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Jennifer BowenUniversity of Rochester
Rochester Regional Library Council
November 15, 2004Rochester, New York
FRBR: Coming Soon to YOUR Library?
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A Visual FRBR Example
Results Display of a Keyword Search for Susan B. Anthony
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Susan B. Anthony Keyword Search – Top Relevance Hits
1. Biography2. Biography3. Biography4. Susan B. Anthony
Preservation District5. Her Writings6. Biography7. Biography8. Biography9. Correspondence10. Virgil Thomson opera
recording11. Biography
12 Proceedings of her Trial
13 Virgil Thomson opera recording
14 Music from the Ken Burns film
15 The Ken Burns film16 Biography17 Biography18 Analysis of her
writings19 Women’s Studies
Newsletter20 Her papers21 Biography
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Why is this better? Collocation: materials with the same or
related content are grouped together. Easier navigation through search results Precise results with simple search queries.
What could help us to achieve this?
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FRBR: What is it?
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FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
IFLA publication, 1998 Published by K.G. Saur
Also available on the Web Conceptual model
How do users use bibliographic information?
Relates bibliographic data to user tasks
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Significance of FRBR Sheds new light on current
practices, standards AACR, MARC, etc.
A clearer way to communicate about how catalogs should function
Based on needs of catalog users
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Entity-Relationship Model
Entities Relationships Attributes
relationship
Entity 1 Entity 2
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FRBR Entities Group 1: Work, Expression, Manifestation,
Item Products of intellectual or artistic
endeavor: Group 2: Person, Corporate Body
Those responsible for intellectual or artistic content
Group 3: Concept, Object, Event, Place Serve as subjects of works
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FRBR Group 1 Entities
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Goethe’s “Faust”
L. Filmore’s English translation of Faust
As published by W. Smith, 1847
The copy owned by my library
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
is realized through
is embodied in
is exemplified by
FRBR Group 1 Entities
FRBR Entity Levels
Work:
Expression:
Manifestation:
The Novel
Orig.Text
Transl. CriticalEdition
Paper PDF HTML
The Movie
Orig.Version
FRBR Entity Levels
Work:
Expression:
Manifestation:
The Novel
Orig.Text
Transl. CriticalEdition
The Movie
Orig.Version
Paper PDF HTML
Item: Copy 1Autographed
Copy 2
FRBR Entity Levels
Work:
Expression:
Manifestation:
The Novel
Orig.Text
Transl. CriticalEdition
The Movie
Orig.Version
Paper PDF HTML
Item: Copy 1Autographed
Copy 2
Family of works
Attributes of Group 1 Entities
Work ID Title Date etc.
Expression ID Title Form/mode of
expression Date Language etc.
Manifestation ID Title Statement of responsibility Edition Imprint (place, publisher,
date) Form/extent of carrier Terms of availability Mode of access etc.
Item ID Provenance Location etc.
Relationships
Inherent among the entities
Content relationships among works
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Whole-Part
Accompanying
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FRBR User Tasks Find
Search for a resource Identify
“What is this resource?” Select
“Will this suit my needs?”
Obtain “How do I get it?”
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What does FRBR mean for catalogs? Collocation: Bring like things
together in the catalog: Expressions of the same work Manifestations of the same
expression Show relationships between records
in the catalog Help users navigate search results
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Where is FRBR most useful?
Classics of literature vs. scientific studies Examples in the OCLC database
Stephen King• 102 works, 231 manifestations
Shakespeare’s Hamlet• 1 work, 2696 manifestations
Rowling, J.K. (Harry Potter stories)• 28 works, 300 manifestations
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FRBR and Cataloging
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Group 1 Entities vs. MARCOr, What are we cataloging?
CAVEAT: This is vastly oversimplified!
Work Authority recordExpression ????Manifestation Bibliographic RecordItem Holding Record
Current bibliographic records may contain attributes of all four entities! See Library of Congress (Tom Delsey) mapping of FRBR and MARC Bibliographic and Holding Formats
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Expression vs. Edition: Same thing? No! Some editions are the same expression,
but different manifestations Reprint editions, simultaneous
publications Some editions are different expressions:
If content has been revised (Rev. ed., 1st ed., 2nd ed.)
Some editions are different works altogether (but publisher calls them “editions”)
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FRBR and Cataloging Works:
We already use uniform titles for collocation
Expressions: Not currently creating headings for
expressions Attributes of expressions now buried
within bibliographic records
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When do we care about Expressions? Bibliographic families:
When a work exists in multiple expressions
When an expression exists in multiple manifestations
Represent a small percentage of all catalog records, but these represent the core of our cultural heritage
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FRBR and Cataloging: Incorporating FRBR into AACR
Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR (JSC) FRBR terminology: work,
expression, manifestation, item.
Incorporating the entity expression into AACR: Format Variation Working Group
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Can We Catalog an
Expression?
Is it feasible to change the basis for a catalog record from a manifestation to an expression?
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FVWG: Can We Catalog an Expression?
Sound archivist: YES! The performance is the expression Link all recordings of that performance
to it Most group members: NO!
Not the way most libraries operate We start by purchasing, and then
cataloging, a manifestation.
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Problems with Cataloging Expressions Not enough info. at the time of cataloging
title of the expression? date of the expression?
If only one manifestation of an expression in the catalog, cataloger may not know: if other manifestations exist, and if so… how the first one relates to others
May needlessly complicate the cataloging process
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Cataloging an Expression?
Working Group Recommendation: Libraries should keep cataloging
manifestations (mostly) Expression–level access can be
achieved instead through collocation of search results
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Expressions: From Cataloging to Collocation
Cataloger-created collocation Propose new rules for AACR for
constructing headings for expressions System-created collocation
Explore what systems can do with expression-level data already in MARC records (e.g. VTLS, OCLC, RLG)
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Format Variation Working Group Proposals for AACR
Replace ambiguous term uniform title with another term Constructed title? Citation?
Add elements to the end of a work heading (uniform title) to identify and differentiate expressions
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Rules for Creating Headings for Expressions in AACR: How?
Possible additions to work headings: Language Edition statement Mode of expression (e.g. Sound) Date of expression: date of
performance, translation, etc. Name of editor, translator, performer
(show relationship to Group 2 entity)
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Rules for Creating Headings for Expressions in AACR: Why? Show relationships between records Move toward rules for how a catalog
should function Demonstrates that collocation at the
expression level is an important function of the catalog
Force an online system to collocate expressions if system won’t do it any other way
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Specific Uses of Headings for Expressions Useful for small, but important, subsets of
library materials Large collections in a specific area Local research interest Many expressions of the same work Many manifestations of the same
expression More specific related-work headings
(related expression headings)
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Possible Headings for ExpressionsMelville, Herman. Moby Dick. Abridged ed.
Homer. Iliad. English (Pope)
Berlioz, Hector, 1803-1869. Symphonie fantastique. Sound (Solti)
…Order of elements, punctuation being discussed
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Problems with Headings for Expressions How to make the rules clear and
easy to use? What elements to add? In what order?
What punctuation? Predetermined strings are limiting
Every possible solution eliminates all of the others
Different users have different needs
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Preparing for FRBR within AACR (AACR3) Become comfortable with
terminology for the Group 1 entities work expression manifestation item
Focus on what’s most new and challenging: expression
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FRBR Within AACR: Questions to Consider What is a work?/What is an
expression? What’s theoretically rigorous? What will help users?
Where might headings for expressions be useful in my library?
Is my system vendor thinking about this?
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Alternative: System-Based Collocation of Expressions
System can identify expression-level data already in the records Use this data to collocate (sort)
displays More flexible than assigning headings
Some system vendors are already working on this
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FRBR and Systems Vendors
What can library systems do now to implement FRBR?
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Possibilities of System-Based FRBR Collocation Works
Can do now, if good uniform titles, clean data
Expressions Possible, but needs work! Can collocate by format, language Can improve collocation without
explicitly identifying every expression
Collocation by Family of Works and Expressions
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.+ Texts+ Motion Pictures+ Sound Recordings
Collocation by Expressions Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.
+ Texts – Danish+ Texts – Dutch+ Texts – English+ Texts – French+ Texts – Spanish+ Motion Pictures – English+ Sound Recordings - English
Collocation of Manifestations
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.- Motion pictures – English
+ 1964 Director, Bill Collegan+ 1990 Director, Kevin Kline, Kirk Browning+ 1990 Director, Franco Zeffirelli+ 1992 Director, Maria Muat+ 1996 Director, Kenneth Branagh+ 2000 Director, Campbell Scott, Eric Simonson
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FRBR-ize MARC records
OCLC’s FRBR Work Set algorithm:
http://www.oclc.org/research/software/frbr/
LC’s FRBR display tool:
http://www.loc.gov/marc
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System-Based Collocation: Potential for Improvement? Relator Information
Identify roles of entries in a predictable place in the record
Proposed revision to AACR2 Rule 21.0D to allow expanded use of relator terms
Linking Entries Show relationship between records Pat Riva, article in April 2004 Library
Resources & Technical Services
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Assigned Headings or System-Based Collocation?
Both! Libraries will demand more of systems to
show structure of catalog and collocate search results
AND Catalogers will be able to assign headings
for expressions when necessary.
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FRBR Interface Questions for Your System Vendor What does the FRBR user interface
look like? Will users see a FRBR-like structure? How do users navigate search
results? Is vendor doing usability testing on a
FRBR user interface?
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More Questions for Your System Vendor What record structure do you use:
“FRBR-Like” (e.g. VTLS) or MARC? Can MARC records be extracted? How will FRBR affect cataloging
interface? How are links made and maintained
between records?
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What if Your System Vendor Isn’t Implementing FRBR? Lobby them! Get other institutions
interested! Make a list of problems that FRBR
would help solve Restate old problems in terms of
FRBR Look for other ways to incorporate
FRBR or parts of it at your library
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Questions?
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FRBR at the University of Rochester
or, Why wait for your System Vendor to implement FRBR?
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University of Rochester Web Projects User-centered web design Alternatives to cumbersome online
catalog searches Use data already in our MARC
records to create websites designed to meet specific UR users’ needs
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Buried Treasure in our MARC Records Relator Information ($e and $4) Shows relationships between Group
1 and Group 2 entities in a predictable place in the record
May refer to manifestation being cataloged, or to work or expression represented in it
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Example 1 UR Video/DVD Collection Circulating collection: for research
AND casual viewing “What directors do you have
represented in your collection?” Use relator info., etc. in MARC
records to create browse lists http://www.library.rochester.edu
/index.cfm?page=videos
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Example 2 UR Audio Recordings Relator Information
Users choose performers or composers Problematic: $4 cmp not used for
composers so… Absence of $4 = composers Some false drops, more data cleanup.
http://www.library.rochester.edu/index.cfm?PAGE=1333
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Other Useful FRBR Data Browse by Primary Language (videos
and DVDs) expression-level attribute
Browse by Genre work-level attribute videos and DVDs: mostly LC genre list audio CDs: local list (“record store
categories”: Jazz, Classical, etc.)
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The Real Truth UR website project designers didn’t
know about FRBR! Project concept based on user needs Demonstrates viability of FRBR
model regarding user tasks/needs
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FRBR: May Already be at Your Library! Catalogs already contain some elements
of FRBR There’s more to FRBR than entities and
attributes: emphasis on the user User tasks: find, identify, select, obtain What are our users trying to achieve? User-centered design
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Is FRBR Really Coming?
It’s already here!