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OPEN SOURCE SYSTEMSOPEN SOURCE SYSTEMS

www.seppo.net/vikko_50.html, viewed 11/21/05

Sister M. Isidoris Flanagan, Chad Laramore, Eric Lenning, Mark Womer

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What is Open Source Software?What is Open Source Software? Shareware?

No: Copyrighted, try it before you buy it, typically does not allow access to source code

Freeware? No: Copyrighted, free, but typically does not allow

access to source code Public-domain?

No: No Copyright, free to copy, modify, or distribute without asking permission from anyone

Non-Commercial? No: One option is “Professional Open Source”

www.completelyfreesoftware.com/definitions.html, 11/21/05Brian Carver, “Share and Share Alike:Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses” , Berkeley Technology

Law Journal, Vol. 20:443 (2005), p 454

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HISTORYHISTORY

Richard StallmanProgrammer at Artificial Intelligence (AI Lab) at MIT in the 1970’s and early 1980’sHe and coworkers developed and shared all software for the Incompatible

Timesharing System (OS)

David Bretthauer, “Open source software: A history”, Information Technology and Libraries, Mar 2002 p. 4

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The Evil Xerox PrinterThe Evil Xerox Printer

Paper Jams! Source Code Unavailable—proprietary software (permission from copyright-

holder required to copy, modify, or distribute covered software)Disclaimer: Artist’s conception, not the actual printer

Brian Carver, “Share and Share Alike:Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses”, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 20:443 (2005), p 445

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Free Software FoundationFree Software FoundationFounded 1985Founded 1985

Free software is a matter of liberty, not price.Free as in “free speech”, not as in “free beer”

Four FreedomsThe freedom to run the program for any purposeThe freedom to modify the program to suit your needsThe freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighborThe freedom to improve the program and release your improvements to

the public so that the whole community benefits

Developed GNU (“GNU’s Not UNIX”) operating system

David Bretthauer, “Open source software: A history”, Information Technology and Libraries, Mar 2002 p. 4

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General Public LicenseGeneral Public License

Key Provisions1. Copyleft—”… everyone has the right to use, modify, and

redistribute the program’s code or any program derived from it but only if the distribution terms are unchanged.”

2. Fees—No license fees, but a fee for distribution, service, or warranty protection allowed.

3. Source Code—The ability to access, modify, and distribute source code is guaranteed.

David Bretthauer, Open source software: A history, Information Technology and Libraries, Mar 2002 p. 6Brian Carver, “Share and Share Alike:Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses” , Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 20:443 (2005), p 455-457

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Open Source Software MovementOpen Source Software Movement

1998—Netscape decides to release browser source code

Wanted to address perceptions with the free software label—issue of “free”

Coined the term “Open Source” Founded the Open Source

Initiative (OSI)

Brian Carver, “Share and Share Alike:Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses”, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 20:443 (2005), p 450

Bruce Perens

Eric Raymond

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Open Source DefinitionOpen Source Definition

Key Provisions Free Redistribution—You can make copies of

software and sell or give them away. You don’t have to pay for the privilege to do so, either.

Source Code—Program must include source code and allow distribution in source code or compile form.

Derived Works— You must allow modifications and derived works and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.

Bruce Perens, Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, 1st Ed. Jan 1999 p. 5David Bretthauer, “Open source software: A history”, Information Technology and Libraries, Mar 2002 p. 4

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OS group Percentage Composition

Windows 49.6% Windows 2000, NT4, NT3, Windows 95, Windows 98

[GNU/]Linux 29.6% [GNU/]Linux

Solaris 7.1% Solaris 2, Solaris 7, Solaris 8

BSD 6.1% BSDI BSD/OS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD

Other Unix 2.2% AIX, Compaq Tru64, HP-UX, IRIX, SCO Unix, SunOS 4 and others

Other non-Unix 2.4% MacOS, NetWare, proprietary IBM OSes

Unknown 3.0% not identified by Netcraft OS detector

www.survey.netcraft.com/index-200109.html, 11/21/05

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OUTLINEOUTLINE

Concepts, Terminology, DefinitionsSister M. Isidoris Flanagan

Vendor Perspective - How can you make money selling an open source product?

Mark Womer Customer Perspective - What are the benefits and

drawbacks of using open source products?Eric Lenning

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OPEN OPEN SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

CHALLENGECHALLENGE

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PROGRAMSPROGRAMS TERMSTERMS

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ANSWERANSWERThis web server was This web server was developed by “patching” a developed by “patching” a server program originally server program originally developed at the University developed at the University of Illinois’ National Center of Illinois’ National Center for Supercomputing for Supercomputing Applications.Applications.

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QUESTIONQUESTION

What is APACHE?What is APACHE?

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Born in 1999 from the “Apache Group” in response to the growing economic interest in the Apache HTTPD web server.

To create a more cohesive organizational structure and to shield individuals from legal attacks.

Meritocracy:“Govern of Merit”

http://www.apache.org/foundation/how-it-works.html

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ANSWERANSWER

It is the It is the operating operating system system associated with associated with this symbol:this symbol:

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QUESTIONQUESTION

What is LINUX?What is LINUX?

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LINUX

• A free UNIX type operating system developed under the GNU General Public License by Linus Torvalds, with the assistance of developers from all across the globe.

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ANSWERANSWERThis Open Source web This Open Source web browser was launched browser was launched November 2004 and its November 2004 and its demand has exceeded demand has exceeded expectations.expectations.

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QUESTIONQUESTION

What is Firefox?What is Firefox?

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Mozilla FirefoxMozilla Firefox

Mozilla Foundation’s Firefox was released on November 9, 2004.

According to the Foundation, users have already downloaded 106.4 million copies of Firefox.

As of October, Firefox’s market share reached 8.65%.

http://www.techtree.com/techtree/jsp/article.jsp?article id=69099&cat id=643 Viewed November 10, 2005

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ANSWERANSWER

This is a set of human-This is a set of human-readable commands readable commands written in a programming written in a programming language.language.

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QUESTIONQUESTION

What is SOURCE CODE?What is SOURCE CODE?

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Source Code vs. Binary Code

Source Code: Human-readable commands written in a programming language.

Binary Code: Machine-readable commands used by computer hardware (circuits) when running a software program.

Compiler: Translates from Source into Binary.

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ANSWERANSWERThese are guidelines, These are guidelines, available to the general available to the general public, for ensuring public, for ensuring compatibility within and compatibility within and between systems.between systems.

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QUESTIONQUESTION

What are OPEN What are OPEN STANDARDS ?STANDARDS ?

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Why Open Standards?Why Open Standards?

Need for interoperability between system parts Creates a framework for developer community

Anyone can help develop and modify standards Guidelines can be obtained without a significant barrier

Common Open Standards: HTML: Hypertext Markup Language HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol TCP/IP : Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ODF: Open Document Format (under development)

Coyle, K, “Open Source, Open Standards” Information Technology and Libraries, Vol. 21, 1, pp 33-36

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ANSWERANSWER

This type of software is the This type of software is the “glue” which connects “glue” which connects various applications various applications running on a network.running on a network.

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QUESTIONQUESTION

What is middleware?What is middleware?

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The Role of MiddlewareThe Role of Middleware

Middleware software connects various applications running on a network.

J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) - Enables development, deployment, and management of multi-tier server-based applications.

http://java.sun.com/j2ee/reference/whitepapers/j2ee_guide.pdf

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Vendor PerspectiveVendor Perspective

Images from: WWW.IBM.COM http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301230

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Why open source for IBM?Why open source for IBM?

Revenue:$96.3 billion Net income:$8.4 billion Total assets:$109.2 billion Number of

employees:329,001 Stockholders of

record:671,610

Samuel J. Palmisano Chairman of the Board &Chief Executive Officer

WWW.IBM.COM

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IBM cultural change toward open sourceIBM cultural change toward open source

New Employees were asking to be allowed to continue a open source project that began in School.

1998 Linux was starting to appear widely in the media:

The "Google" search engine pops up. Not only is it one of the best search engines around, but it's based on Linux and features a Linux-specific search page

Linus appears on the cover of Forbes magazine. A lengthy story presents Linux in a highly positive manner, and brings the system to the attention of many who had never heard of it before. Linux begins to become a household word.

“A history of IBM’s open-source involvement and strategy.” P.G. Capeke, S. P. Frank, S. Gerdt, D. Shields. IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2005.

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Release of Jikes Source CodeRelease of Jikes Source Code What is Jikes?

JikesTM is a compiler that translates JavaTM source files as defined in The Java Language Specification into the bytecoded instruction set and binary format defined in The Java Virtual Machine Specification.

“Within eight hours of the release, a programmer in California sent an email to the Jikes authors containing a non-trivial enhancement to the compiler, one which required investing some time and effort to understand the code.”

“A history of IBM’s open-source involvement and strategy.” P.G. Capeke, S. P. Frank, S. Gerdt, D. Shields. IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2005. www.ibm.com

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IBM’s Open-source Strategic Goals(1999)IBM’s Open-source Strategic Goals(1999)

“To support rapid adoption of open standards by facilitating easy access to high quality open-source implementations of open standards in order to speed industry adoption. A primary goal is to encourage open-source implementation of open standards and thus use open source as a way to support our business and strategic goals.”

“To use open source as a business tool by keeping the platform open and taking advantage of new business opportunities. By creating more open opportunities, we encourage choice and flexibility in responding to customers' needs in typically heterogeneous environments.”

“To enhance IBM mind share, creating a preference for IBM brands by associating them with successful OSS projects and building relationships with a broad spectrum of developers. We contribute to key OSS projects that are functionally connected with some of our key products. The joint participation of commercial developers and independent OSS developers creates a synergy that enhances the open-computing "ecosystem."

“A history of IBM’s open-source involvement and strategy.” P.G. Capeke, S. P. Frank, S. Gerdt, D. Shields. IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2005.

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Why open source for IBM? Why open source for IBM? MiddlewareMiddleware

When IBM was looking at how to enhance their portfolio using open source, they noticed that middleware was not a major area of open source activity.

“ As a result open source did not pose an immediate threat to our existing businesses. . .”

J2EE Application Server

“A history of IBM’s open-source involvement and strategy.” P.G. Capeke, S. P. Frank, S. Gerdt, D. Shields. IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2005.

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J2EE Market 2001J2EE Market 2001 "The application server market grew 39 percent to $2.19 billion

during 2001.”

“IBM and BEA Systems share market leadership, each with a 34 percent market share - leading closest competitors with a 68 percent combined share. Although Sun/iPlanet retained the third spot, Oracle's 9iAS grew faster to reach a 6 percent share and appears to have a higher run-rate during the second half of 2001."

“A report from Giga Information Group” http://www.theserverside.com/

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J2EE Market 2004J2EE Market 2004

JBoss AS 34%

IBM 33%

BEA Systems 27%

Where did JBoss come from?

“A history of IBM’s open-source involvement and strategy.” P.G. Capeke, S. P. Frank, S. Gerdt, D. Shields. IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2005.

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Marc FleuryCEO of JBoss

Fleury lived with his in-laws rent-free in Atlanta for several months after the dot-com bust, writing a JBoss training curriculum that helped launch the company, now based there. "My in-laws financed JBoss."

Biography

Marc started the JBoss project in 1999. An ex-Lieutenant in the paratroopers

Marc holds a degree in Mathematics from the Ecole Polytechnique, a master in Theoretical Physics from the Ecole Normale ULM and was a visiting scientist at MIT during his thesis. Marc's research interest focuses on aspect oriented middleware.

“High 5: CEO of JBoss Inc.: Marc Fleury ” by Larry Greenemeier. Information Week, 10/17/05

41“JBOSS: The Evolution of Professional Open Source Software.” R. T. Watson, D. Wayne,

M. Bondreau. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3, Sept. 2005.

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License Revenues

0.0%

JBoss

Service and Maintenance

100%

“JBOSS: The Evolution of Professional Open Source Software.” R. T. Watson, D. Wayne, M. Bondreau. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3, Sept. 2005.

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Strategic Risks addressed by a POSStrategic Risks addressed by a POS

Demand

Innovation

Inefficiency

Scaling

WHY OPEN SOURCE WINSIt puts the customers in the driver's seat, because now they have access to the code. Vendors have to stay on top of their game. "Every year is an election year with our customers."

HOME STRETCHA goal before the year's end is developing a partnership with his fellow Southerners at Red Hat, in Raleigh, N.C. "Large IT organizations are ready for a change, and open source embodies that change."

Marc FleuryCEO of JBoss

“High 5: CEO of JBoss Inc.: Marc Fleury ” by Larry Greenemeier. Information Week, 10/17/05; “JBOSS: The Evolution of Professional Open Source Software.” R. T. Watson, D. Wayne, M. Bondreau. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3, Sept. 2005.

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Lessons for Future POS Leaders (Best Practices)Lessons for Future POS Leaders (Best Practices)

1. The cost of running an IS unit will decline.2. Software innovation and quality should improve.3. Benign POS monopolies might emerge4. IS units might become less dependent on a single POS support Provider5. POS will Escalate6. IS leaders will experience pressures from out-side the IS unit7. IS units will develop an OS strategy8. Traditional software companies will be forced to adapt (IBM)

“JBOSS: The Evolution of Professional Open Source Software.” R. T. Watson, D. Wayne, M. Bondreau. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3, Sept. 2005.

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Open Source Software:Open Source Software:Issues for Customer OrganizationsIssues for Customer Organizations

The central question:When deciding whether to use open-source software

products, what do executives and managers

need to consider?

(Is this a strategic question, or purely tactical?)

Image by Markus Koljonen. http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/mkoljone/

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The main thing to remember when The main thing to remember when considering open-source productsconsidering open-source products

Price Cost of

Ownership Maintainability Quality Suitability

Portability Ability to Upgrade User Community Level of Support Expandability

Use the same standards you wouldfor any software purchase!

This approach demands more from both proprietary and open-source software.

Factors to consider when selecting software: Features Performance Security Ease of Use Compatibility

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Some Some PotentialPotential Advantages Advantagesof Open-Source Productsof Open-Source Products

Cost savings: Many are free! Avoids vendor lock-in (hardware and software)

Portability between Windows, Unix/Linux, Mac Hardware independence More likely to use open standards

“The value of open standards and open-source software in government environments.” K.D. Simon. IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2005.

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Some Some PotentialPotential Disadvantages Disadvantagesof Open-Source Productsof Open-Source Products

Support provided by community, not vendor Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer: “When it comes time to ask

somebody for a new feature in Linux, who do you talk to?” Fewer features than proprietary products

MySQL versus Oracle, SQL Server, etc. Configuration of Linux versus Windows on the desktop

Incompatibility with some hardware and proprietary products (e.g. MS-Office, Photoshop, ArcGIS)

Migration issues (both application and platform)

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Platform Migration IssuesPlatform Migration Issues

Common Operating Systems Windows-Based: Windows Server 2003, Windows XP Proprietary Unix: AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, SCO, Tru64, MacOS Unix-Based Open Source: GNU/Linux; Solaris; FreeBSD, NetBSD,

OpenBSD

Migration from Windows to Linux is big news! Migration from Unix to Linux is much easier, much

more common, and less newsworthy

An aside: Whom should Linux worry most?

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Security and Reliability IssuesSecurity and Reliability Issues

Availability of source code Assertion: Publicly available source code lets hackers

discover vulnerabilities. Reality: People searching for vulnerabilities do not

require source code. Software defect levels

Similar rates for FOSS versus proprietary. All software has flaws, so how are they fixed?

“Open-source versus proprietary software: Is one more reliable and secure than the other?” A. Boulanger. IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2005.

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Linux in Your Linux in Your WorldWorld

Linspire Letter “ Who Says It's a Microsoft World?” by Matt Riggott, Channel Sales Manager, Linspire, Inc., 09/29/2005. http://www.linspire.com/linspire_letter_archives.php?id=14

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Open-Source TrendsOpen-Source TrendsIDC “Western European End-User Survey:IDC “Western European End-User Survey:

2005 Spending Priorities, Outsourcing, Open Source, and Impact of Compliance”2005 Spending Priorities, Outsourcing, Open Source, and Impact of Compliance”

Industries which rely on software to provide their core services had the highest rate of open-source adoption.

Other industries with high open-source adoption included financial services and business services.

Industries that treated software as a commodity were less likely to have open-source deployments.

Many said the ability to customize open-source software was important, so “they can build their own additions.”

Techworld.com (21 April 2005). “Companies buy open source because it's better, not cheaper.” By Matthew Broersma. http://www.techworld.com/opsys/news/index.cfm?newsid=3535

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Open-Source TrendsOpen-Source TrendsIDC “Western European End-User Survey:IDC “Western European End-User Survey:

2005 Spending Priorities, Outsourcing, Open Source, and Impact of Compliance”2005 Spending Priorities, Outsourcing, Open Source, and Impact of Compliance”

Companies often mentioned open-source 'stacks' like LAMP.

Techworld.com (21 April 2005). “Companies buy open source because it's better, not cheaper.” By Matthew Broersma. http://www.techworld.com/opsys/news/index.cfm?newsid=3535

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Case Study of NOAA'sCase Study of NOAA'sNational Weather ServiceNational Weather Service

The Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) is the cornerstone of the modernized Weather Service.

Lets forecasters overlay data from multiple sensors (Doppler radar, satellite, lightning, surface, radiosonde) and atmospheric models.

Used to issue forecasts, watches, warnings, and advisories in ~120 offices nationwide.

Originally designed for HP-UX & Informix.

“To protect life and property…”

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AWIPS ScreenshotAWIPS Screenshot(Five or six 3-headed workstations per office)(Five or six 3-headed workstations per office)

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Case Study of NOAA'sCase Study of NOAA'sNational Weather ServiceNational Weather Service

AWIPS recently migrated to Red Hat Linux and PostgreSQL on IBM hardware.

Former NWS CIO Barry West stated: “Linux gives us [purchase-and-support] cost savings of almost 3-1

over Unix." “Funds freed up by the move to Linux can be invested in researching

better weather forecasting methods.“ Linux works with many different types of hardware and

environments. "We can run the same applications on a supercomputer and…workstation without recompiling.“

Similarly, NWS web servers now use “LAMP” stack.“Is Linux ready for prime time?” by Brian Robinson, Federal Computer Week, 08/12/2002. http://www.fcw.com/article77406-08-12-02-Print

“More Agencies Pick Open Source Software” by Karen D. Schwartz, Government Executive, 12/15/2003. http://www.govexec.com/features/1203/1203managetech.htm

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Managing the RiskManaging the Risk Have lawyers scrutinize usage rights Designate an employee to manage licensing terms

and legal issues Review architecture / engineering support Verify that contract terms are compatible with other

software contracts Try first with internal projects Establish list of approved products Don't discard major investments“Open Source Goes Corporate” by Larry Greenemeier, InformationWeek, 09/26/2005.URL: http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=171200352

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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?