1 Lesson 3 Measurement & Attitude Scales in Marketing Research.
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Transcript of 1 Lesson 3 Measurement & Attitude Scales in Marketing Research.
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Lesson 3Measurement & Attitude Scales in Marketing Research
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Lesson outline:Considerations in Choosing a Question-Response Format
Some Basic Concepts in Measurement
The Four Types of Scales used by Marketing Researchers
Reliability & Validity of Measurements
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Basic Question-Response Formats
Designing a questionnaire can be compared with Backstreet Boys composing a song, or Vincent Van Gogh painting a landscape… it requires creativity!There are however, some basic aspects to questionnaire should be taken into considerationThere are basically three basic question-response formats for a researcher to choose
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BASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATSBASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATS
(1) Open-Ended Response Format QuestionsUnprobedProbed Format
(2) Closed-Ended Response Format QuestionsDichotomousMultiple Category
(3) Scaled-Response Format QuestionsLabeledUnlabeled
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(1) Open-Ended Response Format QuestionsUnprobed
Probed Format
There is no response options for the respondent
Respondent is instructed to respond in his/her own words
The response naturally depends on the topic
BASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATSBASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATS
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(1) Open-Ended Response Format Questions
Unprobed OR Probed Format
An unprobed format seeks no additional information from the respondent
When the researcher wants comments or statements or simply wants the respondent to indicate the name of a brand or the name of a movie or store – he uses a probed format
BASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATSBASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATS
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(1) Open-Ended Response Format Questions
Unprobed
Q1 ‘What do you think of the latest Nokia mobile phone?’
‘I don’t like it!.’
BASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATSBASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATS
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BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSFORMATS
(1) Open-Ended Response Format Questions
Probed Format
‘Did you watch F4 in concert last week?
‘Yes’
What do you think of the concert?’
‘It was terrible!’
Why was it terrible?
‘They danced funny and their dressing were so obiang!’
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BASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATSBASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATS
(2) (2) Closed-Ended Response Format QuestionsProvides response options to questions
Can be Dichotomous OR Multiple Category
A dichotomous close ended question has only two response options, e.g. ‘yes’ or ‘no’, ‘agree’ or ‘disagree’If there are more than two options for the response, then the researcher is using a multiple category closed-ended question
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BASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATSBASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATS
(2) Examples:
DichotomousDo you agree or disagree with the statement ‘Nokia handphones are more durable than Motorola handphones?
Multiple CategoryIf you were to buy a handphone tomorrow, which brand would you be most likely to purchase? Would it be: (a) Nokia (b) Motorola c) Ericsson (d) Siemens (e) National Panasonic (f) other brands?
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BASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATSBASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATS
(3) Scaled-Response Format QuestionsLabeled OR Unlabeled
A Scaled-Response question uses a scale developed by the researcher to measure the attributes
The response options are identified on the questionnaire
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BASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATSBASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATS
(3) Scaled-Response Format QuestionsLabeled scaled-response format uses a
scale in which all of the scale positions are identified with some descriptors
Eg. Do you strongly disagree, disagree, agree or strongly agree with the statement “Nokia handphones are of better value than Motorola handphones?”
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BASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATSBASIC QUESTION-BASIC QUESTION-RESPONSE FORMATSRESPONSE FORMATS
(3) (3) Scaled-Response Format QuestionsFor Unlabeled scaled-response format,
the scale may be purely numerical and only end-points of the scale are identified
E.g. On the scale of 1 to 5, how do you rate the Nokia handphone on the ease of operation?
(1 = very easy to 5 = very difficult)
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Labeled scaled-response format
Marketing Research is an interesting subject
Strongly DisagreeAgreeStrongly Agree Disagree
1 2 3 4
Unlabeled scaled-response format
In choosing a Poly, it must have modern teaching facilities
Not Important at all V. Important
1 2 3 4 5
MORE EXAMPLES…
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Pros & Cons of Alternative Response Formats
Example:Unprobed open-ended question+ allows respondents to use his/her own
words- Difficult to code and interpretProbed open-ended question+ able to get complete answers- Difficult to code and interpret
Please read Chapter 9 page 305 for more details!
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CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING A QUESTION RESPONSE FORMAT
CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING A QUESTION RESPONSE FORMAT
Correct Format!Correct Format!
Nature of the Property being Measured
Previous Research Studies
Data Collection Mode
Ability of the Respondent
Scale Level Desired
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Nature of the Property Being Measured
The inherent nature of the response often determines the question-response format
For instance, if the F4 pop group wants to know if the respondents have seen their last MTV, the only answers are ‘yes’, ‘no’ and perhaps ‘do not recall.’But if Kit Kat wants to know how much consumers like their new chocolate bar, then a scaled-response approach is better
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Previous Research Studies
Sometimes a survey follows an earlier one, and there may be a desire to compare new findings with the previous survey
Researchers may want to try to use question formats that are tried and used before, proven to be reliable and valid and suits the purpose of the current study, it is then a good practice to adopt or adapt it rather than ‘re-inventing the wheel’
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Data Collection ModeSome data collection modes are better suited for certain question formats
It can be difficult to administer certain types of response formats (e.g. scaled response type) over the telephone as some require detailed explanation before the respondent can envision the response-scale items
However, mail or other self-administered questionnaires accommodates scaled-response questions well because the respondent can see the response categories on the questionnaire itself
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Ability of the RespondentSome respondents may relate better to one type of response format than another
For instance, if the respondent is not as articulate or may be reluctant to verbalize their opinions, open-ended option is not a wise move
Some respondents may not be used to rating objects on numerical scales (unlabeled format). It is then appropriate to use a label format, or perhaps to move back to a ‘yes’ ‘no’ dichotomous closed-ended question format
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Scale Level Desired
If response options are simply ‘yes’ or ‘no’, the researcher can report the percentages - (60% answered ‘yes’, 40% answered ‘no’)
But if the question asks how many times respondents used an ATM machine during the past month, the researcher could calculate an average number of times e.g. 8.5 times a month
An average is different from a percent, dichotomous yes-no response is less informative than a scaled-response option such as ‘0’, ‘1’ or ‘2’…
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Basic Concepts in Measurement
In research, what are we really measuring?We are measuring ‘properties’ – ‘attributes’ or ‘qualities’ – of objectsObjects refer to consumers, brands, stores, advertisements or whatever of interests to the researcher in the research projectProperties are the specific features or characteristics of an object that can be used to distinguish it from another objectIn research, measurement is determining HOW MUCH of a property is possessed by an object
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MEASUREMENT IN MARKETING RESEARCH
Basic Concepts in MeasurementBasic Concepts in Measurement
• Objective PropertiesObjective Properties
• Subjective PropertiesSubjective Properties
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MEASUREMENT IN MEASUREMENT IN MARKETING RESEARCHMARKETING RESEARCH
Objective properties are physically verifiable characteristics such as age, income, gender, race, number of times xxx etc. Easy to measure
Sometimes market researcher often desire to measure subjective properties which cannot be directly observed e.g. a person’s attitudes, beliefs or intentions
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MARKETING RESEARCH DONE MARKETING RESEARCH DONE BY A DRINK MANUFACTURERBY A DRINK MANUFACTURER
Object Mr. Kiasu Ms. Heow
PropertiesAge 20 32Annual Income $40,000 $25,000Gender Male FemaleCanned DrinkLast bought Coca-cola PepsiEvaluationOf ‘our’ brand Good FairIntention to buyOur brand Strong Weak
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Levels of Measurement of Scales
4 typesNominal Scale – using only labels/characteristics of descriptionsOrdinal Scale – ability to rank-orderInterval Scale – distance between descriptor is knownRatio Scale – ones in which a true zero origin exists
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Nominal Scaled Question
Please indicate your housing type 1) HDB 2) Private Apts
Please indicate your gender 1) Male 2) Female
Ordinal Scaled Question
Please rank your preference of the following mobile phone
brands (1 – most preferred to 3 – least preferred)
Nokia _____
Motorola _____
Siemens _____
In your opinion, can you say the prices of NTUC are
_____ higher than Carrefour
_____ about the same as Carrefour
_____ lower than Carrefour
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Very Poor Very Good
Toyota 1 2 3 4 5
Mitsubishi 1 2 3 4 5
Nissan 1 2 3 4 5
Interval Scaled Questions
Please rate each car brand in terms of its overall performance
Ratio Scaled Questions
1. Please indicate your weight. _______ kg
2. About how many times have you spend more than $10 in
NTUC last week?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7 (please specify_____)
3. What’s the probability that you will take a cab if you want
go to Orchard Road?
_______ percent