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Transcript of 1 Macromolecules Voc4 song…3:41 min. Voc4 .
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MacromoleculesMacromoleculeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt9u7CfVoc4song…3:41 min.song…3:41 min.
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Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds
• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.
• MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.
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Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in
outer shell.
• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.
• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)
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Carbon is a Versatile Atom
•It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight
Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds Copyright Cmassengale
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Carbon is a Versatile Atom
•It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight
Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds Copyright Cmassengale
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Hydrocarbons
•The simplest carbon compounds …
Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms
Copyright Cmassengale
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Carbon can use its bonds to::
•Attach to other carbons
Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons
Copyright Cmassengale
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Functional Groups are:
• Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach
Gained Electrons Lost ElectronsCopyright Cmassengale
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Common Functional Groups
Copyright Cmassengale
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MacromoleculesMacromolecules
• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.• Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.• Made up of smaller “building block
s” called MONOMERSMONOMERS.• Examples:Examples:
1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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Question:Question:How Are How Are
MacromolecMacromolecules ules
Formed?Formed?
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Answer:Answer: Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis
• Also called ““condensation condensation reactionreaction””
• Forms polymerspolymers by combining monomersmonomers by ““removing wateremoving waterr ””.
HO H
HO HO HH
H2O
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Linking MonomersCells link monomers by a process
called condensation or dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of
water)
This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double
sugar
Remove H
Remove OH
H2O Forms
Copyright Cmassengale
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Question:Question: How are How are
Macromolecules Macromolecules separated or separated or
digested?digested?
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Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis
•Separates monomersmonomers by ““adding wateradding water””
HO HO HH
HO H
H2O
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Breaking Down Polymers
• Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water)
Water added to split a double sugar
Copyright Cmassengale
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CarbohydratCarbohydrateses
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules.
• Examples:Examples:A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide
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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharide: one sugar Monosaccharide: one sugar
unitunit
Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribosedeoxyribose
riboseribose
FructoseFructose
GalactoseGalactose
glucoseglucose
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Monosaccharides:• Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactoseHave the same
chemical, but different structural formulas
C6H12O6
Copyright Cmassengale
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Monosaccharides:• Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactoseHave the same chemical, but different structural formulas
C6H12O6
Copyright Cmassengale
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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDisaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples: Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose)– Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)– Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
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Disaccharides
•A disaccharide is a double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharidesInvolves removing a water molecule (condensation)Bond called a GLYCOSIDIC bond
Copyright Cmassengale
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Disaccharides
•Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose
Maltose is composed of 2 glucose moleculesLactose is made of galactose + glucose
GLUCOSE
Copyright Cmassengale
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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)
glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
cellulosecellulose
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Polysaccharides
•Complex carbohydrates
Composed of many sugar monomers linked togetherPolymers of monosaccharide chains
Copyright Cmassengale
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Starch• Starch is an example of a
polysaccharide in plants
Plant cells store starch for energy
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet
Copyright Cmassengale
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Glycogen• Glycogen is an example
of a polysaccharide in animals
Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
Glycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers
Copyright Cmassengale
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Glycogen• Glycogen is an example
of a polysaccharide in animals
Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
Glycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers
Copyright Cmassengale
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLX3jEHPET8
• “What are carbohydrates?”• 2:56 min.
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LipidsLipids
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LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which are not not
soluble in watersoluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solventsare soluble in hydrophobic solvents.• Remember:Remember: ““stores the most energystores the most energy””• Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats
2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides
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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:
1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)
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LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:
ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
fatty acids
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see these on
food labels:
1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)
2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
saturatedsaturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
unsaturated
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Fats in Organisms• Most animal fats have a high
proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)
Copyright Cmassengale
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Fats in Organisms• Most plant oils tend to be low in
saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)
Copyright Cmassengale
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Triglyceride• Monomer of lipids
Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chainsGlycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat Organic
Alcohol (-OL ending)
Copyright Cmassengale
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Triglyceride
Glycerol Fatty Acid Chains
Copyright Cmassengale
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Lipids & Cell Membranes
• Cell membranes are made of lipids called phospholipids
• Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (hydrophilic)
• Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)
Copyright Cmassengale
• “Lipid structure and function”• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESPNq
KUluRs• 2:50 min.
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ProteinsProteins
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Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)
• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).
• Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions
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Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein Four levels of protein structure:structure:
A.A. Primary StructurePrimary Structure
B.B. Secondary Structure Secondary Structure
C.C. Tertiary Structure Tertiary Structure
D.D. Quaternary Structure Quaternary Structure
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20 Amino Acid Monomers
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Structure of Amino Acids•Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it:
Amino group –NH2
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen -H
Side group -R
Amino
group
Carboxylgroup
R group
Side groups
Leucine -hydrophobic
Serine-hydrophillic
Copyright Cmassengale
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Linking Amino Acids
•Cells link amino acids together to make proteins
The process is called condensation or dehydrationPeptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together
Carboxyl
Amino
Side Group
Dehydration Synthesis
Peptide BondCopyright Cmassengale
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Primary StructureAmino acids bonded
together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
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Primary Protein Structure
The primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
Called polypeptide
Amino Acid
Copyright Cmassengale
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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure
• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary primary structurestructure into coilscoils and pleatspleats held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.
• Two examples:Two examples:
Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and
foldedfolded into a more complex 3-D more complex 3-D arrangementarrangement of joined poypeptides
• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)bridges (S-S)
• Call a ““subunitsubunit””..
Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
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Quaternary Quaternary StructureStructure
•Composed of 2 or more “subunits”•Globular in shape•Form in Aqueous environments•Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)
subunitssubunits
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Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it
no longer worksCooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures
Copyright Cmassengale
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Other Important Proteins
• Blood sugar level is controlled by a protein called insulin
• Insulin causes the liver to uptake and store excess sugar as Glycogen
• The cell membrane also contains proteins
• Receptor proteins help cells recognize other cells
Copyright Cmassengale
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Other Important Proteins
• Blood sugar level is controlled by a protein called insulin
• Insulin causes the liver to uptake and store excess sugar as Glycogen
• The cell membrane also contains proteins
• Receptor proteins help cells recognize other cells
Copyright Cmassengale
• “What is a Protein?”• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFI
McxZNM• 3;38 min.
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Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids
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Copyright Cmassengale
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) strand)
• Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.
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Nucleic AcidsNitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Phosphategroup
Thymine (T)
Sugar(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
BaseSugar
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
NucleotideCopyright Cmassengale
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Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer
Copyright Cmassengale
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Nucleic Acids
Copyright Cmassengale
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:
phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)
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Bases•Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
–Adenine (A)
–Guanine (G)
–Thymine (T)
–Cytosine (C)
Copyright Cmassengale
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DNA - double helixDNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A
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DNA
•Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix Base
pair
Double helix
Copyright Cmassengale
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RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
•Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group
It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or U)
Sugar (ribose)
Phosphategroup
Uracil
Copyright Cmassengale
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ATP – Cellular Energy• ATP is used by cells for
energy• Adenosine triphosphate• Made of a nucleotide with 3
phosphate groups
Copyright Cmassengale
ATP – Cellular Energy• Energy is stored in the chemical
bonds of ATP• The last 2 phosphate bonds are HIGH
ENERGY• Breaking the last phosphate bond
releases energy for cellular work and produces ADP and a free phosphate
• ADP (adenosine Diphosphate) can be rejoined to the free phosphate to make more ATP
Copyright Cmassengale 69
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY
• Bozeman..10:46• “The molecules of Life”
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