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Transcript of 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. 2 The Endocrine System The Endocrine System is the body’s...
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1
Neuroscience and Behavior
Chapter 2
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2
The Endocrine System
• The Endocrine System is the
body’s chemical
communication system.
• Communication is carried out by hormones
synthesized by a set of glands.
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Hormones are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the
bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body.
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Hormones
For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood
sugar and feelings of excitement during emergency situations.
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Pituitary Gland
Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that
regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.
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Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands
Regulate metabolic and calcium rate.
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Adrenal GlandsAdrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla and the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and
emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate
metabolism.
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Gonads
Sex glands are located in different places in men and women. They regulate bodily
development and maintain reproductive organs in adults.
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A brain lesion experimentally
destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction.
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The Brain
Techniques to Study the Brain
Hubel (1990)
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Clinical observations have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being
catalogued.
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Clinical Observation
Tom L
anders/ Boston G
lobe
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An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s
surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)A
J Photo/ P
hoto Researchers, Inc.
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PET Scan
PET (positron emission tomography)
Scan is a visual display of brain
activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the
brain performs a given task.
Courtesy of N
ational Brookhaven N
ational Laboratories
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MRI ScanMRI (magnetic
resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-
generated images that distinguish among
different types of brain tissue. Top images show ventricular enlargement in a
schizophrenic patient. Bottom image shows brain regions when a
participants lies.
Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH
James Salzano/ Salzano Photo Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations
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Older Brain Structures
The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival
functions.
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Brain Stem
The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base
of the brainstem that controls heartbeat
and breathing.
Reticular Formation is a nerve network in
the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling
arousal.14
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Brain Stem
The Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs
messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits
replies to the cerebellum and
medulla.
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The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It
helps coordinate voluntary
movements and balance.
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Cerebellum
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The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural
structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and
drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
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The Limbic System
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Amygdala
The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and
anger.
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Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating,
drinking, body temperature, and
control of emotions. It helps govern the
endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
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Rats cross an electrified grid for
self-stimulation when electrodes are placed
in the reward (hypothalamus)
center (top picture). When the limbic
system is manipulated, a rat
will navigate fields or climb up a tree
(bottom picture).20
Reward CenterS
anjiv Talwar, S
UN
Y D
ownstate