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NR216NR216
Introductory EcologyIntroductory Ecology
Winter, 2011Winter, 2011
Lecture #1 January 11Lecture #1 January 11
Chapter 1 E&FBChapter 1 E&FB
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Todays Class :Todays Class :
Technical Report # 1 due at beginning ofTechnical Report # 1 due at beginning ofscheduled lecture February 15scheduled lecture February 15
Midterm in scheduled lectureMidterm in scheduled lectureFebruary 22February 22
Twig Collection due at beginning ofTwig Collection due at beginning of
scheduled lab March 22, 23 or 24scheduled lab March 22, 23 or 24 EE & FB Textbook& FB Textbook overviewoverview
What is Ecology?What is Ecology?
Biosphere 2Biosphere 2
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What is Ecology?What is Ecology?
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ECOLOGYECOLOGY
eco =eco = oikosoikos (Greek)(Greek)
householdhousehold
homehome
place to liveplace to live
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ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM
Total assemblageTotal assemblage
of living organismsof living organisms
along with nonalong with non--livingliving
environmentenvironment in a particular area.in a particular area. Kimmins,Kimmins,
Balancing Act, p.28Balancing Act, p.28
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The Economics of NatureThe Economics of Nature
HaekelHaekel 18691869 moremore
the studythe study
of the interaction of organismsof the interaction of organisms
with each otherwith each other
and with their environmentand with their environment
ECOECOSYSTEMSYSTEM moremore
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ENERGY from the sunENERGY from the sun
BIOTIC FACTORS :BIOTIC FACTORS :
plantsplants
animalsanimals decomposersdecomposers
(fungi, bacteria, some insects))(fungi, bacteria, some insects))
ABIOTIC FACTORS :ABIOTIC FACTORS : atmosphere (gases, weather, wind)atmosphere (gases, weather, wind)
soil (nutrients, water, substrate)soil (nutrients, water, substrate)
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+ PROCESSES+ PROCESSES
living & dyingliving & dying
photosynthesis,photosynthesis,
nutrient cycles & decompositionnutrient cycles & decomposition water cyclewater cycle
disturbances
fire, wind, flood, urbanization, insects & diseasefire, wind, flood, urbanization, insects & disease
population & community interactionspopulation & community interactions
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ECOSYSTEMS ARE DYNAMICECOSYSTEMS ARE DYNAMIC
Disturbances likeDisturbances like
fire, windthrow, flood & forest harvestingfire, windthrow, flood & forest harvesting
Change the stage of developmentChange the stage of development
seral stageseral stage
Dont destroy itDont destroy it
secondary successionsecondary succession
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HISTORY :HISTORY :
Plant ecologyPlant ecology 1st1st plant geographers sawworldplant geographers sawworld--wide similaritieswide similarities
AskedAsked why?why?
Climate?Climate?
Led to study of plant communities orLed to study of plant communities orassociations (esp. forests)associations (esp. forests)
In EuropeIn Europe described differentdescribed different
associations (Humbolt)associations (Humbolt) In N.A. looked more at how theyIn N.A. looked more at how they
develop, or plant succession (Clements)develop, or plant succession (Clements)
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PLANT ECOLOGYPLANT ECOLOGY
Synecology :Synecology :
The study of plant communities,
The study of plant communities,
their ecology,their ecology,
distribution &distribution &
environmental relationshipsenvironmental relationships Basis for ecosystemBasis for ecosystem (eg.forest)(eg.forest)
managementmanagement
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Studies combined to helpStudies combined to help
develop science of ecologydevelop science of ecology Classification & TaxonomyClassification & Taxonomy moremore
morphological patternsmorphological patterns
PlantPlant GeographyGeography moremore patterns of plant distributionpatterns of plant distribution
++ T
heory of evolution (CharlesT
heory of evolution (Charles Darw
inDarw
in bookbook ))
Genetics (Genetics (GregorGregor MendelMendel moremore ))
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Animal EcologyAnimal Ecology
1920s1920s
behavioural ecologybehavioural ecology
the science of communities &the science of communities &
populationspopulations
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Ecosystem EcologyEcosystem Ecology
initially, strictly terrestrialinitially, strictly terrestrial biomesbiomes
19421942
The TrophicThe Trophic--Dynamic Aspect of EcologyDynamic Aspect of Ecology
succession described in terms of energy flowsuccession described in terms of energy flow
through a lake ecosystemthrough a lake ecosystem
trophic/energy levelstrophic/energy levels
organic nutrient cycling & feeding levelsorganic nutrient cycling & feeding levels
producers & consumersproducers & consumers
Added processes to abiotic & biotic factorsAdded processes to abiotic & biotic factors
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Applied EcologyApplied Ecology
1930s ~ 1970s1930s ~ 1970s
Public awareness of environmental problems grewPublic awareness of environmental problems grew
Rachel Carson :Rachel Carson :SilentSpringSilentSpring(1962(1962)) moremore
Conservation BiologyConservation Biology maintain biological diversitymaintain biological diversity
Restoration EcologyRestoration Ecology
reclamation & management of disturbed landsreclamation & management of disturbed lands
Landscape EcologyLandscape Ecology ecosystem managementecosystem management
Added in social componentAdded in social component
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EcologyEcology
Is a science with no value judgmentIs a science with no value judgment
Add in societys value judgments aboutAdd in societys value judgments about
the environmentthe environment
Leads to acceptable/successfulLeads to acceptable/successful
conservation policies & strategiesconservation policies & strategies((KimminsKimmins, Balancing Act p.28,29), Balancing Act p.28,29)
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Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science
Investigates questions related to :Investigates questions related to :
rapidly increasing human population,rapidly increasing human population,
the use and abuse of resources,the use and abuse of resources, damage caused by pollution &damage caused by pollution &
disturbance,disturbance,
and the endangerment & extinction ofand the endangerment & extinction of
species and natural ecosystems.species and natural ecosystems.
(Freedman, Environmental Science :A Canadian Perspective )(Freedman, Environmental Science :A Canadian Perspective )
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Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science
Study of howwe and other speciesStudy of howwe and other species
interact with one anotherinteract with one another
and with the nonand with the non--living environment (matter and energy).living environment (matter and energy).
It is a physical and social science that integrates knowledge fromIt is a physical and social science that integrates knowledge froma wide range of disciplines, including :a wide range of disciplines, including :
physics, chemistry, biology (especially ecology),physics, chemistry, biology (especially ecology),
geology, geography, resource technology & engineering,geology, geography, resource technology & engineering,
resource conservation & management,resource conservation & management,
demography (the study of human population dynamics),demography (the study of human population dynamics),
economics, politics, sociology, psychology and ethics.economics, politics, sociology, psychology and ethics.
In otherwords, it is a study of how the parts of nature and humanIn otherwords, it is a study of how the parts of nature and humansocieties operate and interactsocieties operate and interact a study of connections anda study of connections andinteractions.interactions.
(Miller, Sustaining the Earth, 2002)(Miller, Sustaining the Earth, 2002)
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Environmental ScientistEnvironmental Scientist
Scientist who uses informationfromtheScientist who uses informationfromthephysical sciences and social sciences to :physical sciences and social sciences to :
1. understand how the earth works1. understand how the earth works
2. learn how humans interact with the2. learn how humans interact with theearth, andearth, and
3. develop solutions to environmental3. develop solutions to environmentalproblems.problems.
Miller, Sustaining the Earth, 2002Miller, Sustaining the Earth, 2002
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Literature CitedLiterature Cited
Freedman, W. 2004. EnvironmentalFreedman, W. 2004. Environmental
Science: A Canadian Perspective 3/eScience: A Canadian Perspective 3/e
672 pp. Pearson Education.672 pp. Pearson Education.
ISBN 0ISBN 0--1313--139863139863--66
KimminsKimmins, J.P, J.P. (Hamish). 1997.. (Hamish). 1997.
Balancing Act,Balancing Act, 2/e. BC2/e. BC Press.Press.ISBNISBN 00--77487748--05740574--99
Miller, Sustaining the Earth, 2002Miller, Sustaining the Earth, 2002
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Biosphere IIBiosphere II
WEBSITEWEBSITE
ReportReport oon Biosphere 2n Biosphere 2
InterviewInterview one of participantsone of participants
More about BiospheresMore about Biospheres VideoVideo