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Transcript of 1 Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography Basics Amber Cook Walden University Online Writing...
1
Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography Basics
Amber Cook
Walden University
Online Writing Center
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Housekeeping• Muting
• Questions
• Tech trouble? http://support.citrixonline.com/en_US/GoToTraining
• Recording: http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/415.htm
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Alternative Names
Shorthand
1. annotated bib = annotated bibliography2. annotation = part of annotated bibliography3. lit review = literature review
•
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Annotated Bibliography
Annotate: “to make or furnish critical or
explanatory notes or comment”
Bibliography: “the history, identification, or
description of writings or publications”
(Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, 2012)
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Annotations at Walden
• KAM Depth section• Course assignments• Prewriting for large projects
(optional)
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Annotated Bibliography
• The format of an annotated bibliography varies by assignment
• Typical format is an alphabetized list, with reference entries followed by annotations.– Alphabetized by author– No headings– Brief
Be sure to ask your instructor about any alternative expectations for your specific assignment.
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Annotated Bibliography
APACommon Reference Examples
Remember to use APA format for reference entries, just like in a typical reference list.
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Annotated Bibliography
An annotation (usually) has three components:
Each component normally appears as its own
paragraph within the annotation.
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1. Summary Paragraph
You will want to answer some or all of the following questions:
• What is the topic and purpose of the study?• What actions did the researcher perform and
why?• What were the methods?• What was the theoretical basis?• What were the conclusions?
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1. Summary Paragraph
• Take careful factual notes while reading• Use the past tense– Smith and Jones found…• Use your own words (not the abstract of the
article)• Focus on purpose, methods and findings.
Remember, you don’t have to include everything.
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1. Summary Paragraph
Thompson, Kirk, and Brown conducted a study to determine how burnout and emotional exhaustion of female police officers affect their family environment based upon role ambiguity and role overload. Thompson et al. mailed out surveys to 1,081 female police officers employed by the Australian State Police; however, only 421 surveys were useable. The researchers predicted that supervisor support would reduce role stressors and emotional exhaustion and improve family cohesion and conflict. They found a relationship between supervisor support and reduced role stressors, family functioning, and emotional exhaustion, but did not find a correlation between coworker support and work stress. Thompson et al. suggested that further research is needed on how emotional exhaustion affects family stressors in policewoman.
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2. Critique/Analysis Paragraph
You will want to answer some or all the following questions:
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the article?– Methodology, language, organization, detail
• What, if any, information is missing?• Is researcher bias present? • Is the article scholarly or generalizable? Why or why
not?
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2. Critique/Analysis Paragraph
• Take questioning notes while reading.• Break it up: Focus first on strengths and then
on weaknesses.• Start with your overall view and then get
more specific as you go through the paragraph.
• Do not feel the need to be “nice.”
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2. Critique/Analysis Paragraph
Although Masterson et al. made a significant contribution to the field of police research, the article had several limitations. First, the researchers chose a small and specialized sample that did not include policewomen or other minorities. Second, the researchers potentially influenced results by asking leading questions in the interviews and focus group meetings. Therefore, further research is needed with a wider demographic range and completely impartial interviewers.
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3. Application Paragraph
You will want to answer some or all of the following questions:
• Does this article fill a gap in literature?• How does the study apply to your KAM?• Is the article universal?• How does it inform your professional field?
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3. Application Paragraph
• Jot down three things you’ve learned from reading the article. Use these to write about the overall value.
• Ask yourself• How the source is different than others in
the same field or on the same topic.• How the source informs your future
research.
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3. Application Paragraph
This study was valuable to understanding the relationship between employees’ views of change and the coping mechanisms used. Based on the results, the business sector should reinforce positive emotions to reduce withdrawal and increase commitment to the change. This implication aligns with Kotter’s 8-step change model emphasizing the positive and reinforcing employees for their efforts. This study, as well as Kotter’s model, will serve as the basis for the Business Change Strategy of my Application.
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Annotated Bibliography vs. Literature Review
Annotated bibliography
=precursor to a
literature review
Literature review
= foundation for one’s research
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Literature Review
A literature review:• overviews your chosen
topic or field• demonstrates your depth
of knowledge• supports/guides future
research
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Literature Review
What is not a literature review?
• A collection of source summaries or abstracts• A copy/paste of annotations• A discussion of your opinions on a topic
Instead, your job as the writer is to synthesize the literature to create that foundation for your research or argument.
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Literature Review
What is synthesis?
• Identifying patterns among the sources• Critically discussing strengths/weaknesses
of the sources or in the field• Comparing and contrasting the authors’
findings• Interpreting what is known in your field and
what is missing
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Literature Review
Remember:• No required formatting• An introduction and conclusion• Avoid overreliance on quotes/
paraphrases
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Literature Review
…by author (bad)
•Limits a paragraph to one source•Does not allow for direct comparison•Tends to come across as a series of “book reports”
…by theme (good)
•Allows for a unique organization•Can have the authors “talk to each other”•Demonstrates the writer’s analysis of the literature
Organize…
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Literature Review
When organized by theme, writers can also
use headings and comparative terms within
the text.
• Headings– Cue your reader to organization and changing topics– Note subtopics of themes
• Comparative terms– Demonstrate where authors agree or disagree – Highlight your interpretation of the authors’ findings
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Literature Review
Example Synthesis
As Stragalas (2010) argued, sharing specific details about the change will help to eliminate any difficulties. Steele-Johnson et al. (2010) echoed these sentiments when they reported that revealing all of the details about a change process can help those involved better understand and support the change. Steele-Johnson et al. also asserted that a high level of transparency during the change can help those involved prepare for and welcome the change. Similarly, Nahata et al. (2010) showed that transparency through excessive communication can allow for a wider range of acceptance of the change.
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Literature Review
Literature Review MatricesMatrices are documents that allow you to
compile details about your sources and begin to
note similarities among the authors.
• Theoretical framework• Methodology• Conclusions• Implications or need for future research
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Literature Review
Example Matrix
Example matrices on Writing Center website: http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/50.htm
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Literature Review
Zotero Reference Manager
While a matrix can help you make connections between your sources, the software Zotero can help you store and organize your references.
Library website and Zotero information: http://libraryguides.waldenu.edu/zotero
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Literature Review Help
• Library Resources– Guide to Literature Reviews– Literature Review Appointments
• Writing Center Lit Review page• Writing a Lit Review Course
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Recap
• Annotated Bibliographies– Summary, analysis, and application– See assignment details for particulars
• Literature Reviews– Synthesis, not summary– Themes, not authors
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References
Merriam-Webster. (2012). Annotate [Dictionary definition]. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/annotate
Merriam-Webster. (2012). Bibliography [Dictionary definition]. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bibliography
(He just checked out
our Common Reference
List Examples page.) →