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Patterns in florist variation of Zingiberales in terra firme forests in Central and Northern

Amazonian

Fernando O. G. Figueiredo Flávia R.C. Costa

Gabriela Zuquim , Thaíse Emilio, Tania Pena Pimentel

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaPrograma Integrado de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia -PGBTRN

Understand what are the factors that control the spatial distribution of species and biodiversity is

importand for…

ECOLOGIST and BIOGEOGRAPHERS

process that maintain de biological diversity

ECOSYSTEM and FORESTS MANAGERS

conserve and use the biodiversity in efficient

way

BETA DIVERSITY(or in plant ecology = floristic variation)

One of the component of biodiversity studied in ecology and conservation is…

() Compositional differences between 2 or more localities

(Sorensen index – sp shared/restricted)

What are the factors that affect the floristic variation in tropical forests?

REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL SCALES

(Pyke et al. 2001, ter Steege et al. 2006, Davidar et al. 2007).

CLIMATE

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TOPOGRAPHYand indirect

measure, LIGHT

LOCAL AND MESO SCALES(Pélissier et al. 2001, Valencia et al. 2004, Costa et al. 2005, Kinupp e Magnusson 2005, Poulsen et al.

2006, Zuquim et al. 2008)

LOCAL, MESO AND REGIONAL SCALES

(Clark et al. 1999, Vormisto et al. 2000, Jones et al. 2006, Poulsen et al. 2006, Tuomisto et al. 1995, Tuomisto e Poulsen 1996, Tuomisto et al. 2003,

Phillips et al. 2003, ter Steege et al. 2006)

SOIL FERTILITY, Geomorphology

What are the factors that affect the floristic variation in tropical forests?

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SPATIAL

“everything is related with everything else, but near things are

more related than distant thing” (Tobler 1970)

due the limited dispersion of species the floristic variation is spatial autocorrelated

(Hubbell 2001)Or…

As a result of the environmental spatial structure

Central Amazonia terra firme forests...

Costa et al. (2005) – Ervas

Kinnup e Magnusson (2005) Psychotria

Drucker et al. (2008)- ervas

Costa et al. (2008) – Palmeiras

Zuquim et al. (2008) – Pteridófitas

Carvalho (2006) – Pterid.;Marantaceae e Araceae

Sousa (2007) – Palmeiras

Topography, soil texture and distance from

stream

MESOSCALE(10 – 100 km2)

Understand what are the factors that control the spatial distribution of species and biodiversity is

interest for…

ECOLOGIST and BIOGEOGRAPHERS

process that maintain de biological diversity

ECOSYSTEM AND FORESTS MANAGERS

conserve the biodiversity in efficient way

…at all spatial scales , manly at REGIONAL SCALE !!!

Objective

Investigate the relative importance of the spatial and environmental factors in explain the pattern of floristic

variation at regional scale

Point out the…

some limitations of the actual design of PPBio plots/sites in biodiversity studies

and directions to solve this limitations

Community level

ZINGIBERALES

Order of MonocotsUnderstorey herb

Dispersed: passive, ants, birds and possibly by bats.

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Zingiberaceae

Marantaceae

Zingiberales (13.251 individuals and 61 species) Costaceae

Heliconiaceae

Strelitziaceae

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Study site = PPBio sites

EE Ilha de Maracá

30 plots11 e 12 plots

ReBio UatumãSítio do DenisSítio do Igapó-AçuPN do Viruá

32 plots

RF Adolpho DuckePDBFF

36 plots 23 plots

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Costa et al. (2005)

Plot design and data collection

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Each plot was at least 1km distant from any other

Plots were 250 x 2m and they were positioned to follow the topographic isoclines and thus minimize soil variation within each plot

We counted all individuals rooted inside the plot and identified the species based on specialized literature and specialists

6 Soil samples were taken at a depth of 5cm and mixed to produce a composite sample for each plot

Analyses included texture (percentage of clay, silt and sand) and Macronutrients ( K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+)

SOIL SAMPLE

Data collection

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Data collection

CLIMATE = WALSH Index

> 200 mm + 2

between 100 e 200 mm + 1

between 51 e 100 mm - 1

< 51 mm - 2

Each month with more than 100 mm after a month with less than

100 mm +0.5

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Each month with rainfall

Data analysis

dij = 1 – [2a / (2a+b+c)] Sorensen Index

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k nearest neighborhood methodIsometric Feature Mapping (ISOMAP)

(Tenembaum et al 2000, Mahecha et al 2007, Mahecha e Shmidtlein 2007)

Multivariate Regression Tree (MRT) (De’ath 2002)

on scores of 3 axes of ISOMAP ordination

Data analysis

We investigate the major pattern of floristic variation through…

Multiple linear regression on distance matrices

Y = floristic dissimilarities ISOMAP (k vizinhos próximos)

X1= Geographical distance(km)

X2= Climate (WALSH index)

X3= soil fertility (K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Cation content)

X4= soil texture (% clay + silt)

Euclidian distance

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Data analysis

Simple correlation coefficient

Standard partial

regression coefficient

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Data analysis

* * 100Relative

importance of each variable

=

Results: environmental conditions

Soil Fertility Ca + Mg + K (mg/kg)

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Soil Texture

Clay Sand Silt

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Results: environmental conditions

Climate

21r = 0.798 r = -0.967

Annual rainfall WALSH index DSL

Results: environmental conditions

Results: Hierarchical cluster

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Soil and Climate interaction ??

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Rebio Uatumã Geomorphology

Guiana Crystalline Shield upland

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Alter do Chão

Trombetas

Rebio Uatumã Geomorphology(abrupt floristic changes)

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Trombetas

IricouméMapuera

4 tipos de FG

r = 0.842

r = 0.785

Results: explain the floristic dissimilarities (14,365 pairs comparison)

Simple correlation

r = 0.399

Relative importance of variables

Geographic distance x climatecorrelation

r = 0.880 r = 0.499

Floristic dissimilarities x sp richness differences

correlation

climate x sp richness correlation

Climate

Space

Richness

Sorensen index

Floristic dissimilarities

Breaking the space x climate correlation

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Conclusions and Suggestions

As climate, soil fertility / geomorphology and geographic distance (spatial) can and must be used in predictive models

of florist variation in the Brazilian Amazon…

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Future sites of research must be located with the objective of break/decrease the high

spatial x climate correlation …

…It will be possible separate the jointly effects of environmental and biogeographical factors and

the interactions between them.

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Another ways of measure important environmental factors, like drainage, must be raised for

development better modelsex: HAND (Rennó et al. 2008)

Development of dissimilarities estimate methods independent of species richness…

Isolate the effects of gradient richness and floristic changes

Conclusions and Suggestions(methods)

Agradecimentos

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Flavia Costa

Bruce Nelson

Helen Kennedy

Paul Mass

Tania Pimentel

Camila Carla

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OBRIGADO !!!!OBRIGADO !!!