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Transcript of 1 Lecturer: Hongqiangli Email:[email protected] Tel:13469444408.
22
Lesson One
Introduciton&Internet&IAQ
3
Introduciton1
HVAC&Internet2
Indoor air quality research trends and future challenges33
Topics
Text and words learning4
4
• (1) Questions ① Why should we have to learn? ② What should we have to learn? ③ How should we learn?
• (1) Questions ① Why should we have to learn? ② What should we have to learn? ③ How should we learn?
• My answer• Important• Professional English• By heart
• My answer• Important• Professional English• By heart
Topic one: Introduciton
5
• (2) Characters & Differences beteween three kinds • (2) Characters & Differences beteween three kinds
Topic one: Introduciton
English for General PurposeEnglish for Science and TechnologyProfessional English
科技英语与普通英语的区别: 语言由语音、词汇、语法三个基本要素构成,科技英语与通用英语在这三方面基本相同,但因其是在科技领域中长期使用的产物,于是在词汇、语法等方面逐渐形成了自己的特点。
科技英语与普通英语的区别: 语言由语音、词汇、语法三个基本要素构成,科技英语与通用英语在这三方面基本相同,但因其是在科技领域中长期使用的产物,于是在词汇、语法等方面逐渐形成了自己的特点。
普通英语:科技英语:专业英语 :
普通英语
科技英语
专业英语
6
• (2) Characters & Differences beteween three kinds • (2) Characters & Differences beteween three kinds
Topic one: Introduciton
例: 我那辆老吉普车终于发动起来了
不同译法 Finally, my old jeep started.
Finally, the engine of my old jeep started.
Finally, my ancient jeep coughed to life.
例: 我那辆老吉普车终于发动起来了
不同译法 Finally, my old jeep started.
Finally, the engine of my old jeep started.
Finally, my ancient jeep coughed to life.
了解和掌握这些特点,有助于:
提高阅读速度 正确理解内容
加深表达认识 改善交流能力
了解和掌握这些特点,有助于:
提高阅读速度 正确理解内容
加深表达认识 改善交流能力
7
• Vocabulary Characters• Vocabulary Characters
Topic one: Introduciton
① 为了用词准确,科技英语多用词义专一且稳定的词,尽量避免含糊不清或一词多义的现象;
absorb ---- take in accelerate ---- speed up
release ---- set free emerge ---- come out
survive ---- stay alive
maximum ---- greatest approximately ---- about
① 为了用词准确,科技英语多用词义专一且稳定的词,尽量避免含糊不清或一词多义的现象;
absorb ---- take in accelerate ---- speed up
release ---- set free emerge ---- come out
survive ---- stay alive
maximum ---- greatest approximately ---- about
8
• Vocabulary Characters• Vocabulary Characters
Topic one: Introduciton
② 科技(专业)英语涉及较多专业词汇,与普通英语在含义上差别较大;
chilled water
condenser water
heat pump
renewable energy
② 科技(专业)英语涉及较多专业词汇,与普通英语在含义上差别较大;
chilled water
condenser water
heat pump
renewable energy
冷冻水
冷却水
热泵
可再生能源
9
• Vocabulary Characters• Vocabulary Characters
Topic one: Introduciton
③ 许多专门的科学术语,在某一领域内使用一段时间后,往往以缩略形式出现。
HVAC
GSHP
③ 许多专门的科学术语,在某一领域内使用一段时间后,往往以缩略形式出现。
HVAC
GSHP
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Ground Source Heat pump
10
• Grammar Characters• Grammar Characters
Topic one: Introduciton
① 为了准确、清晰地反映事物间的内在联系,在语句中必然大量使用各种短语、从句等,目的是使各部分的关系明 确,含义清楚、表达全面,因此长句是科技英语的特点之一;
例:
In fact, the generally accepted theory now is that the production of rain depends upon the presence of particles in the air, which serves as nuclei about which the drops may form.
① 为了准确、清晰地反映事物间的内在联系,在语句中必然大量使用各种短语、从句等,目的是使各部分的关系明 确,含义清楚、表达全面,因此长句是科技英语的特点之一;
例:
In fact, the generally accepted theory now is that the production of rain depends upon the presence of particles in the air, which serves as nuclei about which the drops may form.
11
• Grammar Characters• Grammar Characters
Topic one: Introduciton
② 为了客观地叙述各种现象及其内在的联系,避免主观成分,被动式在科技英语中比在其他环境中使用得更为广泛,被动语态可使论证的对象更为突出醒目。
例:
As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out.
② 为了客观地叙述各种现象及其内在的联系,避免主观成分,被动式在科技英语中比在其他环境中使用得更为广泛,被动语态可使论证的对象更为突出醒目。
例:
As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out.
12
• Grammar Characters• Grammar Characters
Topic one: Introduciton
② 科技文章中大量使用一般现在时态的动词,因为科技文章大多描述不受时间限制的普遍规律。过去时态 (preterite) 的动词主要描述过去进行过的研究、实验等活动。此外,在科技文章中使用较多的是现在完成时态,强调过去动作的现存结果和影响。
② 科技文章中大量使用一般现在时态的动词,因为科技文章大多描述不受时间限制的普遍规律。过去时态 (preterite) 的动词主要描述过去进行过的研究、实验等活动。此外,在科技文章中使用较多的是现在完成时态,强调过去动作的现存结果和影响。
例 1 : With respect to global issues of sustainable energy and reduction of greenhouse gases, biomass is getting increasing attention as a potential source of renewable energy.
例 2 : In a further way, we investigated the key processes that have available conservation potential, to maximize the utilization of energy resources.
例 1 : With respect to global issues of sustainable energy and reduction of greenhouse gases, biomass is getting increasing attention as a potential source of renewable energy.
例 2 : In a further way, we investigated the key processes that have available conservation potential, to maximize the utilization of energy resources.
13
Topic Two: HVAC & Internet
1. Introduction
Internet is influencing the world, including Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVACR) Industry.
2. Wheeler on HVACR: Is the Internet for you?
The World Wide Web can bring you new customers and new business at a much lower cost.
3. Put the Internet to Work for You
Opportunities for HVACR contractors are plentiful for those willing to adapt to this new and lucrative way of doing business.
4. Carrier, IBM to Launch Web-Enabled A/C
Carrier Corp. and IBM Corp. have announced the development of a new wireless remote monitoring and control service called Myappliance.com.
14
Frequently used words and phrases:
heating 采暖 供热 ventilationair conditioning 空气调节 refrigerationHVACR 暖通空调制冷technical sophisticationentrepreneurleverageproprietary technology highly educated Internet-savvy bid on Plumbing & Drainage
heating 采暖 供热 ventilation 通风air conditioning 空气调节 refrigeration 制冷HVACR 暖通空调制冷technical sophistication 技术精通entrepreneur 企业家leverage 杠杆、借用…的力proprietary technology 专利技术highly educated 受过良好教育的Internet-savvy 熟悉网络的bid on 投标Plumbing & Drainage 给水、排水
Topic Two: HVAC & Internet
15http://www.ashrae.comAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
16中国空调制冷网: http://www.chinahvacr.com
17
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
• ( 1 ) Concept of IAQ• ① What is IAQ? Indoor air quality is defined as the nature of indo
or air that affects the health and well-being of occupants. • Good indoor air quality may be defined as “air which is free of pol
lutants that cause irritation, discomfort or ill health to occupants”
• ② Acceptable indoor air is defined by ASHRAE:
• “Air in which there are no known contaminates at harmful concentrations and which a substantial majority (usually 80%) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction”
-ASHRAE 62-1999
• ( 1 ) Concept of IAQ• ① What is IAQ? Indoor air quality is defined as the nature of indo
or air that affects the health and well-being of occupants. • Good indoor air quality may be defined as “air which is free of pol
lutants that cause irritation, discomfort or ill health to occupants”
• ② Acceptable indoor air is defined by ASHRAE:
• “Air in which there are no known contaminates at harmful concentrations and which a substantial majority (usually 80%) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction”
-ASHRAE 62-1999
18
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
• ( 2 ) Attention to IAQ• ( 2 ) Attention to IAQ
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that more than 30 percent of all commercial buildings have significant IAQ problems.
In some cases, the quality of indoor air can be critical.
19
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
• ( 3 ) IAQ effect • ( 3 ) IAQ effect
People are spending more than 90 percent of their time indoors.
As a result of these and other factors, totally new terminology has come into use and the topic is gaining more attention every day. Some examples include:
• ① Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)—where more than 30 percent of occupants experience adverse effects while in the building, but no clinically diagnosed disease is found.
20
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
• ( 3 ) IAQ effect • ( 3 ) IAQ effect
• ② Building Related Illness (BRI)—general term for a medically diagnosable illness caused by, or related to, building occupancy.
• ③ Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) or Environmental Illness (EI)—a controversial condition where an individual has or develops sensitivity to even low levels of certain chemicals due to extended exposure.
21
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
• ( 4 ) General pollutant types that affect IAQ• ( 4 ) General pollutant types that affect IAQ
• Biological—bacteria, fungi, viruses, molds, pollen, animal hair, dander and excrement are examples of common biological pollutants that can
impact air quality.
fungi 真菌 molds 霉菌 dander 皮屑 excrement 排泄物• Chemical—cleaners, solvents, fuels, adhesives, various combustion by-
products and emissions from furnishings and floor and wall coverings are typical examples of airborne chemicals.
solvents 溶剂 adhesives 粘合剂 airborne 空气传播的
22
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
• ( 4 ) General pollutant types that affect IAQ• ( 4 ) General pollutant types that affect IAQ• Particles and Aerosols—are solids or liquids that are light enough to
be suspended in air. Particles are classified in three general categories—coarse, fine and ultrafine—and are derived from dust, construction activities, printing, photocopying, manufacturing processes, smoking, combustion and some chemical reactions in which vapors condense to form particles. These can be categorized as dust, smoke, mist, fume and condensates.
aerosols 悬浮物 气溶胶 mist 雾 fume 烟雾 condensates 凝结物
23
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
• ( 5 ) Common indoor air pollutants• ( 5 ) Common indoor air pollutants
Indoor Air Pollutants
Sources Potential Health Effects
Carbon dioxide
二氧化碳Exhalation\breathing;Smoking;
Combustion sources
可令人窒息的气体。高浓度时可以起头痛,晕眩及恶心。
Carbon monoxide
一氧化碳
•Combustion sources like cooking stoves; Smoking•Intake of this pollutant from outdoor sources, e.g. vehicle
有毒化学物。高浓度时能引起头痛、降低警觉性、出现感冒症状、晕眩、疲倦、气喘、胸痛、头脑不清、失去判断力、甚至死亡
Respirable suspended particulates
可吸入悬浮颗粒
•Smoking; Combustion sources such as cooking stoves; Photocopying machine; Intake of this pollutant from outdoor sources
引起敏感反应,如眼干、鼻、喉及皮肤不适、咳嗽、打喷嚏及呼吸困难。
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Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
• ( 5 ) Common indoor air pollutants• ( 5 ) Common indoor air pollutantsIndoor Air Pollutants
Sources Potential Health Effects
Nitrogen dioxide
氮氧化物
•Combustion sources such as cooking stoves; Smoking;Intake of this pollutant from outdoor sources
引起眼睛及呼吸道不适。
Ozone
臭氧• Photocopying machine; Printers; Air purifiers with high voltage discharge components
可引起敏感及刺激性反应的污染物。令鼻子有刺痛感觉、喉干、流泪、及令眼部出现疼痛、刺痛及灼热感觉。
Formaldehyde
甲醛• Smoking; Pressed-wood products; urea-formaldehyde foam insulation 尿素甲醛泡沫绝缘材料 ; adhesives; paints; furniture, etc.
甲醛是高度活性的气体。能引起眼部及呼吸道不适,若吸入过量甲醛,亦会破坏肺部组织。
25
Indoor Air Pollutants
Sources Potential Health Effects
Volatile organic compounds
挥发性有机化合物
• Cleaning agents; Disinfectants 消毒剂 ; Paints and solvents; Printing inks; Furniture and furnishings; Smoking, etc.
室内环境有上千钟有机化合物存在,很多是从家具及装饰物中释放出的,如油漆及溶剂等,其中有些是致癌物质,如苯等。
Radon 氡 • Granite used in building materials
氡气是放射性气体,会引起肺癌。
Microbial
微生物• Proliferation ( 滋生 )under suitable conditions, e.g. high humidity
有些微生物含有毒素,是病原体,能引起感冒症状或发烧。
Environmental tobacco smoke
二手烟
• Smoking 二手烟包含超过 4000 种物质(其中 60 种已知是致癌或可能致癌的物质)。二手烟能引起呼吸道不适,危害心肌系统及引致癌症。
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
• ( 5 ) Common indoor air pollutants• ( 5 ) Common indoor air pollutants
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Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
• ( 6 ) How to control and improve IAQ• ① Source control
Use better materials
Cleaning and filtration• ② Ventilation control
Local ventilation
General ventilation• ③ Air Cleaners (note: equipment but not others)
• ( 6 ) How to control and improve IAQ• ① Source control
Use better materials
Cleaning and filtration• ② Ventilation control
Local ventilation
General ventilation• ③ Air Cleaners (note: equipment but not others)
27
Integrated Design Process
1. Introduction
an interdisciplinary science how to identify research trends
2. IAQ, the Science
nature of the IAQ science three stages of development
3. Research Trends
classified into seven categories
4. Research Questions
five enigmas or questions
5. Strategic Goals
what should we be trying to resolve fifty years from now?
6. Conclusions
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
28
Frequently used words and phrases:
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 室内空气品质interdisciplinary 跨学科的、交叉学科的Environmental Sustainable Development 环境可持续发展pollutants 污染物occupant 居住者、室内人员receptor 受体expose to… 暴露在…
PM (Particulate Matter) 颗粒物VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) 挥发性有机化合物ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) 吸烟引起的烟物
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 室内空气品质interdisciplinary 跨学科的、交叉学科的Environmental Sustainable Development 环境可持续发展pollutants 污染物occupant 居住者、室内人员receptor 受体expose to… 暴露在…
PM (Particulate Matter) 颗粒物VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) 挥发性有机化合物ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) 吸烟引起的烟物
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
29
1. IAQ is an interdisciplinary science
2. The IAQ science is an integral component of the Environmental Sustainable Development; it is the science that investigates the environmental domain, possibly the polluted environmental domain, where individuals spend upwards of 90 percent of their time.
3. IAQ scientists must document the quality of indoor environments and they must estimate and justify with sound science the risks associated with exposures to pollutants in indoor environments.
interdisciplinary science: 交叉学科
integral component : 不可分割的部分 domain: 领域、范围
upwards of : 超过、多于
document: 以文件证明 sound :合理的、合适的 exposure: 暴露
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
30
4. The problem is identified clearly, (i) indoor air pollutants are found at higher concentrations than corresponding outdoor levels, and (ii) individuals spent upwards of 90 percent of their time indoors.
5. The problem has been characterized in many countries and areas by establishing pollutant distributions and well-investigated time budgets
6. The third stage is an ongoing process, a helix like procedure leads to greater knowledge and new areas in need of further research.
indoor air pollutants : 室内空气污染物 concentration: 浓度
pollutant distributions: 污染物分布 time budgets: 时间分布预期
ongoing: 正在进行的 helix: 螺旋
Topic Three: IAQ Research Trends And Future Challenges
31