1 NHTSA Evaluation of the Flex- GTR Legform on US Vehicles Brian Suntay & Ann Mallory Transportation...
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Transcript of 1 NHTSA Evaluation of the Flex- GTR Legform on US Vehicles Brian Suntay & Ann Mallory Transportation...
1
NHTSA Evaluation of the Flex-GTR Legform on US Vehicles
Brian Suntay & Ann MalloryTransportation Research Center Inc.
Jason StammenNHTSA Vehicle Research and Test Center
This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright in the United States; it may be used or reprinted without permission.
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The Pedestrian Global Technical Regulation (GTR No. 9) includes a projectile leg simulating a moving vehicle hitting a stationary pedestrian at 40 km/h
Pedestrian Leg Testing
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Comparison of vehicle performance with TRL versus Flex-GTR legforms
Confirm whether the Flex-GTR legform is sensitive enough to distinguish marginally performing vehicles from poor performing vehicles
Test the Flex-GTR’s durability against aggressive locations on US vehicle bumpers
Goals of the Testing
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TRL
Pedestrian Legforms
Flex-GTR
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TRL Rigid Legform
Impactor
Steel femur and tibia segments◦Frangible steel ligaments
Instrumentation:◦ Tibia accelerometer◦Rotary pot with rigid arm
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Flex-GTR Flexible Legform Impactor◦ Increased biofidelity
Flexible bone core, wire ligaments, knee tension cables
Instrumentation:◦ Tibia and Femur strain
gauges◦ Ligament string
potentiometers (MCL, ACL, PCL, ACL)
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Injury Assessment
Bending Injury MeasuresKnee Bending Angle
MCL Elongation
Shear Injury MeasuresKnee Shear Displacement
ACL/PCL Elongation
Tibia Fracture MeasuresTibia Acceleration
Tibia Bending Moment
TRL Flex-GTR
Volkswagen Passat
Mazda Miata
Honda Civic
Honda Pilot
Chevrolet Silverado
Chevrolet Equinox
10
Test Results
11
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
33.1
26.5
33
33
26.5
31.1
Peak Bending Angle (deg)
TRL Test Results
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7.5
8.3
6.8
8.9
8.9
8.1
Peak Shear Displacement (mm)
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
183
353
401
326
402
307
Peak Tibia Acceleration (g)
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
8.4
5.6
7.1
7.2
6.4
7.9
Peak PCL Elongation (mm)
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
34.4
22.3
32.1
27.0
24.1
28.2
Peak MCL Elongation (mm)
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
378
333
402
475
460
428
Peak Tibia 1 Moment (Nm)
Flex-GTR Test Results
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
11.97.9
15.5
14.8
14.3
13.9
Peak ACL Elongation (mm)
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Comparison of ResultsTRL vs Flex-GTR
Comparison of Results – TRL vs Flex-GTR
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Fracture Measures
TRL - Tibia AccelerationFlex-GTR - Max Tibia Bend Moment
Injury Measure as % of Limit
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Bending Injury Measures
TRL - Knee Bending Angle Flex-GTR - MCL Elongation
Injury Measure as % of Limit
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Shear Injury Measures
TRL - Knee Shear DisplacementFlex-GTR - Max ACL/PCL Elongation
Injury Measure as % of Limit
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1600
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Equinox
Silverado
Miata
PilotPassat
Civic
Shear Injury Measures
TRL % of Injury Limit
Fle
xG
TR
% o
f In
jury
Lim
it0 20 40 60 80 10
012
014
016
018
020
00
20406080
100120140160180200
PilotPassat
Equinox
Silverado
CivicMiata
Bending Injury Measures
TRL % of Injury Limit
Fle
xG
TR
% o
f In
jury
Lim
it
0 20 40 60 80 1001201401601800
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
CivicMiata
Passat
Fracture Measures
TRL % of Injury Limit
Fle
xG
TR
% o
f In
jury
Lim
it
Comparison of Results – TRL vs Flex-GTR
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The Flex-GTR measures lower values than the TRL legform with respect to their current injury limits◦ In contrast:
Matsui et al., Characteristics of the TRL Pedestrian Legform and the Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactors in Car-front Impact Tests, Paper Number 09-0206, 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 2009.
Yoon et al., Evaluation of Usefulness and Repeatability for Pedestrian Protection Flex-PLI, Paper Number 11-0425, 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 2011.
Aggressive vehicle bumper impact locations chosen
Summary of Findings
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Flex-GTR Vehicle Sensitivity
Testing with a previous version of the Flex-GTR legform suggested an inability of the legform to distinguish among vehicles that performed poorly (Mallory, 2010)
Results from current series of tests
Three additional tests performed on the center of the three passenger cars
Sensitivity
Fracture Bend Shear
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 20 40 60 80 100
120
140
160
180
Fracture Measures
Injury Measure as % of Limit
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 20 40 60 80 100
120
140
160
180
200
Bending Injury Measures
Injury Measure as % of Limit
Equinox
Silverado
Pilot
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Shear Injury Measures
Injury Measure as % of Limit
Volkswagen Passat
Mazda Miata
Honda Civic
Comparison of Old and New Flex-GTR Data – Center Impacts
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Fracture Measures
Flex-GTR (New) - Max Tibia Bend MomentFlex-GTR (Old) - Max Tibia Bend Moment
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Bending Injury Measures
Flex-GTR (New) - MCL ElongationFlex-GTR (Old) - MCL Elongation
Civic
Miata
Passat
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Shear Injury Measures
Flex-GTR (New) - Max ACL/PCL ElongationFlex-GTR (Old) - Max ACL/PCL Elongation
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The Flex-GTR measures lower values than the TRL legform with respect to their current injury limits
The Flex-GTR seems to be able to distinguish differences in relatively aggressive vehicle bumper designs
Summary of Findings
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Flex-GTR Durability
Observations and Durability Assessment (Flex-GTR)
Misalignment of the knee after impacts
Tear in the neoprene skin and scratches on the femur knee
block
Femur strain gauge #2 (middle gauge)◦Broken gauge/wire◦Still being investigated
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The Flex-GTR measures lower values than the TRL legform with respect to their current injury limits
The Flex-GTR seems to be able to distinguish differences in relatively aggressive vehicle bumper designs
The Flex-GTR was observed to be durable◦ Survived US vehicle bumper impacts that exceeded
injury limits◦ A majority of the issues that were observed were minor
and repairable
Summary of Findings
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Flex-GTR Repeatability(Additional Observation)
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Flex-GTR RepeatabilityInjury Measurement
Injury Reference
Value (FlexTEG)
Chevrolet Silverado
Impact Location Center
GTR (1001) GTR (1002) %Difference
Femur Moment (Nm)
Femur 3 (Upper)--*
73.7 77.3 5%
Femur 2 (Middle) 139.5 138.5 1%
Femur 1 (Lower) 252.1 245.6 3%
Tibia Moment (Nm)
Tibia 1 (Upper)
340 Nm (380 Nm)
332.7 332.6 0%
Tibia 2 (Mid Upper)311.1 319.5 3%
Tibia 3 (Mid Lower)233.5 237.4 2%
Tibia 4 (Lower) 110.5 107.9 2%
MCL Elongation (mm) 22 mm -- 22.3 NA
ACL Elongation (mm) 13 mm 8 7.9 1%
PCL Elongation (mm) 13 mm 5.4 5.6 4%
LCL Elongation (mm) --* -4.2 -3.8 10%
Tibia Acceleration (g) --* -59.2 -59.5 1%
Velocity (m/s) --* 11.1 11.1 0% Average: 3%
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The Flex-GTR measures lower values than the TRL legform with respect to their current injury limits
The Flex-GTR seems to be able to distinguish differences in relatively aggressive vehicle bumper designs
The Flex-GTR was observed to be durable◦ Survived US vehicle bumper impacts that exceeded injury limits◦ A majority of the issues that were observed were minor and
repairable
Flex-GTR repeatability was not directly evaluated, but◦ Silverado Flex-GTR tests 1001 and 1002 showed similar values at
the same impact location, which is promising
Summary of Findings
28
NHTSA Evaluation of the Flex-GTR Legform on US Vehicles
Brian Suntay & Ann MalloryTransportation Research Center Inc.
Jason StammenNHTSA Vehicle Research and Test Center
This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright in the United States; it may be used or reprinted without permission.