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• 1 NATIONAL I REPORT NO. 58 Mean Sounding Data Over the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean During the Typhoon Season and Distribution of Turbulence and Icing in the Tropical Cyclone
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1 NATIONAL
I
REPORT NO. 58
Mean Sounding Data Over the WesternTropical Pacific Ocean During the
Typhoon Seasonand
Distribution of Turbulence and Icing in theTropical Cyclone
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCELuther H. Hodges, Secretary
WEATHER BUREAUF. W. Reichelderfer, Chief
NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT
REPORT NO 58
Mean Sounding Data Over the Western TropicalPacific Ocean During the Typhoon Season
byKenji Shimada
Japan Meteorological Agency
and
Distribution of Turbulence and Icing in theTropical Cyclone
byZ. Hashiba
Aviation Weather Service, Tokyo International Airport
(These reports prepared under contract Cwb-10229 with U. S. Weather Bureau,National Hurricane Research Project.)
Washington, D. COctober 1962
NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORTS
Reports by Weather Bureau units, contractors, and cooperators working on the hurricane problem are preprinted inthis series to facilitate immediate distribution of the information among the workers and other interested units. Asthis limited reproduction and distribution in this form do not constitute formal scientific publication, reference to apaper in the series should identify it as a preprinted report.
Objectives and basic design of the NHRP. March 1956.Numerical weather prediction of hurricane motion. July 1956.
Supplement: Error analysis of prognostic 500-mb. maps made for numerical weather prediction of hurricanemotion. March 1957.
Rainfall associated with hurricanes. July 1956.Some problems involved' in the study of storm surges. December 1956.Survey of meteorological factors pertinent to reduction of loss of life and property in hurricane situations.
March 1957.A mean atmosphere for the West Indies area. May 1957*An index of tide gages andtide gage records for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. May 1957.Part I. Hurricanes and the sea surface temperature field. Part II. The exchange of energy between the sea
and the atmosphere in relation to hurricane behavior. June 1957.Seasonal variations in the frequency of North Atlantic tropical cyclones related to the general circulation.
July 1957.Estimating central pressure of tropical cyclones from aircraft data. August 1957-Instrumentation of National Hurricane Research Project aircraft. August 1957*Studies of hurricane spiral bands as observed on radar. September 1957.Mean .soundings for the hurricane eye. September 1957.On the maximum intensity of hurricanes. December 1957*The three-dimensional wind structure around a tropical cyclone. January 1953.Modification of hurricanes through cloud seeding. May 1953.Analysis of tropical storm Frieda 1957. A preliminary report. June 1958.The use of mean layer winds as a hurricane steering mechanism. June 1953.Further examination of the balance of angular momentum in the mature hurricane. July 1956.On the energetics of the mature hurricane and other rotating wind systems. July 1958.Formation of tropical storms related to anomalies of the long-period mean circulation. September 1958.On production of kinetic energy from condensation heating. October 1958.Hurricane Audrey storm tide. October 1958.Details of circulation in the high energy core of hurricane Carrie. November 1958.Distribution of surface friction in hurricanes. November 1958.A note on the origin of hurricane radar spiral bands and the echoes which form them. February 1959.Proceedings of the Board of Review and Conference on Research Progress. March 1959*A model hurricane plan for a coastal community. March 1959*Exchange of heat, moisture, and momentum between hurricane Ella (1958) and its environment. April 1959.Mean soundings for the Gulf or Mexico area. April 1959•On the dynamics and energy transformations in steady-state hurricanes. August 1959.An interim hurricane storm surge forecasting guide. August 1959*Meteorological considerations pertinent to standard project hurricane, Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United
States. November 1959*Filling and intensity changes in hurricanes over land. November 1959*Wind and pressure fields in the stratosphere over the West Indies region in August 1958. December 1959.Climatological aspects of Intensity of typhoons. February i960.Unrest in the upper stratosphere over the Caribbean Sea during January i960. April i960.On quantitative precipitation forecasting. August i960.Surface winds near the center of hurricanes (and other cyclones). September i960.On initiation of tropical depressions and'convection in a conditionally unstable atmosphere. October i960.On the heat balance of the troposphere and water body of the Caribbean Sea. December i960.Climatology of 2U-hour North Atlantic tropical cyclone movements. January 1961.Prediction of movements and surface pressures of typhoon centers in the Far East by statistical methods. May 1961.Marked changes in the characteristics of the eye of intense typhoons between the deepening and filling states.
May 1961.The occurrence of anomalous winds and their significance. June I96I.Some aspects of hurricane Daisy, 1958. July I96I.Concerning the mechanics and thermodynamics of the inflow layer of the mature hurricane. September 1961.On the structure of hurricane Daisy (1958). October 1961.Some properties of hurricane wind fields as deduced from trajectories. November 1961.Proceedings of the Second Technical Conference on Hurricanes, June 27-30, 196l, Miami Beach, Fla. March 1962.Concerning the general vertically averaged hydrodynamic equations with respect to basic storm
surge equations. April I962.Inventory, use, and availability of NHRP meteorological data gathered by aircraft. April 1962.On the momentum and energy balance of hurricane Helene (1958). April I962.On the balance of forces and radial accelerations in hurricanes. June 1962.Vertical wind profiles In hurricanes. June I962.A theoretical analysis of the field of motion in the hurricane boundary layer. June 1962.Onthe dynamics of disturbed circulation in the lower mesosphere. August 1962.
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.No. It.
No. 5.
No. 6.No. 7.No. 8.
No. 9.
No. 10.
No. 11.
No. 12.
No. 13.No. 1U.
No. 15-No. 16.No. 17.No. 18.No. 19.No. 20.
No. 21.
No. 22.
No. 23.No. 2U.No. 25-No. 26.No. 27-No. 28.No. 29.No. 30.No. 31.No. 32.No. 33.
No. 3>».No. 35.No. 36.No. 37.No. 38.No. 39.No. 1*0.
No. kl.No. 1)2.No. U3.No. kU.
No. *5.No. U6.
No. hiNo. k6*No. k9No.'50No. 51
No. 52No. 53No. 5*No. 55No. 56No. 57
CONTENTS
Page
MEAN SOUNDING DATA OVER THE WESTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN DURING
THE TYPHOON SEASON .by Kenji .Shimada
1. Introduction 9, . 1
2. Processing of Data 2
3. Mean Aerological Data : 2
k. Comparisons of Thermal Conditions in the. Four Areas ... k
5. Instability 5
6. Comparison of the Mean Soundings for Iwo-Marcus with
Those for the Gulf of Mexico Area 6
7- Comparison of the Mean Soundings for the West Carolines-
Marianas with Those for the West Indies Area 6
8. Comparison with the Data Prepared by Col6n 7
References 8
Tables 3-6 9-29
DISTRIBUTION OF .TURBULENCE AND ICING by Z. Hashiba
1. Introduction 31
2. Turbulence 32
3. Icing ^0
References . . ^3
MEAN SOUNDING DATA OVER THE WESTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN
DURING THE TYPHOON SEASON
Kenji Shimada
Japan Meteorological Agency
ABSTRACT
Monthly mean values of height, temperature, and dew point at
standard pressure surfaces for the typhoon season, July to October,
of the years 1957, 1958, and 1959, were tabulated for fourteen sta- ' ••
tions in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. Stations were combined
into four groups to obtain representative data for four areas in the
western tropical Pacific. Mean soundings for these areas are compared
with each other and with mean soundings for the Gulf of Mexico and
the West Indies.
Monthly instability indices were computed for each area. The
seasonal trend of the instability index for the Mid-Pacific area
shows a good correlation with the trend of the frequency of tropical
storms during the typhoon season.
1. INTRODUCTION
During the summer and fall seasons, streamline analyses at the 700-mb.surface in the domain bounded by the 90°E. meridian, the ^0°N. parallel, the162°W. meridian, and the 22°S. parallel, are made in the Forecast Section ofthe Japan Meteorological Agency. The sparseness of the wind data over thetropical Pacific causes analysts much difficulty in detecting such tropicaldisturbances as easterly waves, shear lines, small cyclonic and anticyclonicvortices, and tropical depressions.
In such sparse data regions, therefore, the 2h-hour 700-mb. height changeis used as an auxiliary tool in streamline analysis. The standard atmosphereor the monthly mean sounding values of height, temperature, and dew point,however, would be more useful, because the deviation from the standard notonly represents the synoptic sequence of events, but also furnishes climaticinformation. Therefore, data from fourteen stations in the western tropicalPacific (fig. l) were used to construct mean soundings representative of thetyphoon season, June to October.
2. PROCESSING OF DATA
The monthly mean temperatures, dew points, and heights, at the selectedpressure levels for the fourteen stations listed in table 1 were obtained bysimply averaging the records for 1957, 1958, and 1959, from the NorthernHemisphere Data Tabulations, Synoptic Weather Maps, Part II (U. S. WeatherBureau) and the Aerological Data of Japan (for Marcus Island only).
The data for Marcus Island were obtained by means of the Japanese radiosondes. Corrections for height, temperature, and dew point, therefore havebeen applied to these data so that they may be compared with the data forother stations measured with United States radiosondes. The correction values
given in table 2 are after Matsuhashi and Arai [4,5].
The data, tabulated in table 3, are entirely based on the 1200 GMT observations so that radiation errors need not be considered. The observations are
scheduled at local times varying from 2058 at Koror to 00^7 at Johnston Island.The relative mean diurnal differences over that 4-hour period are so small [5,8, 10] that they may be considered negligible.
3. MEAN AEROLOGICAL DATA
The monthly mean values of temperature, dew point, and height at thestandard pressure surfaces for the fourteen stations are shown in table 3(following the text).
According to table 3, thermal conditions at Yap, Koror, Guam, Truk, andPonape are rather uniform and the month-to-month changes are small. A meansounding obtained by averaging the data for Koror, Yap, and Guam is, therefore, representative of normal conditions over the Caroline Islands and theMarianas, while the mean sounding consisting of data from Eniwetok, Kwajalein,and Majuro is typical of conditions over the Marshall Islands area. Thesetwo mean soundings are shown in table k (following the text).
The data for Marcus Island and those for Iwo Jima are almost the same(table 3). The mean sounding (table k) obtained by averaging the data forthese two stations is taken to be representative of thermal conditions overthe trade wind region of the western North Pacific during the summer throughfall season.
There exists a semipermanent trough, throughout the warmer seasons, whichextends from the Hawaiian Islands to the northwestern part of the MarshallIslands through the Wake area. This trough, named the Mid-Pacific trough byRamage [7], plays an important role in the formation of tropical storms. Thetemperatures in the middle and upper troposphere at Midway Island and Wake Island show a remarkable fall in midsummer, July to August. This temperaturefall in midsummer is one of the most important features of the Mid-Pacifictrough region. A mean sounding obtained by averaging the data for Midway andWake is, therefore, used to represent thermal conditions over the Mid-Pacifictrough region (table 4).
Comparisons between the monthly mean soundings for these four areas arecarried out in the following section. The areas are indicated in figure 1.
Table 1. - Station nomenclature
Station
Midway IslandIwo Jima, Volcano IslandsMarcus Island
Guam, Mariana IslandsWake Island
Eniwetok Island, Marshall IslandsJohnston Island
Truk, Caroline Islands
Ponape, Caroline IslandsKwajalein Atoll, Marshall IslandsMajuro Atoll, Marshall IslandsKoror, Peletiu Island, Palau IslandsYap Island, Caroline IslandsCanton Island, Phoenix Islands
WMO
index
number
Latitude Longitude Elev.
(m.)
91 066 28°13'N 177°22'W 1391 115 24 47 N 141 20 E 10691 131 24 17 N 153 58 E 1791 217 13 33 N 144 50 E 162
91 245 19 17 N 166 39 E 4
91 250 11 20 N 162 20 E 391 275 16 44 N 169 31 w 2
91 334 07 27 N 151 50 E 2
91 348 06 58 N 158 13 E 46
91 366 08 43 N I67 44 E y91 376 07 06 N 171 24 E 391 408 07 21 N 134 29 E 3391 413 09 31 N I38 08 E 1791 700 02 46 S 171 43 W 4
us£140 150 160 I70PE 180
-30
'Iwo-Marcus*
—AIWOJIMA MARCUS
20.
10- —^F^^VapKOROR
V
130 140
GUAM
1G West Carolines-Marianas'
TRUK
toISO
WAKE
ENIWETOK
^ IN'
PONAPEMarshallsE*MAJURO
ieo \7dt
MIDWAY
-20
JOHNSTON
ieo
-10
CANTON
I7CTW
Figure 1. - Station location and grouping into representative areas.
Table 2. - Correction values applied tothe data for Marcus Island
Pressure Temp. Dew Point Height
(mb.) (°c.) (°c.) GO
1000 0 0 0
850 0 0 0
700 0 0 0
500 0 0 10
400 -1.0 -1.0 3300 -1.5 -1.5 -4250 -2.0 -17200 -2.0 -30150 -2.0 -50
100 -1.5 -70
4. COMPARISONS OF THERMAL CONDITIONS IN THE FOUR AREAS
The heights of *the standard pressure levels in the West Carolines-Marianas area are greater in the middle and lower stratosphere than those inthe Marshalls area during the four months, July to October. In the middle andupper troposphere the height differences undergo a reversal (table 5). Snetemperatures in the layer below the 150-mb. level are higher in Iwo-Marcusthan in the Mid-Pacific throughout the typhoon season, with the largest differences in July or August. The mixing ratios in Iwo-Marcus are larger at.alllevels below 300 mb. than those for the Mid-Pacific throughout the season investigated. The cold temperatures in the Mid-Pacific suggest cold advectionfrom the northwestern Pacific into the Mid-Pacific area in association withthe Mid-Pacific trough.
Next the mean- values of height, temperature, and mixing ratio for theWest Carolines-Marianas area are compared with those for the Marshalls. TheWest Carolines-Marianas area is slightly warmer than the Marshalls area atall levels except the 1000-mb. level and shows generally higher moisture content. This difference suggests that heat and moisture are transferred to thetrade as it flows downstream.
Temperatures at upper tropospheric levels at Iwo-Marcus are lower thanin the West Carolines-Marshalls. The height differences between the two areasare very small in the middle and lower troposphere throughout the typhoon season. As to moisture, mixing ratios in the 1000-300-mb. layer at Iwo-Marcusare smaller than in the West Carolines-Marianas. Especially in the layer near400 mb., the difference in mixing ratios amounts to about 50 percent of thevalues-for the West Carolines-Marianas.
Figure 2 presents a comparison of the seasonal change in temperature atvarious levels for the four groups of stations.
-S3
-94
-99
-9«
-87-
19
IB
17
19
1» K
\. ./"' 200mb
esowb \
Jmlj i^Mt S*pttate«r OoUko-
Figure 2. - Seasonal variations ofthe temperature at 850, 500, 200,and 50 mb., for Iwo-Marcus (heavysolid line), Mid-Pacific (heavybroken line), West Carolines-Marianas (thin solid line), andMarshalls (thin broken line).The temperature at 50 mb. forIwo-Marcus is based only on thedata for Iwo Jima.
4-
-I-
/
10 -/ -. /
/
• / Bs "' I 1
1July August S«pt«»b*r October
Figure 3« - Instability indices forIwo-Marcus (heavy solid line), Mid-Pacific (heavy broken line), WestCarolines-Marianas (thin solidline), and Marshalls (thin brokenline), and total number of tropicalstorms which formed during threeyears 1957-1959 in the domaingiven in figure 1.
5. INSTABILITY
Instability indices were computed for Iwo-Marcus, the Mid-Pacific, theWest Carolines-Marianas, and the Marshalls in order to examine the relationship between the vertical instability and the frequency of typhoon formation.The instability index is defined by the temperature difference
T^C~ - T1000 300adiabatically from the 1000-mb.surface to the 300-mb. surface, and T^00the mean temperature at the 300-mb. level.
iOO
where ^000 is the temperature of a parcel lifted pseudo-
is
As shown in figure 3, the indices for the West ^oline^ia^ndfor the Marshalls are large positive values throughout the typhoon season,and their month-to-month changes are small.
The instability indices for Iwo-Marcus and Mid-Pacific also are positive
Sv ^int at the 1000-mb. surface because the temperature at 300 mb. vaneslittle through the typhoon season.
The rood correlation of the frequency of typhoon formation with the sta-bilit^for the Mid-Pacific area Z^Tl^Z^or?^ Xatthat tropical disturbances °* eas*eJ^ "^L^ Se West Carolines-Marianas^nth^M^^^ ~ but theseasonal variation is small.
Positive value of the instability ^J^°^±^^^" *necessary, bu^not sufficient, condition for typhoon formation.
6 COMPARISON OF THE MEAN SOUNDINGS FOR IWO-MARCUSWITH THOSE FOR THE GULF OF MEXICO AJ3EA
* t wior, TPl in 1Q59 -presented mean aerological data for the
also of the Gulf of Mexico.
«r th*> values for Iwo-Marcus in the Pacific from similarThe deviations of the values IO* x"" . ,-, g r^g mean temperaturevalues for the Gulf of Mexico area are ^^^^^^ above thevalues for Iwo-Marcus are consiste^ ^e n ^ ^ is true of
,850-mb. level than those for the Gulf of Mexico aredew point values.
7 COMPARISON OF THE MEAN SOUNDINGS FOE THE WEST CAEOLINES-MARIANAS7. COMPARISON "j^^gj, FQR the „EST INDIES AREA
Jordan in l9f W^bT«^0^^^^^^^^area. According to Tachi [9L ^f^1™ Pacific Ocean, corresponding tofof the formation of tropical storms 1^h^C^arolines.krianas area isthe West Indies in the Atlantic [6]. Thetherefore compared with the West Indies.
•p™. +>!P West Carolines-Marianas from thoseThe deviations of mean values ^"st ^temperature values for thefor the West Indies area are shown in table (. ^ ^ levelWest Carolines-Marianas are higher m the troposphere a
400 -
500 -
700 -
B50 -
1000 -
+3t
7
Figure 4. - Deviations of the mean June-September temperature (solidline) and dew-point (dashed) datafrom Colon's mean data.
than those for the West Indies area.
In the lower stratosphere, the reverseis the case.
8-. COMPARISON WITH THE DATAPREPARED BY COLON
Colon [1] prepared a mean soundingfor the rainy season, June to September,over the western tropical Pacific. .These data were based on soundings madeduring June to September of the years1943-1947, at the three stations Koror,Guam, and Kwajalein. For comparison,therefore, averages have been computedfor the period, June through September,from the data presented in table 3.
The deviations of the mean June-
September temperature values from thosecomputed by Colon are shown in figure 4.
The largest deviation of temperature is 2.6°C. at the 250-mb. level. Throughthe deep layer between 850 mb. and 150 mb. the deviation varies from 0.5°C.to 2.6°C., and dew point deviations also show similar variations in the layerbetween 850 and 500 mb. The deviations of the dew point at 400 mb. and 300mb. are -0.4°C.
The differences between the temperatures given by Colon and the new setof data are too large to be explained by climatic variation. They perhapsresult from the variance of the radiosonde instruments used during the periods1911.3-47 and 1956-59.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The writer is indebted to Dr. Arakawa for giving the opportunity to makethis report, and to MissIkenaga, Miss Fiikazawa, and Miss Ozaki for the compilation of the basic aerological data.
REFERENCES
1. J. A. Colon, "The Mean Summer Atmosphere of the Rainy Season Over theWestern Tropical Pacific Ocean," Bulletin of the American MeteorologicalSociety, vol. 34, No. 7, Sept. 1953, pp. 333-334. • :
2. P. J. Hebert and C. L. Jordan, "Mean Soundings for the Gulf of Mexico Area,"Monthly Weather Review, vol. 87, No. 6, June 1959, pp. 217-221.
3- C. L. Jordan, "Mean-Soundings for the West Indies Area," Journal of .Meteorology, vol. 15/No. 1, Feb. 1958, pp. 91-97.
4. S. Matsuhashi and E. Arai, "On the Comparison in the Far East BetweenJapan's and the Other Countries' Radiosondes," (First Report) Tenki,vol. 7, No. 9, I960, pp. 257-261. (In Japanese.)
5. S. Matsuhashi and E. Arai, "On the Comparison in the Far East BetweenJapan's and the Other Countries' Radiosondes," (Second Report), Tenki,vol. 7, No. 11, i960, pp. 349-355. (In Japanese.)
6. U. S. Weather Bureau, "West Indian Hurricanes," Mariners Weather Log,vol. 1, No. 4, July 1957, pp. 73-83.
7. C. S. Ramage, "Hurricane Development," Scientific Report No. 3, ContractAF19 (604)-1942, University of Hawaii, June 1958,30 pp.
8. H. Riehl, Tropical Meteorology, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., -New York,1954, 392 pp.
9. T. Tachi, "Some Statistical Studies on Tropical Cyclones in the WesternNorth-Pacific Ocean," Scientific Report No. 7, Contract Cwb-993,Meteorological Research. Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1961.
10. N. E. LaSeur and C. L. Jordan, A Typical Weather Situation of theTyphoon Season, Department of Meteorology, University of Chicago, Mar.1952, 24 pp. '
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Jim.
Table
h.-Mean
soundingdataat
standardpressure
surfaces
for:
IWO-MARCUS
Jul.
Aug.
Pressure
TD.P.
H0
q$*
TD.P.
He
qB
tT
D.P.
H6
q&
t
(mb)
(°C)
(°C)
(g.p.ra.)
(°A)
(g/kg)
(°A)
(°C)
(°C)
(i?.p.m.)
(°A)
(g/kg)
(°A)
<°C)
(°C)
(g.p.m.)
(°A)
(g/kg)
(°A)
1000
26.1
22.5
123
299
17.4
341
26.9
22.6
115
300
17.5
342
26.
022.6
107
300
17.5
342
850
17.9
11.8
1,537
305
10.1
."^29
18.1
12.9
1,532
305
11.0
"31
.18.4
13.9
1,523
306
11.9
•335
700
10.0
-1.2
3,180
314
6.0
328
10.0
1.2
3,173
314
6.0
328
9.9
2.0
3,171
314
6.4
329
500
-5.4
-19.7
5,903
326
1.6
330
-5.8
-15.4
5,896
326
2.3
332
-5.8
-15.7
5,890
327
2.3
332
400
-16.6
-30.2
7,617
334
0.8
336
-16.7
-28.2
7,607
334
0.9
313
-16.7
-27.3
7,603
334
1.0
337
300
-31.7
-43.8
9,716
342
0.3
313
-31.8
-41.4
9,712
342
0.4
313
-32.1
-42.3.
9,702
341
0.4
342
250
-42.0
10,983
344
-42.0
40
,'JGP.
344
-42.1
10,961
344
200
-53.9
12,474
349
-54.2
12,131
318
-54.2
12,431
348
150
-67.0
14,235
356
-07.6
1»,207
355
-66.8
14,218
356
100
-75.9
lti,C15
382
-7^.9
16,613
387
-7^.2
16,614
.387
Pressure
(rob)
1000
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
T (°C
)
26
.9
18
.5
10
.8
-4
.9
-1
6,6
-3
2.0
-4
1.9
-5
3.3
-0
5.9
-7
5.7
D.P
.
(°C
)
22
.8
13
.5
1.1
-1
7..
1
-2
8.4
-4
1.7
Sep
t.
H9
qOe
T(g
.p.m
.)(°A
)(g
/kg)
(°A)
(°C)
11
23
00
17
.93
43
26
.21
,52
93
06
11
.63
34
17
.G.
3,1
72
31
46
.03
28
10
.25
,90
03
27
2.0
33
2-
5.6
7,6
18
33
40
.93~
G-1
7.5
9,7
13
34
10
.43
42
-32
.81
0,9
83
34
4-4
2.7
12
,46
43
49
-53
.71
4,2
31
35
8-6
5.9
16
,65
03
82
-76
.P
(°C
)
22
11
-I
-2
2
-3
3
-4
6
Oct.
(19
Oe
\(S
.p.m
..)
(QA)
U/k
g)
(UA)
11
26
29
91
7.1
34
0
V1
,57
93
03
10
.33
30
2.3
,17
93
14
5.0
32
62
5.F
99
32
61
.23
29
57
.61
U3
32
O.G
33
33
9,7
03
34
00
.23
40
10
,96
13
44
12
,43
33
49
14
,22
83
58
16
,61
73
fC
V>
l
Table
4.
-Continued
MID-PACIFIC
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Pressure
TD.P.
HC?
q9
ej:
D.r
.If
9q
Be.
TU.P..
H9
qfe
(mb)
(°C)
(°C)
(g.p.m.)
(°A)
(g/kg)
<°A>
(°c)
(°c)
(g.p.m.)
(°A)
(g/kg)
(°*>
(°C)
(°C)
(g.p.m.)
(°A)
(g/kg)(°A)
1000
23.7
19.6
143
297
14.5
332
.:i.7
21.5
J47
298
10.4
337
25.3
22.C
136
299
16.9
340
850
15.1
10.1
1,544
303
9.4
326
15.6
12.2
I,360
30~.
10.P
320
1G.1
12.4
1,545
304
10.9
330
700
9.0
-6.2
3,176
•313
3.9
322
7.8
-2
23,18-2
312
4.5
.'.23
7.8
-0.8
3,174
311
5.2
323
500
-6.1
-21.8
5,889
325
1.3
32P
-8.2
-21.3
5,87J
32.5
1.4
"26
-7.8
-19.2
5,871
323
1,6
327
400
-17.7
-32.2
7,601
332
0.6
333
-19.0
-31.5
•»
'eta
1,
sj>o
330
0.7
332
-18.9
-30.4
7,571
331
0.7
333
300
-33.6
-46.2
9,686
338
0.2
338
-35.2
-•17.0
9,64'i
3~3
0.2
535
-3-1.8
-46.0
9,64R
336
0.2
336
250
-43.5
,10,941
341
-4
~,.3
10.HJ5
33*
-44.9
10,894
339
200
-55.5
12,401
345
-56.8
12,
>»6
343
-56.4
12,350
343
150
-66.9
14,181
355
-60.P
14,122
335
-66.4
14,132
335
100
-74.0
16,578
384
-6P.7
16,547
193
-69.2
16,561
393
50
-61.0
20,748
-59.9
20,776
-59.4
20,7)1
50.3
23,186
-50.
<i25,228
-50.5
25,211
Sep
t,O
ct.
Pressure
TD.P.
He
qt?e
TD.P.
II
eq
Be.
(mb)
(°C)
(°C)
(g.p.m.)
(°A)
(g/kg)
(°A)
(°C)
(QC)
(g.p.m.)
(°A)
(g/M)
(°A)
1000
25.7
22.0
123
299
16.9
340
23.9
20.4
129
297
15.5
334
850
16.6
12.2
1,532
304
10.8
330
14.9
11.4
1,530
302
10.1
326
700
9.3
-1.2
1,167
313
5.C
325
8.3
-4.3
3,157
312
1.0
322
500
-6.4
-20.0
3,882
325
1.6
329
-7.2
-22.1
5,8-}:*.
324
1.3
327
400
-17.8
-29.9
7,594
332
0.8
334
-18.0
-32.
17,569
331
0.6
332
300
-33.6
-13.9
9,685
338
0.3
339
-14.4
-46.4
9,659
337
0.2
337
250
-43.5
10,935
341
-44.1
10,898
340
200
-54.9
12,400
346
-54.8
12,361
346
150
-66.5
14,181
355
-65.9
14,154
356
100
-73.1
16,588
386
-75.4
16,553
382
50
-60.3
20,741
-61.9
20,689
25
-52.0
25,091
ro
4=-
