in
of studi-
11)
Age
parts
as a
it is to
most
important that it has
series of
constitutes
anatomical features.
For the
contains the organ
we
have
ment; others
face
are :
and
the
sub-
tion
shown
which
dividethefrontal,
parietal,
occipital
and
temporal
bones.
is
that they
of
two
layers
is
so
elastic
that
infants),*
as
brittle
as
glass:
so
the
or
inflamma-
tory
inflammation of the
of meningitis
and in
conquest.
Nevertheless,
man
means which
the
envelope
of
the
the human
imprint
of the various parts of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum), the con-
volutions,
of
the
ment
at
the
base
through
the
walls
forehead
their
orbits
continue
backward
in
There
of the skeletons of primitive men,
which show them to have
possessed
considered
as
the
"laboratory
the
revolution
of
absolute.
own
epoch;
is
If we
were considering
character
the
a
mon-
ster;
not sustain
the
volume,
the
form
has
fact has
the
con-
a
passively, is the
brain, which
grows less
normal development
or
of
degeneration
that
they
the
frequent
and
most
our
is not
the anterior or
prominent
in
the
left
occipital
region,
morpho-
logical
evolution.
We
may
group
its
ossification
have
already
begun
to
fine
net-
work
has
formed,
spreading
over
more intense
properly
be
said
that
the
five principal
to the cranium, when seen from above, a pentagonal form,
which
Second
Period.
—At
number
of
bones
centres
53, 55).
2. Since
bregma (at
quad-
is much smaller
the pterion, on oppo-
when complete
increas-
ing
notably
nelles,
but
characteristics may
it is
second
year
(Welcker,
ous cases
where it
During
this
same
time
a
of
the frontal
region, assuming
an
the
the
brain
both
of the
synostoses, on the contrary,
physio-
the suture which unites the
two
parietal
bones;
age
of
forty-five,
the
obeliac
synostosis
has
progressed
as
far
of
may
exhibit
transi-
It
may
even
nodules persist for
a long time
this theory
remains,
embryonal
nodules
are
situated.
The
made
was
that
beautiful
forms,
and
the
racial stocks are
the ellipsoid, ovoid
easier
The Germans refused
determin-
to
prove
themselves
to
„
sum up the
a
trapezoid
inscribed
within
equal
rectangles,
and
which
consequently
have
an
equal
ments
and
is
therefore
accessible
to
sure
search
not
give
words,
it
substantially
represents
the cephalic
differentiations
for
systematic
system that forms the basis of the study of cranial
forms,
urged
me
to
exclude
from
a
practical use.
fundamental prin-
terminology,
1885,
at
Brachycephalia
the litera-
Subbrachyceplialics=from 80 to
Brachycephalics
cephalic
indices
index) the
and known as
Between
oscillations
cephalic index,
cephalics is that of
dolichocephalics
(Tasmanians)
from 80 to 90
taken
from
a
living
person,
in
order
to
80,
the
a person who was
we
grave
difficulties
and
the
apparent
to
into separate groups
to
individual
variations
the
single
number,
80.
necessary
to
keep
cephaly
Fig. 73.
determine
Melanesia,
Australia,
race) and at the
extreme north (English, Scotch),
of
western
Mongols).
exists
86.9;
inhabitants
are the Eurafrican
with
which
Piedmont
85
Emilia,
and
in
Northern
Italy
stature and that
first
belong
to
cephalic
index
obtained
following
groups
of
human
beings
population
Latium:
the
one,
a
blond,
tall,
brachycephalic
year,
according
to
others
growth
very reason that
serve
to
give,
indication of the ethnic type to which the child belongs.
We owe to
 
not abnormal unless
represents the envelope
speaking by
implication of
anthropological ques-
patho-
logical
malformations, in
to
tissue,
and
shoulder
pachycephalic
cranium.
single
marrow: later on,
brain,
superimposed
one
upon
hemispheres;
longitudinal
hemispheres;
which has
cannot
problems of pedagogic
present time
the study
new
large
hemispheres
into
convolutions
The points
divide the
Mando-s
fissure
^/•/"trietei
<SUlcus
/jaana/lelsulcus
Temporal
lobe
Occif
Fig.
76.
growth of
predisposition
to
precocious
mortality
(see
below).
Very
of
volume:
(According
to
Wagner)
been
selected
of the
frontal index,
to
the
development
of
the
intellect."
The
most
complete
figures
of
the
AND IN
cited
third element
needed, in
breadth,
to
give
opposite
unaltered.
Nevertheless,
the
maximum
circumference
Age
Measurements
cases. Virchow
which sig-
nifies possessed
normal
than
that
morphological
interest
from
the
pedagogic
of
inferiority
remains
permanently
us as educa-
education
has
a
physical
two-fold nutriment is necessary for the normal
development of
considered from
the progress of civilisation, and that
of the
the case
never
or
smaller
of greater
one
scientific
circles
among
be in proportion
particularised
disposition
proportion
and fibres;
brain.
II.
(a)
the brain, which may be
more
quality
its development
that
the
pyramidal
tracts
The
evolution
of
the
has
been
accom-
volume, is
organ,
the hrain
the
between
and stupid
animal which
correspondingly
highly sensitized organs. In
rela-
tion
to
Consequently he has
in
brain
of
heads
of
found
the
max-
of
on
the
other,
owe
their
just
The
influence
to the
influence
of
Is individual
sum.
Every
biological
phenom-
enon
is
brain
whole
also
extraordinary
is com-
than
normal
of
biological
evolution,
erect forehead.
and spacious
authority
the whole
body, at
another with
various active or skeletal
his conclusions.
That the
cerebral volume
we,
however,
the
with a
linear measure
(the stature)?
an
superior
unquestioned
Who is
Socially Superior?
did regarding the
then
began to feel
was evolved, until in
triumph
of
militarism
despicable and
and
has
come
for
conquering
the
environment
bread and
work of
forces
head
which
remains
when
the
cranial
cavity
chin.
This
portion
includes
actually
not
only
which is
which
recedes
we
may
muzzle is formed of the
two jaws alone, on the upper
of which the
nose
becomes
muzzle to human
proportions. Whatever forms
of humanity:
richly
en-
dowed
with
the
bility
is
inseparable
from
humanity.
The
animal
moutli,
on
the
smiling
held
the
first
place
in
the
classifica-
character and
the human
face.
(Iniclal).
Fig.
of race
age and sex.
facial
the angles
Dar-
win).
On
the
cheek-bones,
or
with an
which
assumes
its
crowning
constructed
from
served
in
its
construc-
with
a
foramen), with
the juncture
between the
it proves
question marks its
therefore
hopes
for
independence,
holds
his
head
attitude. She
this
graceful
pose
when
that protrudes.
(related to
race. Figs.
98, 100),
and of
pathological prognathism
the nose
the
fleshy
the
visage;
while
the
physiognomy
and
cerebral
great
physical
strength;
variety
determined
by
excessive
analyse
their
line
of
the
facial
profile,
the
the
the
nose,
but
hitherto been pointed out, so far as I am aware;
it
is
indi-
angle of
to
of the
women of Latium, which I pursued side by side with a
study
of
the
statues
the guidance
by mathematical lines
keen
in
recog-
before
reaching
the
metopic
have
had
different appearance
least
noble
such
forms
of
facial
development
are
its
superimposed
prim-
itive
are
the
first
indi-
place in the
or
laminae
that
this process of
palate,
popularly
known
in
Italy
abnormal-
development, is almost always accompanied
by
a
hare-lip.
Simultaneously
and vertical
draw
the
well-known
line
of
separation
between
the
facial
and
the
cerebral
cranium,
the
difference
much
and broad),
dures
throughout
the
facial
index
becomes lowered
the facial
should
face
year
and
;
but observe
the rotundity of the infantile face at the age of six months.
An analogous observation
Figs.
118
and
119,
tion
eleven,
123
facing
page
276),
shows
of the ear from
the
nose.
If
profile
from
a
the
points
The central section (the nose) and the mandible are the
por-
a very slight,
development,
the
nose
begins
sion
buccal
region;
corresponding
to
group
irradiate
xsjJSJ^S^JSSS--*™"
labii superioris,
(aponeurosis
paro-
tido-masseterica) ;
the
depressor
anguli
of the mouth
the
muscles,
and
plays
a
greater
the
which, when
stretch
the
corners
as
those
which
raise
the
The
frontal
increased,
and
consequently
a
few
the
mouth
in
a
rounded
or sensory
observations
games that
demand attention,
the fore-
veloped,
and
imbecile,
its immobility:
least
mental
effort.
pedagogic anthro-
part
of
the
cervical
vertebrae.
Notwithstanding
vertebrates
the
Accordingly it is
whether
the
and this often
gland.
In
the
small,
dark
women
have
a
longer
and
indication
of
a
cartilages,
with
^The
sternum.
The
on
and
and, together
with
partly in
the movements
of respiration
(m. longissimus
would have
oxygen
and
thus
lar metabolism.
to
this
process
(oxygen),
but
because
lungs
by
because
the
digestive
system
with
nutriment
oxygenated
assimilation.
than
of
Whoever has inadequate
con-
trary,
persons
exertion has
exhausted their
weak lungs, on the contrary, is
mentally depressed,
function
quite an in-
usually be
Respiratory gymnastics ought
I have intro-
a
have lost nearly
his
lungs,
in
a
forced
exhalation.
In
does
not
or
air
of
respiration,
i.e.,
the
air
up
of
two
quantities
to 1,600
air from the lungs
following average
follows
produced by an
beyond that
which seems to us to be the extreme Umit, and therefore that with
practice
we
a
gymnastic
exercise
This
is
to
what unevenly,
part of this
the
prog-
ress
air rich in oxygen,
dilated,
they
and
also
usually
exposed day
also have the
beneficial effect of
them into a
fatal
tendency
to
abandon.
The
same
should
deep
speaks,
which
hours in
clean.
tuber-
which
our
schools
being educated in anything
labour;
and
the
thought
who
are
exceptionally
studious;
Massa, one of my pupils at the University, in the
course of
notably
inferior
to
the
children
who
are
not
studious.
There
can
be
no
doubt
development
diseases,
that
we
must
development
and its pedagogic methods.
evolution,
to
higher
up
course
upper
lowered by
and
the shoulders descend in the
course
of
up
than
the
upper
extremity
of
the
sternum.
Another
external
characteristic
of
millimetres, and
times
times that
in the
new-born child.
to
its
volumetric
relations
to
the
perimeter
thorax
is
a
trifle
less
but when it equals
two circumferences be-
stitute
a
circumference and
at
birth
constitution,
a
between 4 and
the course of its
to the
antero-posterior diam-
papillae
indicate
the
breadth of
the shoulders
by
the
ob-
:
of the pectoral and dorsal muscles; and the other lower
down, the
These
two
is much greater
than the submammary;
to
the
former;
hence,
the
difference
between
the
submammary
circumference
in
repose
and
during
inspiration
In the
far
removed
from
widespread
practical
use,
we
may
research
regarding
line
of
the
strips.
The
two
halves
must
be
made
to
this
the
longitudinal
diameter
thorax
is
vaiUng
infantile thorax
(arrest of
morphological development)
common among
rise in front, and
macroscelous
The
commonest
deformities
of
shaped
thorax,
along
a
boat.
But
by
the
so-
called
in various
upper
ribs
which accompany
to sleep
severe
condemn
children
to
death,
executioners,
and
sacral and
appears in the
turned
walls
that
are
by
a
far
ampler
solid
bones;
(see
Fig.
127)
widely
between
in man it
is narrowed toward the pubis.
One
obstetrics
nent OS
and
the
same
ethnic
type.
The
abdomen
extends
from
to
the
lower
extremity
mentation
:
front to
in
the
that
is,
to
the
erect
sj
this
pubis and bringing the ischium forward.
The vertebral column
-^
-"^
*Sr
Fig.
128).
is
importance,
because,
although
it
lower
limbs
which
inde-
and
relieved
of
apes,
whose
upper
sole office
function
attached
to
the
instep,
the
tarsus.
These
are
followed
phalanges
(phalangettes)
and
are
protected
by
nails.
nate
periods;
we owe
variety of formative
an
alternation
them is
in all the
show the
that
are
to be
while in the negro
is an ape-Uke characteristic.
accepted
normal
figure,
this
constitutes
a
that
exist
arch
conse-
quently
is
missing,
and
the
on
the
same
is
the result of
patho-
logical
the
children,
etc.).
Opposable
Big
the
ar-
ticulations
are
too
may become bowed outward
(knock-knees, genu valgum), the
is
paralytic children
imprints
which
they
leave
behind
them.
point,
are
revelations
of
personality.
in its relation
appearance
speech
man is
it is
—
history
of
the
hand.
servant of the intelli-
the
to
hand; and
ical types
for instance, studies
with thick
intelligence, a weak
concurrence
of
all
those
delicate
body, while
known
that
the
human
apes,
the
descent
in
the
classed with those
of
the
Body.
intervening
between
depth of
the chest.
of degeneration.
and
an
exces-
sive
often
in
the son of a
deficient
have
in the
man. In
as a measure for the others,
as follows
finger.*
shorter
cannot be
extended. Combined
case
of
is
sometimes
extremely
Functional
Characteristics.
of the human hand is the opposability of the thumb.
There
the
nails
should
be
convex
and
tip.
Manual
labour
should
ing
the
nails
worn
down;
but
we,
who
For, if
Long
at
of several superimposed
Teratology
trosities
that
such
as
more
fingers;
in
contact
throughout
their
whole
length,
The lines
to
the
biological
the
line
of
life
was
the
character
which
the
animal
belongs,
the
its
intelligence."
of
bear
a
far simpler
we
may
appendages
birds, the
the
the characteristics of the skin itself, quite
apart
from
any
covering,
pigmentation. In fact, it is well known that the fundamental
classifications of
the human
races due
cephalic index;
localised
in
as
iris of the
chief
place
to
stantly
the part of the
is
abnormal)
in
which
the
actual
colour
scale
a dark,
succeeded in showing
in my work
these
two
ethnic
and
evolution,
but it
light
to
distinguish
two
intense in tone, shading from yellow
to a dark maroon.
very
uvea
colour of
remain
a
con-
stant
quantity
throughout
an
inferior
German
works much with
in
his
hair,
and
eater) turns grey
of
high or low
hair,
on
labial
rather
wrinkles around the
middle of
the forehead:
chil-
dren
(denutrition,
mental
anxiety,
hair. The
visage, leaving
of
namely,
smooth
hair
(stiff,
coarse,
the
African
negroes).
words
hair
found
smooth),
or
curly
hair
(not
other forms
ent
heads.
which
I
head of
eye
attention,
as
being
a
detail
of
brows.
The
(general hypertrichosis)
normal charac-
race, on the
minute
study
know
that
latter
anomalies),
pathological
stigmata
(acquired
through
often protrudes from
the socket (exophthalmia)
and deep-
sunken (microphthalmia),
or asymmetrical
may be injected with blood (delinquents), or partly covered
over by an abnormal development of the semilunar plica or fold of the palpebral
conjunctiva.
conditions
ataxia,
paralytic
constitutes
mydriasis
(poisoning
from
(neurasthenia,
chronic
alcoholism,
(cat's-eye).
Frequently
the
the
result
54 per
in
the
descent
from
man
to
ape,
the
form,
steadUy
diminishes,
until
it
and
cranium
of the ears being placed
too
facial and
the occipital.
c. Asymmetry
origin
above
the
auricular
foramen
in
the
concha
and
in the
of
the
intertragical
fossa
into
a
fissure
(flssura
intertragica)
individual varieties,
we distinguish
mankind,
nostrils is round (the
flattened) mesorrhine
race, and
nose is flattened and almost level
at
the
monkey.
which
the
lips
prolapsus; this form
and a double uvula (see Development
of
the
face).
teeth—the
two
'
fre-
quent
oc-
curring
may be
teeth
have
remained
filiform or thread-like aspect (diastemata due to microdontia resulting from
syph-
in form; they have
form
and
dimensions,
to
the
premolars,
which
also
present
the
same
appearance,
to
find
this
anomaly
alike),
or
to
a
kind
of
corrosion
of
the
teeth
to
giving
A
such as is
A
line.
form
frequently
accompanied
by a
double uvula; this stigma may also be one of the causes of defective speech,
so
Importance of the Study of Morphology.—The study of mor-
phology is of
external anomaly leads
But in our
been marvellously
spirit
the
old ;
thus
they
morality,
and
even
laid
a
foundation
derived
from
a
study
of
Homer
describes
the
there
Michelangelo
pictures
been
born
win regarding
Bruno
Now,
they
popularised tells
in the
physician and to establish special
schools
for
the
mentally
deficient.
and
creates
sanatariums,
plishes, to be
ignorance
the
by
age
The teacher
ought, on
defender of the
race, and to
of making such
in the
school and
on
which
we
have
the opening of
The
Significance
of
the
too
great
In conclusion, the
and
of
Lombroso
tried
to
explain
according
(hyperplasia),
or
of
a
deficiency
actual
sense
(paraplasms),
said, with individual
the
school,
weighs
who
of
This
shows
us
may acquire malformations
in successive periods
of growth. In
in children, hence
^.„. -„„. ^
.,„
far
frequency
among
adults
is
the
undoubted
mal-
formation
individual.
among the
it is less
class. The
a
greater
num-
ber
beauty which
the individual
establish-
consequently at the same
draw is that
the
with two
other categories
notable
proportion
of
regards
the
experience
is
indispensable).
These
principles
perfectly-
to
result of
a highly
particularised series
assume that we
for
instance,
probably
forms,
to
the
Sanctis
exaggerate
pathologically
the
members,
and
furthermore,
that
an
exaggeration
from generation
that
the
develop it. In the
of
embryonal
or
extrauterine
life
at
attained
the
power
on
lesion,
and
more
especially
those
most
monsters,
whose
moral
sense
Those
to
society
steadily
diminishes
from
for its
the period of
Woman and
defective
mother and grandmother:
probable
nearly
so,
in
the study
with the
physician,
and
deforma-
fact of the interre-
longer
a
no
longer
for instance,
to certain
praised by everyone,
through
education
The
degenerate,
who
normal man
an un-
greater
utili-
prolific riches.
But above
sublime
sentiment
in
the
attain-
both from
body,
mony).
In
nence
is
given
to
those
differences
of
gen-
place
the
subject
in
an
erect
and
the
scale
upon
the
bring
the
entire
person
within convenient
143)
which
should
against the wall
The
and
in
this
case
necessary
to
state
in
what
position
the
bust
to
sub-
forms a cross with
subject
should
be
in
contact.
The
cross
that of securing
or
which
may
be
drawn
on
line already
measure should
completely encircle
may
take
individual
weighs
centi-
the figures already
This is the
craniology. The cranium
we
a
case
which
For
instance,
frames of
mind wish
they will
per-
pendicularly
one of
but formed
known as
the
of the triangle
form in
not
admit
this
form
among
anterior plagio-
cephaly, or
else parietal,
nent than
it
generally
happens
that
more prominent
nodules correspond
of
the
subject
standing; and we
two
anomalies
bregma, from
anomalous
cranium
order
to
to
cranium.
man and from 490
lower down,
be
found
the
occipital
diameter
can-
the double
square. The
its
is
true of dwarfs.
of
babies
and
dwarfs.
In
the
a
little
below,
but
very
near
cannot be taken
the
occipital
foramen
with
water, etc.),
method
of
taking
especially
in
France,
of
an
is to
half the
is
about
1,500
cubic
centimetres:
mesocephalic
cranium.
When
the
their
point
of
insertion).
4.
Lower
alveolar
norm
of
profile.
is
a
question
of
a
attention to
to
the
nasion).
Length
of
nose
(from
the three following
projection is
of
chin.
Total
length
the
of
the
rima.
Width
of
the
formula,
from
the
Anthropologists obtain
skeleton,
the
face
the facial
the present day, especially
total facial
of roots of
as
this reason the
goniometer is impracticable.
Camper's angle is that included
between
resorted
104)
a.
Vertical
Facial
Line.—
If
This
beak-Uke
prog-
of
would be of little
two
the measurer occupies a position in front of the sub-
ject to be
imeter
are
applied
axillary lines (vertical lines descending from the centre of
the
arm-pits.
anteriorly
means easy or
know how
of accuracy
it, but
be
in
posi-
tion,
9
10
11
12
8
10
average of
6
rather than at
in
measurement
will
be
what environment
our results,
experience
factor
—one's
those since we
to use
him as a test, in order to see whether, and to what
extent
we
are
necessary
to
them
to
instance,
we
school
from
value without
that
of the
the
been determined that
figiu-es
reveals
esting, while
it successfully
all
the
different
the nose, the
pro-
ceed
the
Sometimes we want
development
for
growth
in
stature,
of
the
head,
the
cranial
circumference,
the
similar
tables
of
distribution
height of 50 cm.,
perpendiculars
mark the point. At the age of one year the
average
stature
is
procedure
which over-
still
ages
by
distri-
bution :
Stature
in
inches
necessary reductions,
the coefficients
to
the
selfsame
of
seriations.
the figiu-es
and
intersect,
each
invading
who are taller
court ball, what strikes
of tall,
home
to
of the characteristics
snow distinguished
who
has
to know in
knowledge to individual
child
and
anthropology,
because
they
chiefly
require
morphological examination, the
the
biologico-social
origins
(antecedents),
principal
task
of
following
the
follow
at
the
same
time
the
them
tion
of
his
psychophysical
personality;
and
scholastic
antecedents
or
scholarship,
it
pro-
a
hired
to
child itself, from
over its early
overcomes them
according to
these
three
fundamental
of
development,
teeth
denotes
general
weakness
and
development of
speech is
This
and of its functions.
mother is struck
and
of
to serve
guide
for
studying
their
children,
and
this
of the dentition.
half of the upper jaw.
U.
I.
and the profit
the parents or other relations, or with
persons not related to
keeps company with
that
he
enters
of mothers,
his
studies.
Illustrative
Cases.
stigmatise
the
biological
from
Lombroso's
work)
135
the fruit of other
sentenced
obscene
girls: slander,
If we compare the notes regarding the
parents with those
ques-
tion,
and the
are
held
up
as
by
in regard
frugal and clean; brothers
housekeeping,
damp because
of adjoining
school
intelligent, with
the
lowest;
dis-
cover
longer
praises
state;
a study which should /oZZow the pupil through his daily
life (diaries)
Having collected the antecedent details, we
pass on
in the way
gathering
anthropological
data,
and
Houses,"
page
423).
The
examination
in
regard
to
speech,
Date
of
Enrollment
Name
and
Surname
Age
Name
of
Parents
the
pupil,
to
be
made
How
corridor).
What
What is it
more or less ?
the most
How
many
What
person
et
idu-
the
communal
schools
of
the
time
when
the
for
the
physician,
and
a
minute
guide
for
the
teacher
who
intends
five
para-
the
fifth
Configuration
The
muscular
ter muscles
chart was
: it actually
considers the
toward
purely
analytical
investi-
upon
antiquated
methods
for
this
head
mention
is
made
tell
us
that
of action
(impulsiveness, sexual
light of
particular
later
observations
most
important
periods
school,
a
general
sum-
mary
social docu-
anyone who
—
on the
Did he ever
uncleanly).
September,
1884.
to
body and
second, a
girl, died
for
intelligent,
no
convulsions;
the
girl,
born
place
plished natiu:ally. The child
the
country
Has
a
caressed.
brothers
and
clothing. Is
gluttonous but
still
50,
the
greater part of the objects contained in the boxes used for object lessons.
The
completely
comrades.
March,
1887.
age, his
at
times
the
ears
protrude
conspicuously
from
shape;
namely,
frequent
glands are plainly palpable
notable peculiarities. Auscultation and per-
cussion show that the internal organs are normal. Body is hairless. Genital
organs are normal.
usual
which
is
granted reluctantly, in the fear that the boy may lose
part of what he
to
seats;
during
the
their
he
In
ful
the periods
demption became
of
a
affectionate,
in which education is
and punishments are unavaiUng—
the cribs,
child is tranquil.
the crib, and
if his mother
same statement regarding
the
of
Something similar
is going
understanding what they ought to do for their own best
good,
regarding infant
instance, they showed con-
they could exercise
see
generally
physician,
because
curative
pedagogy,
however,
must
absolutely
the
fear
of
of
children;
harshness
of
methods
and
severity
of
winning
We have seen
the
habit
of
oppressing
with
severity
pass
im-
scathed
through
persecution;
the
slain.
Sursum
Corda.
—Always
strive
of nervous or mental
itself
fortunate
his wife.
to
make
the
sick
man
his
former
state!
is not
intoxication,
the poisonous effects
forms of
order
to
absorb
the
declaration of
be
pedagogic.
us
But
the
treatment
physiological
proletariat.
The
of
epilepsy;
but
(in
the
mind; from
chnical history was read
him in
normal.
Hence,
money, which serves
the
most
useful
so
lurking
in
ambush,
the
crime
was
committed.
oratorical gifts
that if
in
his
desperation
at
the
failure
of
his
defence,
and
more
particularly
And he actually
gone
astray
in
the
midst
of
wastes, nothing
short of
humanity let us keep a
snule
by these weapons that we can become conquerors.
But,
it
may be answered, granted that the education of abnormal persons,
and
more
especially
juvenile
delinquents,
scientific
pedagogy
contrib-
ute
docile
these
dangerous and condemns
Valient
conscious
of
is his task to redeem; his
own
educator; he will
work
of
central point
through the dried undergrowth.
Undoubtedly, the guidance of
with
of
of education.
speak were continued
upward
through
the
entire
manifes-
tations
of
sentiments
could
be
recorded
in
so
chart for each
experiments.
of
formation,
will
reveal
to
us
the
that are destined to promote the progress of humanity and
civilisation
When Le Play, in
a
basis
sidered
Because
the
true
needs
a
true
age
of
two
a
chance
of
pupil, and the
family
culture,
and
of
spending
the
salary,
the
for aesthetic
it IS
build
whom
dividuals.
century
was
so
imbued
with
of
errors)
centre corresponding
place of
among all
these measure-
is the true
reveal
it
A
skilful
marksman
determine the
one will
busy up to
come a few
and prompt;
calculated their affairs
or
in
other
words
the
women
and
short
men;
or
to
the
various
kindred
races,
etc.),
of
prob-
ability
—might
very
well
That is
to
the
medial
and
'
order
to
judge
the
more
who
have
the
normal
the
cranial
circum-
ference,
etc.
Hence
we
medial
measure-
entirety that
does not
the
been
notify
they
exist,
they
arouse in him an cesthetic emotion, they give him the alluring
impression of the beautijul.
in large
the triumph of
scale
of
individual
variations
men),
and
(extremely
handsome).
type
that
has
such
measurement to be
never
found
brachycephalic
the average
to
of the
population are,
a
confused
intermingling
in this
regard concerning
believe
that,
in
Englishman
from
the
Frenchman,
provided
that
the
various
hybridisms
in
original
racial
triumph
which
were
which
bring
a
contribution
of
beauty?
There is no
tending
harmonious
in
those
functional
action
of
give us
his
he
feels
and
expresses
all
they are unconscious
by
the
public
as
containing
the
greatest
more
of that
crowd; every
a
crowd
with
ideas
that
do
conse-
quently,
are
not
age.
The
as he gives
rather
to
give
to
the
thought
which
concept
of
which
leads
conditions
that
does not
permit of
the natural
development of
human
society.
They
their
of
humanity
But these may also be actively combated; and in this
direction
education
has
a
We
light
of
our
that have
it does
ill fame; the age
only
in
of
maternity,
admit that
of
unworthy
and
shameful
to be
himself
dragged
history, and who
instincts,
a future
the recognition
or from
and
while the
everyone feels pror
new
positivism arrive
associated with
the
new
expansion
of
its
being
well
in
g
^:3
4
112 113 114 115
60
kilograms
-a
II
13
weights from
327,
371,
York
Monkey-Uke, long
fore-arm, 310
chil-
dren,
144
323,
326
Temperaments,
De
172
frequent preg-