1. Networking Konsep
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Transcript of 1. Networking Konsep
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2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2-1
InternetworkingConcepts Overview
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2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.12-2
Objectives
On completion of this chapter, you will beable to perform the following tasks:
Describe how data traffic is exchangedbetween source and destination devices.
Identify the roles and functions of a hub,switch, and router, and where they best fit in
the network.Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for agiven set of network requirements.
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Defining Componentsof the Network
Main OfficeBranch Office
HomeOffice
MobileUsers
Internet
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Floor 2
Floor 1
Server Farm
Defining Components ofthe Network (cont.)
BranchOffice
Telecommuter
ISDN
Remote Campus
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Network Structure Defined byHierarchy
DistributionLayer
Core Layer
AccessLayer
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Access Layer Characteristics
End-station entry point to the network
Access Layer
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Distribution LayerCharacteristics
Access layeraggregation point
Traffic routingBroadcast/multicastdomains
Media translationSecurity
Possible point for remote access
Distribution Layer
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Core Layer Characteristics
Fast transport to enterprise services
No packet manipulation
Core Layer
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OSI Model Overview
Application(Upper)Layers
Session
Presentation
Application
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OSI Model Overview
Data FlowLayers
Transport
Data-Link
Network
Physical
Application(Upper)Layers
Session
Presentation
Application
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Role of Application Layers
TelnetFTP
User Interface
Examples
Application
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TelnetFTP
ASCIIEBCDICJPEG
User Interface
How data is presented
Special processingsuch as encryption
Examples
Presentation
Application
Role of Application Layers
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TelnetFTP
ASCIIEBCDICJPEG
Keeping differentapplicationsdata separate
User Interface
How data is presented
Special processingsuch as encryption
Operating System/Application Access
Scheduling
Examples
Session
Presentation
Application
Role of Application Layers
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Keeping differentapplications dataseparate
User interface
How data is presented
Special processingsuch as encryption
TelnetFTP
ASCIIEBCDICJPEG
Operating System/Application Access
SchedulingTransport
Data-Link
Network
Physical
Examples
Session
Presentation
Application
Role of Application Layers
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Role of Data Flow Layers
EIA/TIA-232
V.35
Examples
PhysicalMove bits between devices
Specifies voltage, wire speed, and
pin-out cables
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802.3 / 802.2HDLC
EIA/TIA-232V.35
Examples
Role of Data Flow Layers
Data Link
Physical
Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into framesAccess to media using MAC address
Error detection not correction
Move bits between devices
Specifies voltage, wire speed, and
pin-out cables
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802.3 / 802.2HDLC
EIA/TIA-232V.35
IPIPX
Examples
Role of Data Flow Layers
Network
Data Link
Physical
Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into framesAccess to media using MAC address
Error detection not correction
Move bits between devices
Specifies voltage, wire speed, and
pin-out cables
Provide logical addressing thatrouters use for path determination
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TCPUDPSPX
802.3 / 802.2HDLC
EIA/TIA-232V.35
IPIPX
Examples
Role of Data Flow Layers
Transport
Data Link
Physical
Reliable or unreliable delivery
Error correction before retransmit
Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into framesAccess to media using MAC address
Error detection not correction
Move bits between devices
Specifies voltage, wire speed, and
pin-out cables
NetworkProvide logical addressing thatrouters use for path determination
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TCPUDPSPX
802.3/802.2HDLC
EIA/TIA-232V.35
IPIPX
Presentation
Application
SessionExamples
Role of Data Flow Layers
Reliable or unreliable delivery
Error correction before retransmit
Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into framesAccess to media using MAC address
Error detection, not correction
Move bits between devices
Specifies voltage, wire speed, andpinout cables
Transport
Data-Link
Physical
NetworkProvide logical addressing thatrouters use for path determination
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Encapsulating Data
Transport
Data-Link
Physical
Network
Upper-Layer Data
Upper-Layer DataTCP Header
DataIP Header
DataLLC Header
0101110101001000010
DataMAC Header
Presentation
Application
Session
Segment
Packet
Bits
Frame
PDU
FCS
FCS
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Upper-Layer Data
De-encapsulating Data
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper-Layer Data
MACHeader
IP + TCP + Upper-Layer Data
LLCHeader
TCP+ Upper-Layer Data
IPHeader
Upper-Layer Data
TCPHeader
0101110101001000010
Transport
Data-Link
Physical
Network
Presentation
Application
Session
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical
OSI Model PDU Functional Responsibilities Examples
Written Exercise 1: OSI Model
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Physical Layer Functions
Defines
Media type
Connector type
Signaling type
Eth
erne
t
802.3
V . 3
5
Physical
EIA
/TIA
-232
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Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3
Hub
Hosts
Host
10Base2Thin Ethernet
10Base5Thick Ethernet
10BaseTTwisted Pair
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Hubs Operate at Physical Layer
A B C D
Physical
All devices are in the same collision domain.
All devices are in the same broadcast domain.
Devices share the same bandwidth.
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Hubs: One Collision Domain
More end stations means
more collisions.CSMA/CD is used.
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Data-Link Layer Functions
Defines:
Physical source anddestination addresses
Higher-layer protocol(service access point)associated with frame
Network topology
Frame sequencingFlow control
Connection-orientedor connectionless
Data-Link
Physical
EIA/TIA-232V.35
Eth
erne
t
F r a m
e R
e l a
y
HDLC
802.2
802.3
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DataSource Address FCSLengthDestination Address
Variable266 4
0000.0C xx.xxxx
VendorAssigned
IEEE Assigned
MAC Layer802.3
Data-Link Layer Functions (cont.)
Preamble
Ethernet IIuses Typehere and
does not use802.2.
MAC Address
8Number of Bytes
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DataDestination
SAP
Source
SAP
DataSourceAddress
FCSLengthDestinationAddress
Variable11
802.2 (SAP)
MAC Layer802.3
Data-Link Layer Functions (cont.)
Control
1 or 2
3 2
Preamble
DataDestinationSAP
AA
Source SAP
AA
Variable11
802.2 (SNAP)
Control
03
1 or 2
OR
OUIID
Type
Number of Bytes
Number of Bytes
S ih dBid O
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Each segment has its own collision domain.
All segments are in the same broadcast domain.
Data-Link
Switches and Bridges Operateat Data-Link Layer
OR1 2 3 1 24
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Switches
Each segment is itsown collision domain.
Broadcasts areforwarded to allsegments.
Memory
Switch
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Network Layer Functions
Defines logicalsource anddestination
addressesassociated with aspecific protocol
Defines pathsthrough network
Interconnectsmultiple data links
Network
IP, IPX
Data-Link
Physical
EIA/TIA-232V.35
Ethe
rne
t
F r a m e
R e
l a y
HDLC
802.2
802.3
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DataSource
Address
Destination
Address
IP
Network Layer Functions (cont.)
Header
172.15.1.1
NodeNetwork
LogicalAddress
Network Layer End-Station Packet
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Network Layer Functions (cont.)
11111111111111110000000000000000
10101100000100000111101011001100
BinaryMask
BinaryAddress
172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0
172 16 122 204
255
Address Mask
255 0 0
Network Host
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Routing Table
NET INTMetric
124
S0S0E0
100
1.0 4.0
1.3
E0
4.3
S0
2.2
E0
2.1
S0
4.1
4.2
1.1
1.2
Routing Table
NET INT Metric
124
E0S0S0
001
Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network.
Configuration is required.
Configured information identifies paths to networks.
Network Layer Functions (cont.)
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Routers: Operate at theNetwork Layer
Broadcast control
Multicast control
Optimal pathdetermination
Traffic management
Logical addressing
Connects to WANservices
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Using Routers to ProvideRemote Access
Internet
Telecommuter
Branch Office
Modem or ISDN Terminal Adapter
Mobile User
Main Office
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Transport Layer Functions
Distinguishes betweenupper-layer applications
Establishes end-to-end
connectivity betweenapplications
Defines flow control
Provides reliable orunreliable services fordata transfer
Network
IPXIP
Trans
port
SPXTCP UDP
RliblT tL
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Reliable Transport LayerFunctions
Synchronize
Acknowledge, Synchronize
Acknowledge
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
Sender Receiver
Connection EstablishedConnection EstablishedConnection EstablishedConnection Established
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Network Device Domains
Hub Bridge Switch Router
Collision Domains:
1 4 4 4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1 4
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Product SelectionConsiderations
Functionality and features you need today
Capacity and performance
Easy installation and centralized managementNetwork resiliency
Investment protection in existing infrastructure
Migration path for change and growthSeamless access for mobile users andbranch offices
P d Sl i
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First, select WANtechnology solutionsbased on the following:
Availability of service.
Bandwidth requirement.
Cost.
Second, choose productsthat support selected WANsolutions.
Product SelectionConsiderations (cont.)
Costper
Month
Usage
Leased Line, T1
Modem/ISDN
Frame Relay
0
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Product SelectionConsiderations (cont.)
1544
128
64
56
19.2
9.6
4.8
Determine applications that you want to run.
ISDN,ISDN,Frame RelayFrame Relay
Old ModemOld Modem Telnet
New ModemNew Modem
Web Browsing
Voice
Video, Multimedia
E-Mail, File Transfer
Leased Line,Leased Line,Frame Relay,Frame Relay,xDSLxDSL
kbps
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Summary
After completing this chapter, you should beable to perform the following tasks:
Describe how data moves through a network.
Identify the roles and functions of routers,switches, and hubs, and specify where eachdevice best fits in the network.
Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for anetwork that combines switching, routing, andremote access requirements.