1 mutatis mutandis* Whence blue eyes? What’s a ‘good’ gene? Where do new ones come from?...
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Transcript of 1 mutatis mutandis* Whence blue eyes? What’s a ‘good’ gene? Where do new ones come from?...
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1mutatis mutandis*mutatis mutandis*Whence blue eyes?Whence blue eyes?
What’s a ‘good’ gene? Where do new ones What’s a ‘good’ gene? Where do new ones come from?come from?
*According to dictionary.com: the necessary changes have *According to dictionary.com: the necessary changes have been madebeen made
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2
A word on words❖ DNA sequence: The exact series of bases in a given
stretch of DNA. Examples might be
❖ GGAGAGAGATCCTA
❖ CCACACGATCGATCGATC
❖ CTGCTGCTGAAAGAGAAA
❖ Amino acid sequence the same, but names the amino acids in a stretch of protein--AKA the ____________ structure of a protein?
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Why we look Why we look differentdifferent
Yup, it’s ‘genes’Yup, it’s ‘genes’
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How much DNA in...
❖ basepairs?
❖ millimeters?
❖ copies of each gene?
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5Information flows!
http://www.csus.edu/indiv/l/loom/gene%20expr/overview.jpg
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6Mutations matter
Source: damnyouautocorrect.com
Warning: frank language & annoying site design
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7
Mutants among us
❖ Blue eyes stand up. Green too
❖ Congratulations. You’re mutants
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8Seeing eyes
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9Blinding you with Science (jargon)
❖ Gene: A stretch of DNA that represents all the information for a product as well as when and where to make the product
❖ Allele: A version (or flavor) of a gene; two alleles of the same gene my differ by a nucleotide or dozens of them--generally a small number
❖ Dominant/recessive: Two alleles enter; one allele leaves (which version manifests in the organism)
❖ NOT which version is more common!
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10You’ve seen this before
❖ What does it mean?
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
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11
Look into my eyes...
❖ or his/hers...
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12Terminology & eyes
What does it mean genetically when we say ‘brown eyes are dominant’?
Why should that be so? What do brown alleles got that blue do not?
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13Getting at the source
❖ Blue-eyed people have the same amino-acid specifying sequence for pigment production as brown-eyed.
❖ Humans have only one primary pigment production pathway that makes melanin, this colors hair, skin, eyes
❖ In other words: the same pathway ‘browns’ eyes & skin
❖ Are blue-eyed people albinos?
❖ Possibilities, please
If it’s not in the coding sequence, then...
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How did blue-eyed How did blue-eyed freaks of nature freaks of nature
arise?arise?
does it keep does it keep happening?!?happening?!?
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15Plagiarism?
❖ Assignment: what are the colors of the rainbow
❖ Finding: All 4 members of Team Awesome mis-spelled a word!
❖ Sam: Violet-Blue-Griin-Yellow-Orange-Red
❖ Sally: Violet-Blue-Green-Yallow-Orange-Red
❖ Sarah: Violet-Bloo-Green-Yellow-Orange-Red
❖ Solomon: Violet-Blue-Green-Yellow-Oringe-Red
❖ Did they plagiarize? What is the basis of your conclusion?
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16Provoking your thoughts
❖ Blue eyes arise from a DNA change that decreases creation of melanin in the eye specifically
❖ Mutation appears identical in all blue-eyed folks, suggesting single origin
❖ On green eyes --they are dominant to blue
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17
Why are y’all still here?
❖ Mutation is a good thing? Apparently blue eyes are worthwhile
❖ why might this be given that blue eyes increase risk of cataracts?*
❖ *Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 98:109-117 (2000)
❖ Dominant & recessive, revisited
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18
Raising Bruce’s blood pressure
❖ Question: How is a change in DNA sequence that happened thousands of years ago similar to a mutation?
❖ How is it different? Blue eye color in humans may be caused by a perfectly associated founder mutation in a regulatory element located within the HERC2 gene inhibiting OCA2 expression Hans Eiberg · Jesper Troelsen · Mette Nielsen · Annemette Mikkelsen · Jonas Mengel-From · Klaus W. Kjaer · Lars Hansen
Human Genetics (2008) 123:177-87
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19Why are you still Why are you still
here?here?
If bluIf blu
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20
Of mice & menOf mice & menVariety is the spice of miceVariety is the spice of mice
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21Moving to the beach
❖ mouse pigmentation is coding sequence
Fig. 25-4