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![Page 1: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic IndustryNew Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry
Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent)
Thomas W. Eagar (MIT)
Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent)
Thomas W. Eagar (MIT)
![Page 2: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Welding for Aeronautics is Growing!Welding for Aeronautics is Growing!
![Page 3: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
OutlineOutline
• Fundamentals• Physics• Economics
• Case studies• LBW• EBW• FSW
• Research at MIT
• Analysis of trends
• Fundamentals• Physics• Economics
• Case studies• LBW• EBW• FSW
• Research at MIT
• Analysis of trends
![Page 4: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ordering of welding processesOrdering of welding processes• The intensity of the heat source determines
most properties of the welding process.• The intensity of the heat source determines
most properties of the welding process.
102 104 105 106 107103
Air
/fue
l gas
fla
me
Ele
ctro
slag
, oxy
acet
ylen
e fl
ame,
ther
mit
eF
rict
ion
Arc
wel
ding
Res
ista
nce
wel
ding
Oxy
gen
cutt
ing
Pla
sma
Arc
Wel
ding
Ele
ctro
n be
amL
aser
bea
m
W/cm2
practical range for welding
d/wefficiencyHAZ size
interactionmax speed
cost
-%cmscm/s$
.211-1010-1000.1103
1099
.01-.110-4 - 10-3
1000106
0.1-1104
![Page 5: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Characteristics of aeronautical industryCharacteristics of aeronautical industry
• low unit production• high unit cost• extreme reliability• severe operating conditions
• low unit production• high unit cost• extreme reliability• severe operating conditions
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Joining processes in aeronauticsJoining processes in aeronautics
• Bird’s eye view• Laser beam welding• Electron beam welding• Friction stir welding
• Bird’s eye view• Laser beam welding• Electron beam welding• Friction stir welding
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Laser beam weldingLaser beam welding
• Concentrated heat source
• Can be done in open atmosphere
• Uses: A318, A380
• Concentrated heat source
• Can be done in open atmosphere
• Uses: A318, A380
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Electron Beam WeldingElectron Beam Welding
• Concentrated heat source
• Must be done in vacuum
• Uses: F22, Titanium
• Concentrated heat source
• Must be done in vacuum
• Uses: F22, Titanium
![Page 9: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Friction Stir WeldingFriction Stir Welding
• Solid-state process
• No need for shielding gas
• Uses: Eclipse, Space Shuttle
• Solid-state process
• No need for shielding gas
• Uses: Eclipse, Space Shuttle
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Concentrated heat makes stronger weldsConcentrated heat makes stronger welds• Electron beam and laser beam make
stronger welds than arc welding• Electron beam and laser beam make
stronger welds than arc welding2219 alloy
![Page 11: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Concentrated heat causes less distortionConcentrated heat causes less distortion• Electron beam welding and laser
beam welding melt much less than other processes• much less distortion• less metallurgical defects
• Electron beam welding and laser beam welding melt much less than other processes• much less distortion• less metallurgical defects
Electron beam GTAW
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Solid state processes have no solidification defectsSolid state processes have no solidification defects• No cast structure, fine grain
• Friction Stir Welding• Can weld 7XXX stronger than 2XXX
• Diffusion Welding• Can weld Ti, not Al
• No cast structure, fine grain
• Friction Stir Welding• Can weld 7XXX stronger than 2XXX
• Diffusion Welding• Can weld Ti, not Al
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1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Velocity [km/h]
Sav
ing
s p
er p
ou
nd
lig
hte
r [$
/lb
]
car$2/lb
airliner$200/lb
military jets$2,000/lb
rockets$20,000/lb
Velocity, weight, moneyVelocity, weight, money
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The pursuit for weight reductionThe pursuit for weight reduction
• 10-15 tons lighter!• $5 million in fuel
savings over lifetime
• 10-15 tons lighter!• $5 million in fuel
savings over lifetime
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Weight reduction in small planesWeight reduction in small planes
• Range increased 4%
• Savings ~ $7000/lb
• Range increased 4%
• Savings ~ $7000/lb
Beechcraft Baron 581395 kg
Eclipse 500 1225 kg
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Weight reduction in space Weight reduction in space
• 2219 Al2195 Al-Li• 1% Li• 7500 lb weight savings• Essential to to get to the ISS• $75 million savings per launch
• 2219 Al2195 Al-Li• 1% Li• 7500 lb weight savings• Essential to to get to the ISS• $75 million savings per launch
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Weight reduction in enginesWeight reduction in engines
• Compressors, fans• machined titanium,
composites, friction welded
• Hot sections• friction welded
inconel
• Compressors, fans• machined titanium,
composites, friction welded
• Hot sections• friction welded
inconel
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Welding equipment is expensiveWelding equipment is expensive
• The cost of the equipment is proportional to the intensity of the heat source
• The cost of the equipment is proportional to the intensity of the heat source
Friction stir
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Welding expenditures per unitWelding expenditures per unit
Total welding expenditures
Units produced in a year
Welding expenditures per unit
$2.5 billion
30 million ~$100
$200 million
2,500 ~$100,000
$50 million
100 ~$500,000
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Proportion of welding expendituresProportion of welding expenditures
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Labor costs are highest in aero industryLabor costs are highest in aero industry
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Welding expenditures are smallest for aerospaceWelding expenditures are smallest for aerospace
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Implications of welding economicsImplications of welding economics• Welders in aeronautics are highly qualified
• Proportion of welding expenses are small
Large window of opportunity for• process development• employment
Cost efficiency likely to increase with scale• Laser and friction stir welding cheaper than
riveting
• Welders in aeronautics are highly qualified
• Proportion of welding expenses are small
Large window of opportunity for• process development• employment
Cost efficiency likely to increase with scale• Laser and friction stir welding cheaper than
riveting
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Case StudiesCase Studies
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Laser Beam Welding: A318/A380Laser Beam Welding: A318/A380
• Riveting consumes 40% of man hours on structure
• LBW cuts time by half (8 m/min!)• Less expensive (fewer mfg steps)• Less corrosion (no holes, crevices)• Lighter (no sealing)• Stronger than rivets• Same fatigue life
• Riveting consumes 40% of man hours on structure
• LBW cuts time by half (8 m/min!)• Less expensive (fewer mfg steps)• Less corrosion (no holes, crevices)• Lighter (no sealing)• Stronger than rivets• Same fatigue life
![Page 26: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
New StructuresNew Structures
•Skin sheet unaffected•Welding on both sides simultaneously
![Page 27: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Electron Beam Welding: F-22Electron Beam Welding: F-22
• Aft fuselage • 90 m of EBW, 76 cast parts)
• Aft fuselage • 90 m of EBW, 76 cast parts)
![Page 28: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Friction Stir Welding: Eclipse 500Friction Stir Welding: Eclipse 500
• 65% of riveted joints=30,000 rivets eliminated
• Welded:• Cabin, aft fuselage,
wings, and engine mounts
• Riveted:• Tail, longitudinal
fuselage joints, skins thinner than 0.040”
• 65% of riveted joints=30,000 rivets eliminated
• Welded:• Cabin, aft fuselage,
wings, and engine mounts
• Riveted:• Tail, longitudinal
fuselage joints, skins thinner than 0.040”
![Page 29: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Friction Stir Welding: Eclipse 500Friction Stir Welding: Eclipse 500
• Welds three times stronger• Equal fatigue strength• Better corrosion properties• Riveting: 6 in/min• FSW: 20-40 in/min• $50,000-$100,000 savings per plane• Less factory space
• Welds three times stronger• Equal fatigue strength• Better corrosion properties• Riveting: 6 in/min• FSW: 20-40 in/min• $50,000-$100,000 savings per plane• Less factory space
![Page 30: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Friction Stir Welding: Space ShuttleFriction Stir Welding: Space Shuttle
• GTAW• VPPA• FSW:
• solves purging problems• stronger
• GTAW• VPPA• FSW:
• solves purging problems• stronger
![Page 31: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Boeing made $15 million investment in FSW
• Delta rockets• (1st flight: Delta II
on 8/99)
Friction Stir Welding: BoeingFriction Stir Welding: Boeing
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Friction Stir Welding: A380Friction Stir Welding: A380
• FSW• faster, stronger, better fatigue, less corrosion• Incompatible with Glare
• FSW• faster, stronger, better fatigue, less corrosion• Incompatible with Glare
![Page 33: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Research at MIT: modelingResearch at MIT: modeling
• New modeling technique: OMS• Order of Magnitude Scaling• Can reduce number of experiments• Can give approximate solutions to
equations• Can generalize numerical or
experimental results
• New modeling technique: OMS• Order of Magnitude Scaling• Can reduce number of experiments• Can give approximate solutions to
equations• Can generalize numerical or
experimental results
![Page 34: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Research at MITResearch at MIT
• Ceramic to metal joining
• TLP, patterned interfaces
• Ceramic to metal joining
• TLP, patterned interfaces
ceramic
metal
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Research at MITResearch at MIT
• EBSFF (3D bodies without mold)• EBSFF (3D bodies without mold)
![Page 36: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Startup: Semi-Solid TechnologiesStartup: Semi-Solid Technologies
• Fast manufacturing: SSM-SFF
• Semi-solid die-casting
• Semi-solid welding
• Fast manufacturing: SSM-SFF
• Semi-solid die-casting
• Semi-solid welding
![Page 37: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
39
• Cost and weight savings push for replacement of mechanical joining with welds
– DFW of Ti metal sheet (replacing Al)
– EBW of Ti structure in military aircraft
– LBW of Al skin and stringers in commercial aircraft
– FRW of blisks for military jet engines
– FSW of Al skin
now
furt
her
into
the
futu
reConclusions
(2000)
![Page 38: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
39
• Cost and weight savings push for replacement of mechanical joining with welds
– DFW of Ti metal sheet (replacing Al)
– EBW of Ti structure in military aircraft
– LBW of Al skin and stringers in commercial aircraft
– FRW of blisks for military jet engines
– FSW of Al skin
now
furt
her
into
the
futu
reConclusions
(2000)
![Page 39: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
• Cost and weight savings push for replacement of mechanical joining with welds
– DFW of Ti metal sheet (replacing Al)
– EBW of Ti structure in military aircraft
– LBW of Al skin and stringers in commercial aircraft
– FRW of blisks for military jet engines
– FSW of Al skin
now
furt
her
into
the
futu
reConclusions
(2000)
![Page 40: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
39
• Cost and weight savings push for replacement of mechanical joining with welds
– DFW of Ti metal sheet (replacing Al)
– EBW of Ti structure in military aircraft
– LBW of Al skin and stringers in commercial aircraft
– FRW of blisks for military jet engines
– FSW of Al skin
now
furt
her
into
the
futu
reConclusions
!!
(2000)
![Page 41: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Conclusions (2002)Conclusions (2002)
• Rivets are being replaced by welding at a fast pace
• Welding is expanding its role in airplanes• From fuselage parts, to wings
• Use of welding will influence materials selection• Favors metals over composites• Development of high-strength Al alloys
• Rivets are being replaced by welding at a fast pace
• Welding is expanding its role in airplanes• From fuselage parts, to wings
• Use of welding will influence materials selection• Favors metals over composites• Development of high-strength Al alloys
![Page 42: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Conclusions (2002)Conclusions (2002)• FSW is the focus of much attention• If Eclipse 500 is successful:
• FSW will increase role in airplanes• Boeing might use FSW rocket experience to
airplanes• Airbus might revive FSW plans
• For rockets• FSW replacing fusion processes• VPPA losing appeal• EB welding losing appeal (Russia)
• For jet engines• FSW not ready yet for Ti and superalloys• Linear friction welding used for military apps.
• FSW is the focus of much attention• If Eclipse 500 is successful:
• FSW will increase role in airplanes• Boeing might use FSW rocket experience to
airplanes• Airbus might revive FSW plans
• For rockets• FSW replacing fusion processes• VPPA losing appeal• EB welding losing appeal (Russia)
• For jet engines• FSW not ready yet for Ti and superalloys• Linear friction welding used for military apps.
![Page 43: 1 New Trends in Welding in the Aeronautic Industry Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W. Eagar (MIT) Patricio F. Mendez (MIT/Exponent) Thomas W.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102718/56649cf45503460f949c1c27/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)