1 Major Chemical Components of the Living Organisms 2011
Transcript of 1 Major Chemical Components of the Living Organisms 2011
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MAJOR CHEMICAL
COMPONENTS
OF THE LIVING ORGANISMS
Medical Biochemistry
Molecular Principles of Structural Organization of Cells
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
In the human organism there are 70 elements of the Periodic Table,
which may be divided in four groups:
Macrobiogenic elements (>1%) O, C, N, H, Ca, P.
Oligobiogenic elements (0,1-1%) Na, K, Cl, S, Mg, Fe.
Microbiogenic elements (
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Organic compounds. Different cells can vary in the content ofproteins, nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides, for example: Liver and muscle cells are rich in polysaccharides
Fat tissue cells are rich in lipids
Animal cells are rich in proteins and rather depleted in nucleic acids ascompared with plant cells
The watercontent is different 40% in plant cells, fat cells
99% in medusa
Inorganic compounds are in small number but have vital functions inthe organism
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Cell
Cellular organelles
(nuclei, mitochondria,etc)
Enzymes complexes, ribosomes, nucleoli, contractile system
Conjugated proteins:
Glycoproteins, Lipoproteins, Phosphoproteins, Nucleoproteins, Metalproteins, Chromoproteins
Polyglucides Lipids
Proteins
(apoenzymes) Nucleic acids Components ofprotein macromolecules
(heme, coenzymes)
MonosesFatty acids
Alcohols(glycerol, sterols, sphingosine
Aminoacids Mononucleotides
Intermediary metabolites
Inorganic compounds
LEVELS OF MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF CELL
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WATER
Is indispensable for life due to its unique physical and chemicalproperties and importance for biological activity of living organisms
Content 45-75% of the total body mass depends on age (new born 75%, >50years 45-50%)
the content varies depending on the metabolic processes in the specifiedtissue (10% in the fat tissue, 65-70% in other tissues, 80% in the bloodand kidney)
maintained at the necessary level through intake (2 liters/day) or producedin the metabolic processes (0.3 liters/day)
Distribution: In the cells (intracellular)
Outside the cells
extracellular fluids (12-16%),
blood plasma (5%),
lymph (2%)
Within closed cavities (intra-cavity water)(1-3%): cerebrospinal fluid,intraocular, pericardial, synovial fluid etc
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WATER
Functions:
Dissolution and stabilization of biological molecules and ions in the fluids ofthe organisms
Heat balance control - uptake, conservation, distribution and release of heat
Transport supply of nutrients and excretion of waste products
Mechanical (by hydration) assistance in maintaining intracellular pressureand shape of cells
Structural
forming an interlayer between the polar ends of protein and lipids
in biological membranes
Synthetic (anabolic) substrate in the synthesis of biological compounds
Hydrolytic (catabolic) substrate in the bond-breaking processes
Energetic (electron donating)
The cell functions are dependent on: The total amount of intra and extracellular water
Hydration of sub-cellular structures
Aqueous microenvironment of macromolecules
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INORGANIC IONS
Ions Plasma (%) Extracellular (%) Intracellular (%)
Cations Na+ 92.2 94.0 7.5
K+ 3.0 2.7 75.0
Ca2+ 3.0 2.0 2.5
Mg2+ 1.3 1.3 15.0
Total 100% 100% 100%
Anions Cl- 69.0 76.0 7.5
HCO3- 17.0 19.3 5.0
PO3
2- 1.4 1.4 50.0
SO42- 0.6 0.7 10.0
organic 2.0 2.0 2.5
protein 10.0 0.6 25.0
Total 100% 100% 100%
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INORGANIC IONS
Functions Bioelectric functions development of potential difference across the cell
membrane (neurons, muscle cells)
Osmotic functions control of osmotic and hydro-osmotic pressure
Structural metal ions constituents of macromolecules (proteins, heme)
Regulatory cations exert regulatory actiondirectly binding to enzymes, influencing their activity and rate of the chemicalreactions in the cell, or
Indirectly, influencing the hormonal regulation
Transportelectrons are transported by the cytochromes, enzymes containing Fe2+ or Fe3+ andCu2+;
oxygen is bound to Fe2+
in the structure of hemoglobin Energetic inorganic phosphate in ATP
Mechanical (support) Ca and P ions are constituents of bones (strength)
Synthetic complex molecules contain I- (hormones), SO42- (ester sulfuric
compounds)