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Office EnvironmentOffice Environment
Chapter 5Chapter 5
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The Smart Office
• Technologies are likely to be partially or fully integrated
• “Smart-wired” telecommunications systems– Telephone may be used to perform
numerous functions• Office environment multifaceted
– Lighting, color scheme, acoustics, and condition of air affect the environment
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Elements of the Office Environment Elements of the Office Environment
LightingLighting
Color SchemeColor Scheme
AcousticsAcoustics
Condition of theAir
Condition of theAir
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Sick-Building SyndromeSick-Building Syndrome
• Indoor Air Pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Lighting Problems
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What are Symptoms Sick Building Syndrome?
• Headaches
• Eye, nose, and throat irritation,
• Dry cough
• Dizziness and nausea
• Fatigue
• Sensitivity to odors
• Considered to exist if 20% employees complain (p. 79)
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ErgonomicsStudy of the relationship ofemployees to their physicalenvironment
Integrates severaldisciplines
PsychologyPhysiologySociologyCommunication theories
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Impact of Not Paying Attention to the Office Environment
Impact of Not Paying Attention to the Office Environment
Employee productivity decreases.
Employee morale decreases.
Absenteeism and tardiness increase.
Error rates increase.
Physical well-being of employees may be jeopardized.
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Repetitive motion injuries are becomingmore common
Carpal tunnel syndrome is mostprevalent of these injuries.
CTS results from the long-termirritation of the tendons connecting
one’s hands and arm.
Carpal tunnel syndrome costs to companies continue to rise each year
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Electromagnetic radiation is caused by videodisplay terminals
Is thought to cause a higher-than-averagerate of miscarriage, cancer, birth
defects, and heart disease.
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Computer vision syndrome is a result ofvideo display terminals
Occurs when the viewing requirements of the task being performed exceed the visual capabilities of the person performing the task.
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Indoor air pollution results from improperlydesigned building ventilation systems
Often results from a ventilation systemthat has outgrown its capability.
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LightingAffects
EmployeesPsychologicallyPhysically
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Characteristics of Lighting SystemsCharacteristics of Lighting Systems
Equivalent SphericalIllumination
Equivalent SphericalIllumination
Visual ComfortProbability
Visual ComfortProbability
Task Illumination Task Illumination
Measures the effective-ness of lighting systems.
Is a direct-brightnessratio.
Measures the quantityof light at the worksurface.
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Equivalent Spherical IlluminationEquivalent Spherical Illumination
Is influenced negatively by glares and reflections.
Is affected by the degree of contrast between the work surface and the materials with which the employee works.
Provides a measure of lighting uniformity.
An ESI of 40 or higher is recommended.
If minimum ESI of work surface at least 2/3’s of work area, lighting of work area considered adequately uniform.
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Visual Comfort ProbabilityVisual Comfort Probability
Is affected negatively by visible bright light or visible reflectors.
Should be at least .70 for routine office work and .90 when computers are used extensively inthe area.
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Task IlluminationTask Illumination
Is expressed in raw foot-candles, which is the amount of light produced one foot from a candle.
Most office work requires 100 to 150 foot-candles of light.
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Types of Lighting SystemsTypes of Lighting Systems
Semidirect
Direct
IndirectSemi-indirect
General diffuse
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Direct LightingDirect Lighting
90-100 percent of the illumination isdirected downward to work surface.
90-100 percent of the illumination isdirected downward to work surface.
Creates glares, reflections, and shadows.Creates glares, reflections, and shadows.
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Semidirect LightingSemidirect Lighting
60-90 percent of light is directed down-ward, with remainder directed upward and then reflected back downward.
60-90 percent of light is directed down-ward, with remainder directed upward and then reflected back downward.
Shadows are less of a problem with withdirect lighting systems.
Shadows are less of a problem with withdirect lighting systems.
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Indirect LightingIndirect Lighting
90-100 percent of light is directed upward,which then is diffused and is reflecteddownward.
90-100 percent of light is directed upward,which then is diffused and is reflecteddownward.
Eliminates most shadows and glares.Eliminates most shadows and glares.
This system is recommended for most types of offices.
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Semi-indirect LightingSemi-indirect Lighting
60-90 percent of the light is directed up-ward and then reflected downward.
60-90 percent of the light is directed up-ward and then reflected downward.
Remainder of light is directed downward.Remainder of light is directed downward.
Shadows and glare are more problematicthan with indirect lighting.
Shadows and glare are more problematicthan with indirect lighting.
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General DiffuseGeneral Diffuse
40-60 percent of light is directed to worksurface with remainder reflected down-ward.
40-60 percent of light is directed to worksurface with remainder reflected down-ward.
Shadows and glare are more noticeable than with semi-indirect.
Shadows and glare are more noticeable than with semi-indirect.
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Task/ambientLighting
Uses lighting fixtures mountedin the furniture.
TaskIlluminates the worksurface.
Is frequently directed downward.
AmbientIlluminates the area surrounding the worksurface.
Is frequently directed upward.
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Kinds of LightingKinds of Lighting
NaturalNatural
FluorescentFluorescent
IncandescentIncandescent
High-intensitydischarge
High-intensitydischarge
Not very dependable.
Continues to be the most common type of lighting system.
Is not as efficient as fluorescentlighting—cost less/produces heat.
Sometimes distorts colors.
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Kinds of Automatic Light Control SystemsKinds of Automatic Light Control Systems
Photocell
Sensor
Computer
Measures the amount of illumina-tion in an area and adjustsaccordingly.
Senses the presence of peoplein an area and turns lights onautomatically.Technology turns lights on andoff at predetermined times.
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ColorHas both a physical andpsychological impact on humans.
Psychologically, coloraffects
ProductivityFatigueMoraleAttitudes
Tension
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In designing a suitable color scheme, consider
Color combinations
Effect of light on color
Reflectance value of color
Impact of color
Primary/Secondary Colors, p. 87
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Acceptable Color Coordination SchemesAcceptable Color Coordination Schemes
Complimentary
Split Complimentary
Triad
Opposite each other onthe color chart.
Colors on either side of acomplementary color.
Three colors equally distant from one anotheron the color chart.
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Effect of Light on ColorEffect of Light on Color
Different types of artificial lighting have different color spectrums.
Fluorescent lighting does not enhance reds andoranges.
Incandescent lighting does not enhance purpleand blue schemes.
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Reflectance Value of ColorReflectance Value of Color
Various colors possess different reflectance values.
Lighter colors tend to reflect a greater percentageof light than do darker colors.
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Impact of ColorImpact of Color
Colors tend to create
different moods
Cool colors create calm and retiring moods.
Warm colors create warm and cheerful moods.
Natural tints are mildly stimulating.
Deep purple and pale violet can create depressing moods.Gray has a sleep-inducing effect.
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DecibelIs the unit measure of sound and is the smallest change in sounddetectable by the human ear.
Maximum decibel in anoffice should be 90 (50 average).
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Ways to Control Office NoiseWays to Control Office Noise
ProperConstruction
ProperConstruction
Sound-absorbingMaterials
Sound-absorbingMaterials
Sound-absorbingDevices
Sound-absorbingDevices
MaskingTechnique
MaskingTechnique
Includes controlling airborne andstructural sounds.
Includes proper use of ceiling,floor, wall, and window-coveringmaterials.
Includes putting covers on equipment that creates consider-able noise.Includes blending office noise thatcreates considerable noise.
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Conditioning of the Air ConsiderationsConditioning of the Air Considerations
Air Temperature
Air Temperature
HumidityLevel
HumidityLevel
Circulation ofthe Air
Circulation ofthe Air
Cleanliness ofthe Air
Cleanliness ofthe Air
Ideal working temperature is68 degrees F.
Adequate exchange rate is 25cubic feet of air per minute perperson.
Involves installing air purificationsystems that remove germs, dustand dirt.
Optimum level is 50 percent.
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Benefits of MusicBenefits of Music
1. Helps increase job satisfaction and productivity.2. Helps reduce boredom and monotony.
3. Helps relieve mental and physical fatigue.
4. Helps reduce nervous tension and strain.
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Energy ConservationCommittee
Energy EfficiencyStudy
Components of an Energy Conservation ProgramComponents of an Energy Conservation Program
ConservationGoals
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Office Security DimensionsOffice Security Dimensions
Protection of the organization’s physical property.
Protection of theorganization’svital information.