1 Namaste!!! Naba Raj Adhikari NEPAL. 2 HydroMeteorological Activities in Nepal Dept. of Hydrology...
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Transcript of 1 Namaste!!! Naba Raj Adhikari NEPAL. 2 HydroMeteorological Activities in Nepal Dept. of Hydrology...
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HydroMeteorological Activities in Nepal
HydroMeteorological Activities in Nepal
Dept. of Hydrology Meteorology
NEPAL
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0 200 400100 Kilometers
India
China
IranPakistan
Myanmar
Thailand
Afghanistan
Laos
Nepal
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Oman
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Turkmenistan
Malaysia
¶0 130 26065 Kilometers
Nepal: LocationNepal: Location
Area: 147,181 km2 Length: ~850 km EWWidth: ~200 km NSAltitude:~ 60-8848 m
Area: 147,181 km2 Length: ~850 km EWWidth: ~200 km NSAltitude:~ 60-8848 m
26º 22' N - 30º 27' N Lat. 80º 4'E - 88º 12'E Long.
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Nepal: PhysiographicNepal: Physiographic
¶Physiographic Division
Terai Region
Siwalik Region
Mahabharat Region
High Mountain Region
Higher Himalayas Region
0 120 24060 Kilometers
N E P A LN E P A LP H I S I O G R A P H I C D I V I S I O NP H I S I O G R A P H I C D I V I S I O N
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Nepal: PhysiographicNepal: Physiographic
Terai Region (Gangetic Plain)
Siwaliks Region
Middle Mountain Region
High Mountain Region
Higher Himalayas
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Nepal: ClimateNepal: Climate Tropical Climate Terai Cool temperate and alpine climateHimalayan
ranges Teraihottest part, summer temp. may rise as
high as 40oc and is hot and humid, winter temp. 7o-23oc
Mountainsmild summer with temp. around 25-27oc, sub-zero to 12oc in winter
Himalayas frigid climate Kathmandu valleypleasant climate with avg.
summer temp. of 19-27oc & 2-12oc winter temp.
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Nepal: Climate (contd.)Nepal: Climate (contd.)
Rainfall is extensive (~80% of the annual) during the south-west monsoon period (June to August) with eastern part receiving max.
In the winter, the western part receives a larger portion of rainfall
Annual PrecipitationPlain area 1500 mm or lessFoot of the Siwaliks >2000 mmNorthern side of Mahabharat 1000 mmMiddle/High Mountainfew PTN zones exceeds 5000 mmHimalayasdecreases up to 300 mm
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DHM (Dept. of Hydrology & Meteorology)DHM (Dept. of Hydrology & Meteorology)
Government Organization under Ministry of Science and Technology
Has mandate from HMG/N to monitor all hydrological and meteorological activities in Nepal
No agency is entitled to carry out such activities without a proper liaison with DHM
Member of WMO
Actively participates in the program relevant international organizations such as
UNESCO’s IHP and WMO’s OHP etc…
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DHM: ActivitiesDHM: Activities Hydrological and Meteorological activities were started in an organized manner in 1962 DHM has been upgraded to department status in 1988 Current Projects under DHM
– River Hydrology– Meteorology– Weather forecasting– Flood Forecasting– Snow & Glacier Hydrology– Tsho-Rolpa GLOF Risk Reduction Project
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DHM: Station NetworkDHM: Station Network
Station Type No.
Precipitation
Climate
Agro-met
Synoptic
Aero-Synoptic
177
68
22
9
6
Total Met. 282
Hydrometric 154
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0 120 24060 Kilometers
S T A T I O N N E T W O R KS T A T I O N N E T W O R K
#* Hydrological Station
!( Meteorological Station
DHM: Station NetworkDHM: Station Network
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Disasters Scenario (1975-2001)Disasters Scenario (1975-2001)
4% 5%61% 30%
Drought/famines
Earthquakes
Epidemics
Floods
Source: http://www.southasianfloods.org
Disaster Events
Excluding Windstorm
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Top 10 Natural DisastersTop 10 Natural Disasters
Disaster Date Killed
Earthquake 15-Jan-1934 9,040Epidemic 15-Jun-1991 1,334Flood 23-Aug-1993 1,048Epidemic Nov-1963 1,000Flood 12-Jul-1996 768Earthquake 20-Aug-1988 709Flood 29-Sep-1981 650Epidemic Apr-1992 640Slide Jul-2002 472Flood 15-Aug-1970 350
Source: http://www.cred.be/emdat/profiles/natural/nepal.htm#chronological table
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Top 10 Natural Disasters (contd.)Top 10 Natural Disasters (contd.)
Disaster Date Affected
Drought 19-May-1980 3,500,000Drought 1973 900,000Flood 23-Aug-1993 553,268Flood Aug-1987 351,000Earthquake 20-Aug-1988 301,016Earthquake 29-Jul-1980 275,600Slide Jul-2002 265,865Flood Sep-1983 200,050Flood 12-Jul-1996 151,382Slide Aug-1975 75,000
Source: http://www.cred.be/emdat/profiles/natural/nepal.htm#chronological table
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Disasters: Facts & FiguresDisasters: Facts & Figures
Types of Hazards: Drought/famines, Earthquakes,
Epidemics, Floods and Wind Storms
Largest killer: Wind Storms (88.36%, as % of
people killed due to disasters)
Most occurring disaster: Wind Storms (48.02%, as
a % of all disasters)
Largest affecter: Floods (79.59%, as % of all
affected)
Annual frequency of all disasters: 6.56
Annual frequency of wind storms: 3.15
Annual frequency of floods: 1.78 Source: http://www.southasianfloods.org
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Nature of Floods in NepalNature of Floods in Nepal
Flash Flood
Inundation of Plain Area
Urban Flooding
Source: http://www.southasianfloods.org
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DHM towards Flood ForecastingDHM towards Flood Forecasting
Wireless Data Transmission
Data Sharing with neighboring countries-India &
Bangladesh
Tsho Rolpa Risk Reduction and Early Warning
System
Initiated to calibrate easily available R-R models
HFAM
TOP, Tank, Xinanjinag, ANN, ADM etc.
Results are not encouraging for flood peaks
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ProblemsProblems
No real time data transmission
system
Flood with landslides:
Difficult to predict landslide
Scouring and siltation of river beds:
difficult to operate automatic recorder
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Tsho Rolpa Glacier LakeTsho Rolpa Glacier Lake
Length: 3.3 kmWidth: 0.5 kmMax. Depth: 122 mAvg. Depth: 55mArea: 1.65 sqkmDam Height: 150 mVolume: 90-100 million cum
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Tsho Rolpa Early Warning System: Siren in 19 VillagesTsho Rolpa Early Warning
System: Siren in 19 Villages