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Investigative Methods and Project Preparation

Lecture 3 – Referencing (Harvard System)

What is plagiarism?

One definition:

‘Plagiarism is passing off someone else’s work, whether intentionally or unintentionally, as your own for your own benefit’ (Carroll, 2002, p.9).

Examples of plagiarism

Plagiarism includes

Using a direct quote without referencing

Using someone else’s ideas or words without referencing

Paraphrasing work by only changing a few words

Using lecture/tutorial notes without referencing

Examples of plagiarism (cont’d)

Copying another student’s work and submitting it as your own

Submitting another student’s work in whole or in part

Submitting work that has been written by someone else on your behalf

Colluding when two or more students submit identical work (Bretag, Crossman & Bordia, 2006)

When to Cite? General, common knowledge ideas can be stated - but you need to be sure.

How accurate are these statement?

Everywhere?

Too general – Where? Who? Statistics?

Some places have flood problems

–Terrorism is everywhere.

–There is widespread acceptance of a global water shortage.

–Most people smoke.

When to Cite? Commonly known facts do not need a citation.

Look at the following statements. Which one needs a citation?

a) The moon revolves around the earth.

b) Sydney is on the east coast of Australia.

c) Australia’s population will double by 2010.

d) Food is necessary for survival.

What are the purposes of referencing?

To avoid plagiarism

To add strength and credibility as evidence to support your position

To indicate scope and depth of your research

To allow others to follow up content presented independently

What should be referenced?

Everything that is not your own original idea

Quotes

Paraphrases

Summaries

Statistical information

Diagrams/tables/graphs/images

Reference lists v bibliographies

a reference list is a list of all the items you have mentioned in your essay or work - in alphabetical order

a bibliography is a complete list of all the above PLUS everything you have read around the subject that has helped you to write your essay or work

Harvard Referencing System (Journal Article)

In text:(Author’s surname, Year, Page number if required)

E.g. (Guthrie, Petty & Ricceri, 2006, p. 256)

Reference list:Author’s surname, First initial (Year) ‘Title of article’,

Name of Journal, volume, number, range of pages.E.g. Guthrie, J, Petty, R & Ricceri, F (2006), ’The voluntary

reporting of intellectual capital. Comparing evidence from Hong Kong and Australia’, Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. 7, no. 2, pp.254-271.

Harvard Referencing System (books) In text:(Author’s surname, Year, Page number if required)

E.g. (Watts & Zimmerman, 2006, p. 61)

Reference list:Author’s surname, First initial, (Year), Name of book,

Publisher, Place of Publication.E.g. Watts, R & Zimmerman, J, (2006), Positive Accounting

Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Books – two authors

Bull, J and M Gate (1989): Breeding dairy cows. London, United Farming Press.

Books – 3 or more authors

Builder, Bob, et al (1993): Construction practice. London, Town House Publications.

et al means “and others” in Latin your tutor may prefer you to list ALL

the authors instead – check first

2 authors from the same year

Put the titles in alphabetical order and call the references a, b, c, etc.

Brett, P. (2002a): Bench joinery. Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes.

Brett, P. (2002b): Site carpentry and joinery level 2. Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes.

A chapter/article within a book

Ewbank, R (1999): “Animal welfare”, in Management and welfare of farm animals. 4th ed, Wheathampstead, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, p.1-15.

for page numbers, use p.25, pp.94-191 or :94-191 or ,94-191

Corporate authors

Put the name of the organisation as the author:

Institute of Waste Management (1995): Ways to improve recycling. Northampton, Institute of Waste Management.

Journal articles

put the title of the article in “quotes” put the name of the Journal in italics

Shaw, Philip (2005): “Estimating local extinction rates over successive time-frames”, Biological Conservation, 121 (2), 281-7.

A thesis or dissertation

similar to a book reference -

Brown, Michael (1980): The problems of making and maintaining a medieval style garden today. M.A. Thesis, Harvard.

Reports

similar to a book reference:

Curry, Donald (2002): Farming and food: A sustainable future: Report of the policy commission on the future of food and farming. London, Cabinet Office.

Newspaper articles

same as journal articles but if there is no author (e.g. a short

news item) use the Newspaper name as a corporate author

Guardian, The (2005): “Guardian appeal tops £1.5m”. The Guardian. 19 January 2005, p.2.

WEB PAGEAuthor(s)Surname.Initial(s) if a person is the author. Otherwise use corporate author or organisation.

DateYear site last updated (often shown at the bottom of the page).If not known, enter (no date).

Access informationGive full address of webpage, and date and time you accessed the resource.

Page Title In sentence case Website

TitleIn Title Case and italicised. Followed by [Online].

If you can’t find the details

author not given [anon] no place (sine loco) [s.l.] no publisher (sine nomine) [s.n.] no date [n.d.] not known [n.k.]

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What should I reference?

What should I reference?

• Acknowledging the work of others in your assignments gives academic credibility to your work by allowing you to back up your arguments with published material.

• You should reference anything you have taken from another work, whether you are paraphrasing, summarising or directly quoting.

• Some things can be taken as common knowledge and do not therefore need to be backed up with a reference.

Taking notes

Taking clear notes during your reading will make referencing much easier and quicker.

• Make a note of: author / title / date / publisher details and chapter details / page numbers if relevant.

• If it is online, note the web address and the date and time you accessed it.

• Make clear distinction between any direct quotes you write down and information written in your own words so you don’t accidently plagiarise when you come to write you assignment

Citing in your text

• The first part of a Harvard reference is the in-text citation where you acknowledge the sources you read.

• Use (author, date) and page numbers if applicable.

• Consider the flow of your writing when choosing how to include the citation.

• Use quotation marks ‘t’ and page number(s) to indicate a direct quote.

• Short quotes can be included in your own sentence:

• Longer quotes should be indented and in a separate paragraph:

• Avoid overusing quotations.

Quotations

Paraphrasing

• Presenting an idea or argument in your own words.

• Ensure it is significantly altered from the original to avoid issues of plagiarism (just changing a couple of words is not enough!).

• Paraphrases relate to specific sections of a work, so it is good practice to include the page number as you would do with a direct quotation.

Summarising

• A brief outline of the main points of a work without going into specific details.

• Generally summaries relate to a whole work, or to a large section, so are much less specific than paraphrasing.

• As a summary potentially covers most or all of a work, it does not require page numbers to be given as they are for direct quotations and paraphrasing.

Secondary References

• Where the passage you are referring to is the authors own reference to another work.

• You are relying on their accurate and unbiased reproduction of that work, so it is much better to locate the source and read and reference it directly in you own work.

• If you cannot locate the original, secondary reference it by:

In your end list:Reference the item you have read.

In the body of your text

cite both works

Which should you rely on most: quoting or paraphrasing? Why?

Paraphrasing - shows understanding of what you have read- allows integration of source information into your own argument more easily

Quoting – use only if:- paraphrasing causes misinterpretation- analysing the quote itself is important- exact words from the source are particularly forceful

Common errors in referencing

No reference provided where necessary

Reference provided where not necessary

Incorrect source provided as reference

Quotation marks not used where necessary

Common errors in referencing (cont’d)

Page numbers not included where necessary

Incorrect page numbers given

Use of page number instead of paragraph number in references to Government or Standards publications

Misspelling

Incorrect/inconsistent punctuation

SOURCES

•The University of Adelaide, Professions Learning Centre (PLC)

•University Centre Hastings, Learning Resource Centre, Information Skills Tutorial presentation

•The Library, University of Sheffield (2000): Writing a bibliography. [Online] Available from www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.pdf [Accessed 2 September 2005].

•LaTrobe University, Introduction to referencing presentation