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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY

(7th Ed)

Chapter 13

Emotion

James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University

Worth Publishers

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Chapter 13: Emotion: A response of the whole organism &

involves… physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experienceEmotion requires mainly WHICH nervous system?

Theories of Emotion: Main ? is…. Which is cause….Which is effect?:

Does your heart pound b/c you are afraid……OR R U afraid b/c you feel your heart pounding?3 MAIN theories of emotion try to answer this: 1. James-Lange’s2. Cannon-Bard’s3. Schacter’s KNOW which is which!!!

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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Says experience of emotion is an awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

see it heart pounds feel fear

Fear(emotion)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion: Emotion = See it heart pounds + fear (together)

Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological

responses subjective

experience of emotion

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Fear(emotion)

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Schachter’s 2-Factor Theory of Emo. Says to experience emotion one must:

be physically aroused cognitively label the arousal…so emotion is…

See = heart pound + think of “fear” = fear

Cognitivelabel

“I’m afraid”

Fear(emotion)

Sight of car

(perception ofstimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

COMPARING 2 of the Theories of emotion

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Cogni. & Emot.: Brain’s emotional shortcuts Must cognition come b4 emotion? R. Zajonc says “No”… -1 way: subliminal awareness (subconsciously aware…) - shortcut fr. eye (or ear) thalamus amygdala

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Facial Feedback Hypothesis (Effect):If you make a smile w/ a pen, you will feel happier

If you make a frown-like motion, you will feel

sadder

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2 Routes to Emotion: Zajonc-LeDoux.: We can react to emotion, then think about whether to worry much about it…

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2 Dimensions (aspects) of Emotion: Can it be Pos. vs. neg. b/c of personality? “Up” & ready to perform…or stage fright?

Positivevalence

Negativevalence

Higharousal

Lowarousal

pleasantRelaxation:

Ahhh…

Joy: Yippee!!

SadnessOh, well…

fearAnger

GOOD GRIEF!!

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Emotion & Physiology: STRESS! (506):

Autonomic NS controlsphysiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Pupils dilate

Decreases

Perspires

Increases

Accelerates

Inhibits

Secrete stresshormones

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils contract

Increases

Dries

Decreases

Slows

Activates

Decreasessecretion of

stress hormones

EYES

SALIVATION

SKIN

RESPIRATION

HEART

DIGESTION

ADRENALGLANDS

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Arousal & Performance:KNOW these! Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance:

For difficult tasks:

Perform BEST at lower levels of arousal (stress)

For easy or well-learned tasks:

Perform BEST at higher levels of arousal

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Emotion: “Lie Detectors” p. 508-9

Polygraph: machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies

measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion1. perspiration2. cardiovascular3. breathing changes

Control question : Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone?

Relevant ? : Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way?

Relevant Control Lie

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Emotion--A Polygraph Exam (lie-detector): Is really an “emotion detector!”

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Emotion--Lie Detectors

Control question

Relevantquestion

Control question

Relevantquestion(a) (b)

Respiration

Perspiration

Heart rate

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Emotion--Lie Detectors

50 Innocents 50 Thieves

1/3 of innocent declared guilty

1/4 of guilty declared innocent

(from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

Percentage

Innocentpeople

Guiltypeople

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Judged innocent by polygraph

Judged guilty by polygraph

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Emotion--Lie Detectors p. 508-9 MAYBE should be called a “fear-detector” test? Why?Use in court? Since when? See “Aldrich Ames” Is 70% accuracy good?

Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty test all employee…285 will be wrongly accused

What about “95% accuracy”? Means if 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty...

test all employees (1 guilt. + 999) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive guilty (~2%)--What do we see?QUICK!! Next slide! Don’t talk! Just write down expressions YOU SEE!!!

Liar, liar, brain’s on fire  RECENT research: M. Gazzaniga:

An fMRI scan identified two brain areas that became especially active when a participant lied about holding a five of clubs. Can we use BRAIN SCANS to identify those lying..like terrorists??

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Expressed EmotionPpl detect an angry face faster than a happy one! Gender & expressiveness

Men Women

Sad Happy ScaryFilm Type

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14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

# of expressions

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Experienced vs. Expressed emotionsExpressed Emotion: “Expressions” (what we show) Culturally universal (aka cross-cultural) expressions:

Name each… P. 514: Which 2 are MOST universally interpreted? WHICH do teens often misinterpret?

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Expressed Emotion says these are the ingredients of emotion

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Experienced Emotion: What influences our conscious experience… How emotions influence our situations Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

Display Rules, Gestures, Emblems: Body Language

Display Rules: Culturally defined rules that specify which emotions should or should not be expressed under certain circumstances: Bowing vs. shaking hands

Showing anger : not done in some collectivist societies (like Japan—more likely to be inhibited

Gestures : common body language w/in a culture:

Ex’s: Clenched fist can indicate anger …or solidarity

Thumbs up/down: often used as gestures of approval/disapproval

Emblems: body language that substitutes for a word; can sometimes be unconscious; also related to cultures: PEACE!

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Experienced Emotion The Amygdala- (aka amygdale) A neural key to

fear-learning-Fear poisons us…-..is adaptive-..is learned (little

Albert?)

-..is correlated w/ higher levels of serotonin (genetic)

WHAT happens w/ excessive stress & emotion??

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Stress & the Heart: Personality Types (from ch 14)

“Type A Personality” Friedman and Rosenman’s term for

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, & anger-prone people

*Possible sub-category of “A”?? Some say there’s a.. TYPE D: Newer term:

--gets very angry, is destructive emotionally …road-rage, etc. (distressed, destructive) -A special form of Type A

Type B Friedman & Rosenman’s term for

easygoing, relaxed people (“calm-water”)

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Stress & Illness (from ch. 14)

General Adaptation Syndrome

Selye’s idea of the body’s adaptive response to stress in

3 stages:1. Alarm2. Resistance3. Exhaustion

Stressresistance

Phase 1Alarm

reaction(mobilize

resources)

Phase 2Resistance(cope w/ stressor)

Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)

The body’s resistance to stress canlast only so long before exhaustion sets in

Stressoroccurs

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Experienced Emotion:

Anger & how it affects us

Happiness? + what influences happiness…

Catharsis hypothesis: emotional release catharsis hypothesis

“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

(Good idea…….But…it doesn’t work!) Feel-good, do-good phenomenon: This does

work! people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a

good mood ALSO…if you are NOT pushed for time, you are

more likely to stop & help someone else in need

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Stress and Disease: Suppression of Immune system

Negative emotions and health-related consequences

Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,

poor nutrition and sleep)

Persistent stressorsand negative

emotions

Release of stresshormones

Heartdisease

Immunesuppression

Autonomic nervoussystem effects

(headaches,hypertension)

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Emotion: Stress & Disease

Psycho-physiological Illness “mind-body” illness…EX: stress increases

hypertension (high BP), migraines, any stress-related physical illness

some forms of hypertension (hi BP & some headaches

Is NOT hypochondriasis (thinking you are sick all the time)

Lymphocytes: 2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system B lymphocytes form in the Bone marrow

- fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes form in the Thymus

- attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

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Experienced Emotion

Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction

with life used along with measures of objective well-

being ? = “Over-all, how satisfied are you

with your life?” physical and economic indicators to

evaluate people’s quality of lifeMost ppl.—even those who lost ability to

walk, etc.– measure subjective well-being at 85% or higher.

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Adaptation-Level Phenomenon tendency to form judgments relative to a

“neutral” level: Hot? …from Minnesota VA CA ?

What is “normal” depends on our situation, what we are used to… p. 526, 1st paragraph*amt. of lights or sound … or level of income

defined by our prior experience (grass is greener?)

Relative Deprivation (being deprived) perception that one is worse off is relative to

those with whom one compares oneself Make a $million per year?? What if you are a

pro-ball player…would that seem as good? Why? Get more…then …compare to others…Why not

ME??? See cartoons, p. 526

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Experienced Emotion: Mood changes w/ time of day…

B_____Rhythms?

Moods across the day

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Experienced Emotion:What we think about what brings us happiness Changing materialism: An American

increasing desire for wealth Which is more important? Money or a

meaning in life?

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Values & life satisfaction: But which is most important? Love or money?

College students w/ highest life satisfaction scores? (below)

MoneyLove

1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00Life satisfaction

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2

-0.4

Importancescores

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Experienced Emotion

Pleasure: Where in brain is this produced?

The nucleus accumbens, in connection w/ the hypothalamus, produces our sense of pleasure—sexual, but also happiness, joy, & satisfaction

Does money buy happiness? See graph (524):

What has happened to the Amer. buying power since the ’50’s?

What has happened to % of ppl saying they are “very happy”?

Research: If you get more $$, you do tend more to happiness…temporarily…

Why? What happens???

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Happiness is... ?? (527)

Researchers Have Found ThatHappy People DO Tend to…

Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)

Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable

Have close friendships or a satisfyingmarriage

Have work and leisure that engagetheir skills

Have a meaningful religious faith

Sleep well and exercise

But Happiness Seems Not MuchRelated to Other Factors, like…

Age

Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)

Education levels

Parenthood (having children or not)

Physical attractiveness

Levels of analysis for the study of emotion As with other psychological phenomena, researchers explore emotion at biological, psychological, and social- cultural level

BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL