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Transcript of 1 One facility, two very different emissions. Module 5. Air Pollutant Emissions in the Mid-Atlantic...
1One facility, two very different emissions
Module 5. Air Pollutant Emissions in the Mid-Atlantic United States
by K.G. Paterson, Ph.D., P.E. ©2007
www.mtu.edu
3
Did You Know? For PM2.5 emissions in 2001, only 17 out
of the top 100 counties are in the Mid-Atlantic states (VA, WV, PA, MD, DC, DE, NJ)
2001 County Emissions Density (tons/mi2) of PM2.5
0 1.2-2.3
3.6-7 7+
0.7-1.2
2.3-3.6
>0-0.7
4
Emission Module Goals
By the end of this module you should be able to: Classify emission types Identify emissions from major source types Describe the trends and patterns of air
pollutant emissions in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. Find the tools you need to estimate
emissions Find online resources of emission data
5
WHAT ARE EMISSIONS?The amount of pollutant(s) a
source puts into the air during a fixed time.
Units: mass/timeEmissions vary – making air
quality management a challenge!Source activityEconomic healthPopulationClimateControlsTraffic
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.}These
influencesourceemissions:
TimeLocationPollutant
}Emissions varyover:
6
Emissions classificationBy pollutant
By source type
7
Classification – by PollutantSome general pollutant categories
includeCriteria air pollutants
Criteria Pre-cursor air pollutants
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) • There are 189 of these
• sulfur dioxide (SO2)• nitrogen oxides (NOx)• carbon monoxide (CO)• particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5)
• ammonia (NH3)• volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
8
Classification – by PollutantAn Example: Emissions from North
Carolina in 1999:
* Point sources only
Pollutants Emissions* (lb/yr)
All criteria pollutants 1,930,000,000
All hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)
329,500,000
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Classification – by Source TypeStationary - sources with a fixed location
•Point: usually a large source, often a stack
•Area: sources that are considered as a groupMobile - sources
that move
•On-road: highway vehicles
•Non-road: non-highway vehicles
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Emissions from source types modeled differently
Mobilesource
Pointsource
Areasource
Gaussian plume model(e.g. ISC-AERMOD)
Roadway models(e.g. CALINE, CAL3QHC)
Flexible source models(e.g. CALPUFF)
Classification – by Source Type
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Analysis: Emission ClassificationQuestion: How many sources can
you think of?Action: In a small group, make
three lists for examples of air pollution sources: (1) point, (2) mobile, and (3) area
Time: 3 minutes
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Classification – by Source Type
Stationary sourcesMobile sources
Pointsource
Mobilesource
AreasourceExamples: on-road: gas, diesel;
off-road: marine, air, agricultural
Examples: power plant, chemical plant, etc.
Examples: gas stations,dry cleaners, fireplaces, lawn mowers, tanks farms, etc.
Stationary
Mobile
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Emission Classification Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Power plants are major sources of (SO2)
They are stationary (point) sources
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
DE DC MD NJ PA NC VA WV
Mill
ions
(to
ns/y
ear)
Point
On-Road
Non-Road
Area
(2002 data)
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Emission trends are not the same everywhere. Reductions in SO2
have been widespreadbut not universal.
http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmap/mapgallery/mg_total_utility_so2.html
Emission Trend Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
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Passenger vehicles are a major source of NOx.
These are mobile (on-road) sources.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
DE DC MD NJ PA NC VA WV
Mil
lio
ns
(to
ns/
year
)
PointOn-RoadNon-RoadArea
Emission Classification Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
(2002 data)
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Trends in NOx emissionshave not been uniformin the Mid-Atlantic, butsome of the greatest reductions in the U.S.have been in the East
http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmap/mapgallery/mg_total_utility_no3.html
Emission Trend Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
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Analysis: Classification & Trend
http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmap/mapgallery/mg_total_utility_no3.html
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Question: What are the temporal and spatial differences between NOX and SOX emissions in the Eastern United States? State why you think those temporal and spatial differences exist.
Action: In a small group examine the maps of the Eastern USA NOX and SOX emissions over time and report observations.
Time: 5 minutes.
Analysis: Classification & Trend
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MOBILE6 is a model for predicting emissions from vehicles. Capabilities:Pollutants predicted: CO, CO2, NOx, PM,
toxics, hydrocarbonsVehicle types: cars, trucks, motorcyclesOperating conditions: speed, temperature,
etc.Fuel types: gasoline, diesel
Emission Estimation
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Fugitive sources that often contribute to ambient particulate matter:Construction sitesAgricultureUnpaved roads
3% 2%
18%
9%
10%
5%7%
47%On-road vehicles
Off-road vehicles
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Fuel combustion
Indiustrial processes
Waste disposal
MiscellaneousPM 2.5 Emissions
2000Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/2002/html/table_04_44.html
Emission Classification - Miscellaneous
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Emission EstimationAfter identifying possible sources of air
pollutant emissions, the next challenge is quantifying their magnitude.
Methods:Direct measurement CEM, stack testIndirect measurement Mass balanceProcess modeling Tanks and Mobile6Emission factor modeling AP-42
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MOBILE6 is a model for predicting emissions from vehicles. Capabilities:Pollutants predicted: CO, CO2, NOx, PM,
toxics, hydrocarbonsVehicle types: cars, trucks, motorcyclesOperating conditions: speed, temperature,
etc.Fuel types: gasoline, diesel
Emission Estimation - Example
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Further Learning Emissions Measurement Center, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/ National Emission Inventory (NEI) Database for Criteria
and Hazardous Air Pollutants, http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/emissns.html
Scorecard, an online tool to investigate pollution in your neighborhood, http://www.scorecard.org
Emission models, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/ Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1:
Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP 42, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html
AirData, online access to emissions at the county level and up, http://www.epa.gov/air/data/
A Guide to Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Quality, Part IV: Pollution Sources, pp. 47-58. http://www.marama.org/reports/Guide-MidAtlantic_RegAQ_Final.pdf
24
Emission Module Goals
By the end of this module you should be able to: Classify emission types Identify emissions from major source types Describe the trends and patterns of air
pollutant emissions in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. Find the tools you need to estimate
emissions Find online resources of emission data
25
Thanks for making this a great class!