1 Life Expectancy, Aging, & Centenarian Research Carolyn R. Fallahi, Ph. D.
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Transcript of 1 Life Expectancy, Aging, & Centenarian Research Carolyn R. Fallahi, Ph. D.
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Life Expectancy, Life Expectancy, Aging, & Centenarian Aging, & Centenarian
ResearchResearch
Carolyn R. Fallahi, Ph. D.Carolyn R. Fallahi, Ph. D.
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How has the life span How has the life span changed?changed?
2020thth Century = 65 years old. Century = 65 years old. Definition of Life span = upper Definition of Life span = upper
boundary of life, the maximum boundary of life, the maximum number of years an individual can number of years an individual can live.live.
What is the maximum theoretically?What is the maximum theoretically?
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Average Life ExpectancyAverage Life Expectancy
MalesMales FemalesFemales What influences when we will die?What influences when we will die? Sex differences associated with Sex differences associated with
longevity.longevity.
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What are the predictors of What are the predictors of psychological longevity?psychological longevity?
Louis Terman 1921 – termite studyLouis Terman 1921 – termite study Freidman et al (1995) – analysis of Freidman et al (1995) – analysis of
the “termites”the “termites” Looked at:Looked at:
– Effects of personalityEffects of personality– Stressful life eventsStressful life events– Health-related behaviorsHealth-related behaviors
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Divided stress Divided stress
Parental divorce in childhoodParental divorce in childhood Marital instability in adulthoodMarital instability in adulthood Both were found to be good Both were found to be good
predictors of the age of death.predictors of the age of death. More explanationMore explanation
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CentenariansCentenarians
1980 = 15,0001980 = 15,000 2000 = 77,0002000 = 77,000 2050 = 834,0002050 = 834,000 Why?Why? Segerber (1982) study looking at Segerber (1982) study looking at
1,200 centenarians1,200 centenarians
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Duke Longitudinal StudyDuke Longitudinal Study
Palmore (1982)Palmore (1982) Longitudinal study over a 25 year Longitudinal study over a 25 year
periodperiod 270 volunteers270 volunteers Physical, marital, social, laboratory Physical, marital, social, laboratory
taskstasks Best predictors of longetivity?Best predictors of longetivity?
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The Nun StudyThe Nun Study
David SnowdonDavid Snowdon 678 nuns from a convent in 678 nuns from a convent in
MinnesotaMinnesota Tests included cognitive & physical Tests included cognitive & physical
functioning & they will donate their functioning & they will donate their brains upon death.brains upon death.
What did they find?What did they find?
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Theories of AgingTheories of Aging
Cellular Clock Theory: Leonard Hayflick Cellular Clock Theory: Leonard Hayflick (1977) theory.(1977) theory.– A microbiological theory of agingA microbiological theory of aging– Cells can divide a maximum number of Cells can divide a maximum number of
timestimes– Dividing ability decreases with ageDividing ability decreases with age– Upper limit?Upper limit?– New research since Hayflick’s theoryNew research since Hayflick’s theory
Tips of the chromosomes - telomeres Tips of the chromosomes - telomeres TelomeraseTelomerase
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Free Radical TheoryFree Radical Theory
Also a microbiological theory of agingAlso a microbiological theory of aging Cells metabolize energy.Cells metabolize energy. Cells generate waste that includes Cells generate waste that includes
unstable oxygen molecules = free unstable oxygen molecules = free radicals.radicals.
Free radicals = damage within the Free radicals = damage within the cell structure.cell structure.
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Mitochondrial TheoryMitochondrial Theory
Mitochondria = tiny cellular bodies Mitochondria = tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for functioning, that supply energy for functioning, growth, and repair.growth, and repair.
Why does mitochondria decay?Why does mitochondria decay?– Oxidative damageOxidative damage– Loss of micronutrients supplied by the Loss of micronutrients supplied by the
cellcell– Free radicalsFree radicals– Evidence for this theory?Evidence for this theory?
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Hormonal Stress TheoryHormonal Stress Theory
Aging at the hormonal level = lower Aging at the hormonal level = lower resistance & increased diseaseresistance & increased disease
Evidence: HPA or hypothalamic-Evidence: HPA or hypothalamic-pituitary – adrenal axis plays a role in pituitary – adrenal axis plays a role in aging.aging.
What happens to the HPA as we age?What happens to the HPA as we age?
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Which one is correct?Which one is correct?
We really don’t know.We really don’t know. Maybe all of them are involved.Maybe all of them are involved.