1 MIXED-SPECIES BIRD FLOCKS IN SOUTHEASTERN PERU.
-
Upload
jordan-gaden -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of 1 MIXED-SPECIES BIRD FLOCKS IN SOUTHEASTERN PERU.
1
MIXED-SPECIES
BIRD FLOCKS IN
SOUTHEASTERN
PERU
Chestnut-eared Aracari
Paradise Tanager
fruit collection, Cocha Juarez
Golden-headed Manakin
Red-headed Manakin
Paullinia sp.
Chestnut-winged Hookbill
Cycloptera sp.
Typophyllum sp.
Acanthops tuberculata
Caligo sp.
snake-mimicking chrysalis
Swallowtail chrysalis
Papilio sp.
Wedge-billed Woodcreeper
MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS
Characteristics of flocks• insectivorous species
• permanent associations with jointly held territories
• understory flocks & canopy flocks
• up to 20 or more species at one time in understory flocks
• up to 30 or more species at one time in canopy flocks
• composition of core species similar from flock to flock
• one pair of each species with their young of the year
• jointly defended territory
• all species nest within the joint territory
• flock members spend their lives in the same flock
16
Advantages of Flocking
• protection from predators
• members have use of a larger exclusive area than they would be able to control individually
Barred Forest-Falcon
CORE SPECIES
UNDERSTORY MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS
Elegant WoodcreeperOlive-backed Foliage-GleanerPlain XenopsBluish-slate AntshrikeDusky-throated AntshrikeWhite-flanked AntwrenLong-winged AntwrenGray AntwrenWhite-eyed AntwrenTawny-crowned GreenletRed-crowned Ant-Tanager
SWITCHING SPECIESWedge-billed WoodcreeperOlivaceous WoodcreeperYellow-margined Flycatcher
PATCH SPECIES
Fasciated AntshrikePlain-winged AntshrikeWhite-shouldered AntshrikeSpot-winged AntshrikeGray Antbird
Buff-throated WoodcreeperPlain-throated AntwrenBlack-faced Antbird
TEMPORARY & OCCASIONAL SPECIES
CORE SPECIES
CANOPY MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS
Chestnut-shouldered AntwrenYellow-Olive FlycatcherDusky-capped GreenletWhite-winged Shrike-TanagerFlame-crested TanagerWhite-shouldered Tanager
REGULAR SPECIESWhite-fronted NunbirdOlivaceous WoodcreeperLineated WoodcreeperChestnut-winged HookbillChestnut-winged Foliage-GleanerRufous-rumped Foliage-GleanerRufous-tailed Foliage-GleanerStreaked XenopsSpot-winged AntshrikeSclater’s AntwrenPygmy AntwrenGray AntwrenOchre-bellied FlycatcherForest ElaeniaWhite-lored TyrannuletSlender-footed TyrannuletYellow-crowned TyrannuletBlack-capped BecardPink-throated BecardWhite-vented EuphoniaOrange-bellied EuphoniaRufous-bellied Euphonia
TEMPORARY SPECIESParadise TanagerGreen & Gold TanagerTurquoise TanagerOpal-crowned TanagerOpal-rumped TanagerBlue DacnisBlack-faced DacnisYellow-bellied DacnisPurple HoneycreeperGreen Honeycreeper
canopy mixed-species flock territories
understory mixed-speciesflock territories
20
Flock species are able to coexist because they exploit different niches,
foraging in slightly different manners for different types and sizes of prey.
Wedge-billed Woodcreeper
Buff-throated Woodcreeper
Red-billed Scythebill
Gray-crowned Flycatcher
Olivaceous Flatbill
Orange-bellied Euphonia
Gilded Barbet
White-winged Shrike-Tanager - canopy flock sentineland leader
male
female
Bluish-slate Antshrike - understory flock sentinel
and leader malefemale
Some Boreal Migrants That Join Mixed-Species Flocks
Blackpoll Warbler
Scarlet Tanager
Red-eyed Vireo
30
Some Austral Migrants that Join Mixed-Species Flocks
Swainson’s Flycatcher Brown-crested
Flycatcher
Greenish Elaenia
Pygiptila stellaris
Thamnophilus
schistaceus
Thamnomanes caesius
Thamnomanes
ardesiacusPygiptila, Thamnophilus & Thamnomanes Antshrikes
Myrmotherula axillaris
Myrmotherula Antwrens - part 1Myrmother
ula hauxwelli
Myrmotherlua
menetriesii
Myrmotherula
longipennis
Myrmotherula sclateri
Myrmotherula
brachyura
Myrmotherula
leucopthalmusMyrmotherula Antwrens - part 2
Philydor & Automolus Foliage-Gleaners
Philydor erythrocerc
um
Automolusinfuscatus
OrnateAntwren
OrnateAntwren
WarblingAntbird
StriatedAntbird
OrnateAntwren
Ihering’sAntwren
PeruvianRecurvebill
Dusky-cheekedFoliage-gleaner
Rufous-headedWoodpecker
Red-billedScythebill
Brown-rumpedFoliage-gleaner
BambooAntshrike
WarblingAntbird
ManuAntbird
Goeldi’sAntbird
Cabanis’Spinetail
Large-headedFlatbill
Dusky-tailedFlatbill
FlammulatedPygmy-Tyrant
White-cheekedTody-Tyrant
Long-crestedPygmy-Tyrant
RufousTwistwing
Red-eyedVireo
Scarlet Tanager
Blackpoll Warbler - adult male
Blackpoll Warbler
Eastern Kingbird
Swainson’s Thrush
Green and Gold Tanager
Schizolobium sp.
Chorisia insignis and Schizolobium sp.
ground level
subcanopy -21 meters
above ground
canopy view at InkaTerra’s Reserva Amazonica (formerly Cuzco-Amazonica)
structure of a tropical rainforest
A giantCeiba pentandra -
Silk-cotton or Kapok Tree
at Tres Chimbadas
An emergent Brazil Nut tree at Explorer’s Inn
mass of lianas on a tree trunk
vine-covered trunk
Rufous Motmot
Squirrel Cuckoo
White-necked
Puffbird
Common Potoo
Combretum assimile
Gould’s Jewelfront
Orange-cheeked Parrot
Red and Green Macaw
Purple Honeycreeper
Chorisia insignis