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Lecture Outline
Prejudice
Theories of Racism
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Prejudice
Definition:
A positive or negative attitude, belief, or feeling about a person generalized from attitudes, beliefs, or feelings about the person’s group.
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Components of Prejudice
Stereotypic beliefs typical attributes
Symbolic beliefsvalues, traditions, customs
Emotionsaffective reactions (e.g., disgust)
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Theories of Racism
Old Fashioned Racism
Modern (Symbolic) Racism
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Old Fashioned Racism
Premise:
People are consciously aware they are racist, but may conceal that from others.
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Examples of Self-Report Measures of Prejudice
Old Fashioned Racism Scale
Generally speaking, do you feel blacks are smarter, not as smart, or about as smart as whites?
If a black family with about the same income and education as you moved next door, would you mind it a lot, a little or not at all?
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Modern (Symbolic) Racism
Premise:
People feel ambivalent toward the stigmatized – torn between the egalitarian values they truly hold and the racism they harbor.
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Modern (Symbolic) Racism
Theory proposes that….
People deal with their ambivalence by letting it come out in disguised form – as support for conservative American values.
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Examples of Self-Report Measures of Prejudice
Modern Racism Scale
Over the past few years, blacks have gotten more economically than they deserve
Blacks are getting too demanding in their push for equal rights
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Self-Reported Prejudice
General pattern:
Prejudice is subsiding
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Explanations
People are less prejudiced now
Social Desirability
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Social Desirability
People lie about their prejudiced to appear unbiased to others
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Bogus Pipeline
An experimental paradigm
Experimenter claims to have access (a pipeline) to participants’ true reactions
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Participants seated in front of machine w/steering wheel attached
-3
-1
-2
0+1
+2
+3
Bogus Pipeline StudySigall & Page (1971)
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Completed survey about selfRated African Americans on
traits by turning wheel
-3 (very uncharacteristic)+3 (very characteristic)
Bogus Pipeline StudySigall & Page (1971)
-3
-1
-2
0+1
+2
+3
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Bogus Pipeline StudySigall & Page (1971)
Manipulation
Bogus pipeline group
Control group
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If people lie on self-report measures to appear unbiased then….
Attributes Negative Positive
Bogus Pipeline > Control Control > Bogus
Pipeline
Bogus Pipeline StudySigall & Page (1971)
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Neg. Attributes Bogus Pipeline Control
Happy-go-lucky .93 -.13
Unreliable .27 -.67
Aggressive 1.20 .67
Bogus Pipeline StudySigall & Page (1971)
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Pos. Attributes Bogus Pipeline Control
Intelligent .00 .47Ambitious .07 .33Sensitive .87 1.60
Bogus Pipeline StudySigall & Page (1971)
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Explicit and Implicit Prejudice
Explicit Measures Implicit Measures
Responses more easily
modified
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Explicit and Implicit Prejudice
Explicit Measures Implicit Measures
More vulnerable to
social desirability
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Taxonomy of prejudice measures
Maass, Castelli & Arcuri (2000)
Controlling Responses Easy
DifficultOld fashioned racism
Open discrim
ination
Racial slurs
Modern racism
Subtle prejudice scale
Seating distance
Subtle language bias
Eye contact
Non-verbal behaviors
Who-said-w
hat
Fam
ous person task
Implicit association test
Stroop-like task
RT
following prim
ing
Physiological reactions
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IAT: Implicit Association Test
The IAT measures RT:how quickly people categorize stimulus words.
Faster RT = stronger association
IAT responses correlate mildly with explicit responses
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Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Competition between groups
causes prejudice & intergroup conflict
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Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
Examined whether racial prejudice stems from:
competition over scarce resources
(realistic group conflict theory)
belief that African Americans violate cherished values (symbolic/modern racism)
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Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
Mayoral elections in Los Angeles:
1969 and 1973
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Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
Election Results:
1969: Samuel Yorty won with 53% of vote
1973: Thomas Bradley won with 56% of vote
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Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
Scarce Resources Prediction
If racial prejudice stems from competition over scarce resources, then...
Whites who are in greater competition for resources with African Americans should be more prejudiced than those who are in less competition.
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Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
Symbolic Racism Prediction
If racial prejudice stems from symbolic racism, then.....
The more strongly Whites believe that African Americans violate traditional values, the more prejudice they will show.
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Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
White residents of Los Angeles, CA1969 (n = 198); 1973 (n = 239)
Most lived in suburbsHomeowners33% attended collegeMost were Protestant, others CatholicNearly all were marriedMost had children
Prejudice = Voting behavior
Participants:
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Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
Competition over scarce resources:
Measured via questionnaire responses spanning four
domains of racial threat.....
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Domains of Racial Threat
1. Interracial social contact
Example QuestionHow strongly would you object
if a member of your family wanted to bring an African American friend home to dinner
Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
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Domains of Racial Threat
2. Economic competition
Example QuestionHave the economic gains of
African Americans been about the same, much greater than, greater than, or less than yours over the past 5 years?
Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
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Domains of Racial Threat
3. Racial Busing
Example QuestionHow likely is it that African
American children will be bused into the elementary schools of this neighborhood?
Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
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Domains of Racial Threat
4. Perception of violence committed by African Americans
Example QuestionHow likely is it that African
Americans will bring violence to this neighborhood?
Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
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Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
Symbolic Racism:
Measured via questionnaire responses spanning two
domains of value systems...
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Domains of Value Systems
1. Expressive Racism
Example QuestionDo you think that most African
Americans who receive money from welfare programs could get along without it if they tried or do they really need the help?
Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
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Domains of Value Systems
2. Opposition to racial busing
Example QuestionBusing elementary school
children to schools in other parts of the city only harms their education
Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
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Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
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Competition
Symbolicracism
Only symbolic racism significantly explained voting behavior
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Mayor's Race StudyKinder & Sears (1981)
Symbolic (modern) racism disguised as endorsement of conservative values
Enables symbolic racists to believe they are non-prejudiced, while still supporting political positions that favor Whites over African Americans
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Aversive Racism
People feel ambivalence
toward the stigmatized
Similar to
symbolic/modern
racism in this respect
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Aversive Racism
Aversive racism differs from
symbolic/modern racism in three
ways:
1. They believe racism is more
wrong.
2. Their prejudice comes out in
subtle ways – not as support for
conservative values.
3. More aware of their racism.
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Feel ambivalence toward the stigmatized
Not typically conscious of prejudice
Endorse liberal values
StronglyStrongly believe racism is wrong
Symbolic Racism Aversive Racism
Feel ambivalence toward the stigmatized
Not conscious of prejudice
Endorse conservative values
Believe racism is wrong
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Causes of Prejudice:Cultural Norms
Cultural Norms
Comfort expressing prejudice
Protected Status
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Protected Status
Protected Unprotected
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Measures of Protected Status
Denial of prejudice
Willingness to derogate publicly
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Denial of Prejudice Study
Crandall (1994)
Purpose:
Examined denial of prejudice against African Americans & obese
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Denial of Prejudice Study
Crandall (1994)
2,406 participants
Modern Racism ScaleMeasures prejudice against
African Americans
Dislike ScaleMeasures prejudice against
the obese
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Denial of Prejudice Study
Crandall (1994)
Percent Disavowing Prejudice Against:
African Americans
10%
Obese
3%
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Derogation StudySmith (2001)
Purpose:
Examine willingness to derogate various stigmatized groups
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Derogation Study Smith (2001)
Participants indicated:
How comfortable they personally feel saying or thinking bad things about 41 different groups
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Derogation Study Smith (2001)
Some of the groups rated:
people with acne
white supremacists
people with AIDS
schizophrenics
amputees
homosexuals
the blind
child abusers
people with ADHD
pedophiles
alcoholics
gamblers
murderers
adulterers
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Most Comfortable
homosexualsprostitutes
child abusers
Least Comfortable
cancer patientsPeople
w/leukemiaparalyzed people
Derogation Study Smith (2001)
Willingness to derogate varied across the stigmas
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Ambivalence-Amplification Theory
People are ambivalent toward the stigmatized.
aversion and hostilitysympathy and compassion
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Ambivalence-Amplification Theory
Proposes that...
1. Ambivalence causes threat to self-esteem
No matter how one feels, that feeling is in conflict with the other way one feels
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Ambivalence-Amplification Theory
Proposes that...
2. People try to reduce threats to self-esteem
They justify or deny the way the feel at the moment, depending on the situation
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Ambivalence-Amplification Theory
Proposes that...
3. Behavior toward the stigmatized is very unstable
4. People are aware of their ambivalence
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Justify/Deny Prejudice Studies
Katz & Glass (1979)
Examined how the situation
sometimes leads people to
justify and other times to
deny their prejudice
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Prediction:
People will justify prejudice against a stigmatized other if the situation encourages that response
Justify Prejudice Study Katz & Glass (Study 1, 1979)
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Procedure:
1. Male participants rated confederate on 20 item impression questionnaire
likingwarmthconceitintelligenceadjustment
Justify Prejudice Study Katz & Glass (Study 1, 1979)
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Procedure:
2. Participant administered shock to confederate as feedback
3. Participant evaluated confederate 2nd time on impression questionnaire
Justify Prejudice Study Katz & Glass (Study 1, 1979)
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Manipulations:
1. Confederate’s race:African AmericanWhite
2. Shock level: (no shock actually given)strong and painfulweak and not painful
Justify Prejudice Study Katz & Glass (Study 1, 1979)
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Prediction Restated:
People justify prejudice by denigrating stigmatized others who they have harmed. This makes those people seem unworthy and deserving of the harm.
This means: Participants who gave “strong shocks” to the African American target should rate him most negatively after the shock relative to their initial ratings.
Justify Prejudice Study Katz & Glass (Study 1, 1979)
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African American target
White target
Strong shock
Mild Shock
Strong shock
Mild Shock
Before Shock 19.2 14.3 16.3 15.4
After Shock
Change score
7.3
-11.9
21.5
7.2
16.3
00.0
14.6
-0.8
Negative change = more negative impression after shockPositive change = more positive impression after shock
As predicted, impression of African American confederate became most negative after strong shock
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Deny Prejudice Study Katz & Glass (Study 2, 1979)
Prediction:
People will deny prejudice against a stigmatized other if the situation encourages that response
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1. Participant introduced to confederate
2. Participant required to insult confederate
3. Told confederate left before criticism was explained as part of the experiment
4. Participant believed experiment was over
5. Sent to office for $, where got letter from confederate.....
Deny Prejudice Study Katz & Glass (Study 2, 1979)
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Doing an independent study project
Needed one more participant to finish up
Study was on repetition
Experimental materials attached
Materials asked participant to repetitively write the same sentence over and over
The letter:
Deny Prejudice Study Katz & Glass (Study 2, 1979)
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Deny Prejudice Study Katz & Glass (Study 2, 1979)
Manipulations:
1. Confederate race:African AmericanWhite
2. Insult level:Very hurtfulNot very hurtful
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Prediction Restated:
People will deny prejudice by going out of their way to help a stigmatized other whom they have harmed.
This means: Participants who gave “hurtful insult” to the African American target should work the hardest in the repetitive experiment.
Deny Prejudice Study Katz & Glass (Study 2, 1979)
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African American
target
White target
Hurtful Insult
44.21 21.20
Not hurtful insult
22.13 23.20
Values are the average number of times repetitive sentence was written in booklet.
As predicted, participants wrote the sentence more often after having harmed the African American target.
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Conclusion:
People feel ambivalence toward stigmatized others
People respond in extreme ways toward those whom they have harmed
Sometimes behave negatively, sometimes positively depending on the situation
Justify/Deny Prejudice StudiesKatz & Glass (1979)