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![Page 1: 1 INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING MANAGEMENT Dr. Franck VIGNERON CSUN – College of Business & Economics Dr. Franck VIGNERON CSUN – College of Business & Economics.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102908/56649e835503460f94b84ea9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING MANAGEMENT
Dr. Franck VIGNERON
CSUN – College of Business & Economics
Dr. Franck VIGNERON
CSUN – College of Business & Economics
Review for Quiz 3
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Chapter Distribution Channels and
Logistics Management
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What is a Distribution Channel?
• A set of interdependent organizations (intermediaries) involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user.
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ContactContact
FinancingFinancing
InformationInformationRisk TakingRisk Taking
PromotionPromotion
MatchingMatchingNegotiationNegotiation
PhysicalDistribution
PhysicalDistribution
Members of the marketing channel perform many key functions.
They are:
Distribution Channel Functions
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5MM WW JJ RR CC
MM WW RR CC
MM RR CC
MM CC
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3
Channel 4
Channel Level
= Each Layer of Marketing Intermediaries that Perform Some Work in Bringing the Product and its Ownership Closer to the Final Buyer.
Number of Channel Levels
Direct Channel
Indirect Channel
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Channel Behavior & Conflict
• For the channel to perform well, each channel member’s role must be specified and conflict must be managed.
• When this doesn’t happen, conflict occurs:– Horizontal Conflict occurs among firms at the same
level of the channel, i.e retailer to retailer.
– Vertical Conflict occurs between different levels of the same channel, i.e. wholesaler to retailer.
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Conventional Marketing Channel Vs. a Vertical Marketing System
Conventional Marketing
Channel
Vertical Marketing
System
Manufacturer
Retailer
Manufacturer
Retailer
Wh
ole
sale
rW
hole
sale
rManufacturer
Wholesaler
Retailer
Consumer Consumer
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ContractualVMS
ContractualVMS
RetailerCooperatives
RetailerCooperatives
FranchiseOrganizations
FranchiseOrganizations
Wholesaler SponsoredVoluntary Chain
Wholesaler SponsoredVoluntary Chain
Service-Firm-Sponsored
Franchise System
Service-Firm-Sponsored
Franchise System
Manufacturer-Sponsored Wholesaler
Franchise System
Manufacturer-Sponsored Wholesaler
Franchise System
Manufacturer-Sponsored RetailerFranchise System
Manufacturer-Sponsored RetailerFranchise System
Vertical Marketing Systems (VMS)
Vertical Marketing Systems (VMS)
CorporateVMS
CorporateVMS
AdministeredVMS
AdministeredVMS
Types of Vertical Marketing Systems
40% of Retail Sales
Ford + dealers Coca-Cola Hertz/Avis, McDo/Bking, H/R Inn
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Innovations in Marketing Systems
Horizontal Marketing System
Two or More Companies at One Channel Level Join
Together to Follow a New Marketing Opportunity.
Example:
Banks in Grocery Stores
Competitors helping each other
E.g., Outside US Néstlé selling General Mills cereals
Horizontal Marketing System
Two or More Companies at One Channel Level Join
Together to Follow a New Marketing Opportunity.
Example:
Banks in Grocery Stores
Competitors helping each other
E.g., Outside US Néstlé selling General Mills cereals
Hybrid Marketing System
A Single Firm Sets Up Two or More Marketing Channels to Reach One or More Customer
Segments.
Example:
Retailers, Catalogs, and Sales Force
Hybrid Marketing System
A Single Firm Sets Up Two or More Marketing Channels to Reach One or More Customer
Segments.
Example:
Retailers, Catalogs, and Sales Force
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1. Analyzing Consumer Service Needs
2. Setting Channel Objectives & Constraints
ExclusiveDistribution
SelectiveDistribution
IntensiveDistribution
3. Identifying Major Alternatives
4. Evaluating the Major Alternatives
5. Designing International Distribution Channels
Channel Design Decisions
Rolls-RoyceMaytagFast Moving C. G.
Review Economic, Control, and Adaptive Criteria
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Push and Pull Strategies
Producer Wholesalers Retailers Customers
Producer Wholesalers Retailers Customers
Push StrategyPush Strategy
Pull StrategyPull Strategy
Push/Pull StrategiesPush/Pull Strategies
Producer Wholesalers Retailers Customers
Advertising and Promotion
Distribution Strategies
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InventoryWhen to order
How much to orderJust-in-time
InventoryWhen to order
How much to orderJust-in-time
CostsMinimize Costs ofAttaining Logistics
Objectives
CostsMinimize Costs ofAttaining Logistics
Objectives
WarehousingStorage
DistributionAutomated
WarehousingStorage
DistributionAutomated
Order ProcessingReceivedProcessedShipped
Order ProcessingReceivedProcessedShipped
Logistics
FunctionsTransportation Rail, Truck,
Water, Pipeline, Air, Intermodal
Major Logistics Functions
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Marketing Logistics
• Involves planning, implementing, and controlling the physical flow of materials, final goods, and related information from points of origin to points of consumption to meet customer requirements at profit.
• INBOUND + OUTBOUND = Market Logistics
• Supply Chain + value chain management
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RailNation’s largest carrier, cost-effective for shipping bulk products, piggyback
RailNation’s largest carrier, cost-effective for shipping bulk products, piggyback
TruckFlexible in routing & time schedules, efficient
for short-hauls of high value goods
TruckFlexible in routing & time schedules, efficient
for short-hauls of high value goodsWater
Low cost for shipping bulky, low-value, non perishable goods, slowest form
WaterLow cost for shipping bulky, low-value,
non perishable goods, slowest form
PipelineShip petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals
from sources to markets
PipelineShip petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals
from sources to markets
AirHigh cost, ideal when speed is needed or
distance markets have to be reached
AirHigh cost, ideal when speed is needed or
distance markets have to be reached
Transportation Modes
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1. Speed (door-to-door time)2. Dependability (meet schedules)3. Availability (area served)4. Costs (per ton-distance)5. Flexibility
Checklist for ChoosingTransportation Modes
Choosing Transportation Modes
(ability to handle various products)
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INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING MANAGEMENT
Dr. Franck VIGNERON
CSUN – School of Business & Economics
Dr. Franck VIGNERON
CSUN – School of Business & Economics
Chapter Distribution Strategies
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What is Retailing?
Includes all the activities Involved in Selling Goods or Services Directly to Final Consumers for Their Personal, Nonbusiness Use.
Retailers - those firms engaged primarily in wholesaling activity.
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Product Assortment and Services Decisions
Product Assortment• Width and Depth of Assortment• Quality of Products• Product Differentiation StrategiesServices Mix
Key Tool of Nonprice Competition
for Setting One Store Apart From
AnotherStore’s Atmosphere• Physical Layout• “Feel” That Suits the Target Market and Moves Customers to Buy
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Retail OrganizationsIndependent, Corporate, or
ContractualOwnership Organization
Amount of Service
Self-Service, Limited-Service andFull-Service Retailer
Amount of Service
Self-Service, Limited-Service andFull-Service Retailer
Product LineDepth/Length and Breadth of the Product
Assortment
Product LineDepth/Length and Breadth of the Product
Assortment
Relative PricesPricing Structure that is Used
by the Retailer
Relative PricesPricing Structure that is Used
by the Retailer
Classification of Retailing
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Breadth vs. Depth of Breadth vs. Depth of Merchandise LinesMerchandise Lines
Nike running shoes
Florsheim dress shoes
Top Sider boat shoes
Adidas tennis shoes
Amana refrigeratorSony TV sets
JVC videocassetterecorders
General Electricdishwashers
Sharp microwaveovens
Classical
Rock
Jazz
Country Western
SuitsTies
JacketsOvercoats
SocksShirts
Depth:Number of
items withineach product
line
Breadth: Number of different product lines
Shoes Appliances CDs Men’s Clothing
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Specialty Stores
Department Stores
Supermarkets
Convenience Stores
Superstores
Discount Stores
Narrow Product Line, Deep Assortment i.e. The Limited or
Athlete’s FootWide Variety of Product Lines i.e. Clothing, Home Furnishings, Saks Fifth
AvenueWide Variety of Food, Laundry, & Household Products i.e. KrogerLimited Line of High-Turnover
Convenience Goods i.e. 7-ElevenLarge Assortment of Routinely
Purchased Food & Nonfood Products i.e. Toys R Us
Standard Merchandise at Lower Pricesi.e. Wal-Mart
Off-Price RetailersChanging Collection of Higher-Quality
Goods at a Reduced Price i.e. T.J. Maxx
Warehouse ClubsLimited Selection of Brand-Name
Grocery Items, Appliances, Etc. i.e. Sam’s Club
Classification of Retailing: Product Line
Store Description
E.g., + What is an HypermarketHypermarket?
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What is Wholesaling?
All the activities involved in selling goods and services to those buying for resale or business use.
•Wholesaler - those firms engaged primarily in wholesaling activity.
•Wholesalers buy mostly from producers and sell mostly to:
–Retailers,–Industrial consumers, and –Other wholesalers.
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WholesalerWholesalerFunctionsFunctions
ManagementServices & Advice
ManagementServices & Advice
Selling andPromoting
Selling andPromoting
MarketInformation
MarketInformation
Buying andAssortment Building
Buying andAssortment Building
Risk BearingRisk Bearing Bulk BreakingBulk Breaking
TransportationTransportation
FinancingFinancing WarehousingWarehousing
Wholesalers are Often Better at Performing One or More of the Following Channel Functions:
Why are Wholesalers Used?
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Types of Wholesalers
Merchant WholesalerIndependently Owned
Business that Takes Title to the
Merchandise it Handles.
Brokers/ AgentsThey Don’t Take Title
to the Goods, and TheyPerform Only a Few
Functions.
Manufacturers’ Sales Branches and
OfficesWholesaling by Sellers or
Buyers Themselves Rather Than Through
Independent Wholesalers.
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Consolidation within the Industry is Reducing # of WholsalersConsolidation within the Industry is Reducing # of Wholsalers
Distinction Between Large Retailers and Wholesalers BlursDistinction Between Large Retailers and Wholesalers Blurs
Wholesalers Will Continue to Increase the Services ProvidedWholesalers Will Continue to Increase the Services Provided
Wholesalers Are Beginning to Go GlobalWholesalers Are Beginning to Go Global
Trends in Wholesaling
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Chapter
Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy
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AdvertisingPR
Place(Distribution)
Personal Selling
Product
SalesPromotion
Promotion
Place
The Promotional Mix
Advertising Strategies
4P’s
Price
Direct MKG
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Informative AdvertisingInform Consumers or Build Primary Demand
i.e CD Players
Comparison Advertising
Compares One Brand to Another
i.e. Avis vs. Hertz
Persuasive AdvertisingBuild Selective Demand
i.e Sony CD Players
Reminder AdvertisingKeeps Consumers Thinking
About a Producti.e. Coca-Cola
Advertising ObjectiveSpecific Communication Task Accomplished with a Specific
Target Audience During a Specific Period of Time
Setting Advertising Objectives
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Figure 9.3 Comprehensive Communication Model
Sender(Source)
Receiver(Consumer)
Message
Channel(Medium
)
Enc
odes
Decodes
Feedback
Responds Appropriately
?
Miscomprehends?
Yes
Yes
No
No
CommercialNon-ProfitIndividualFormal vs. Informal
SymbolsPicturesWordsImages
Verbal vs. Nonverbal1-sided vs. 2-sided
Factual vs. Emotional
Paid vs. UnpaidPrint, Broadcast, Electronic
Personal vs. Impersonal
Pretests to Ensure Message Will be ReceivedPosttests to Ensure Message Was Received
Selective Exposure
IndividualsTarget Audience
Intermediary AudienceUnintended Audiences Mediated by:
InvolvementMood
ExperiencePersonal Charac.
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Step 1. Identifying the Target Audience
Step 2. Determining the Communication ObjectivesBuyer Readiness Stages
PurchasePurchase
Conviction
Preference
Liking
Knowledge
Awareness
Steps in Developing Effective Communication
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Step 3. Designing a Message
Message ContentRational Appeals
Emotional AppealsMoral Appeals
Message StructureDraw ConclusionsArgument TypeArgument Order
Message FormatHeadline, Illustration,
Copy, & ColorBody Language
Steps in Developing Effective Communication
• AIDA model. 1). Get attention 2). Hold interest
3). Arouse desire 4). Obtain action
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Appeal - the creative attempt to motivate Appeal - the creative attempt to motivate consumers toward some form of activity, consumers toward some form of activity,
or to influence attitudes toward a product or serviceor to influence attitudes toward a product or service
Rational appeal - a focus toward the consumer’s practical utility oriented needs
Emotional appeal - a focus on psychological rather than utility needs
(all appeals can be positive or negative and should be meaningful, distinctive, and believable to be effective)
Humor ComparativeFear Sex EgoOriented
Appeals
Advertising Strategies+ Morale Appeal: Social causes & Human Rights
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Structure & Format
• The marketing communicator needs a strong structure and format for the message.
• 1). Three structure issues must be addressed:– a). Whether to draw a conclusion or leave it to the
audience.– b). Whether to present a one-sided argument or a
two-sided argument.– c). Whether to present the strongest arguments
first or last.
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Structure & Format (continuous)
• 2). The message format decides on the headline, illustration, copy, and color.
• 3). To attract attention the advertiser can use:– a). Novelty and contrast.
– b). Eye-catching pictures and headlines.
– c). Distinctive formats.
– d). Message size and position.
– e). Color, shape, and movement.
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Nonpersonal CommunicationChannels
Step 4. Choosing Media
Personal CommunicationChannels
Steps in Developing Effective Communication
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Issues in Credibility
• Credibility of Informal Sources– E.g., Word-of-mouth
• Credibility of Formal Sources– Differ. Between for profit vs nfp Org.
• Credibility of Spokespersons and Endorsers– Importance of perceived competency and expertise
• Message Credibility– Past experience with organization
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CREDIBILITY OF THE MEDIA CHANNELS
SPONSORING VERSUS ADVERTISING
+
-
CREDIBILITY OF THE SOURCES
FOR-PROFIT Org. VERSUS NOT FOR PROFIT Org.
-
+
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CREDIBILITY OF THE MEDIA CHANNELS IN RELATION WITH THE SOURCES
FOR-PROFIT Org. VERSUS NOT FOR PROFIT Org.
SPONSORING+
++
VERSUS
ADVERTISING --
-
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Campaign Evaluation
Communication Effects
Is the Ad Communicating Well?
Communication Effects
Is the Ad Communicating Well?
Advertising Program EvaluationAdvertising Program Evaluation
Sales Effects
Is the Ad Increasing Sales?
Sales Effects
Is the Ad Increasing Sales?
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Affordable Based on What the
Company Can Afford
Objective-and-Task Based on Determining
Objectives & Tasks, Then Estimating Costs
Objective-and-Task Based on Determining
Objectives & Tasks, Then Estimating Costs
Percentage of SalesBased on a Certain Percentageof Current or Forecasted Sales
Percentage of SalesBased on a Certain Percentageof Current or Forecasted Sales
Competitive-ParityBased on the Competitor’s
Promotion Budget
Competitive-ParityBased on the Competitor’s
Promotion Budget
One of the Hardest Marketing Decisions Facing a Company is How Much to Spend on
Promotion.
Setting the Total Promotion Budget
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Sales Promotion + PR+ Advertising
ChapterChapter
Dr. Franck Vigneron
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What is Sales Promotion ?
Sales Promotion is a Mass Communication Technique That Offers Short-Term Incentives to Encourage Purchase or Sales of a Product or Service. Offers Reasons to Buy Now. Stimulate earlier or stronger market response.
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SampleSample
CouponsCoupons
Cash RefundsCash Refunds
Price PacksPrice Packs
PremiumsPremiums
Advertising Specialties
Advertising Specialties
Trial amount of a productTrial amount of a product
Savings when purchasing specified products
Savings when purchasing specified products
Refund of part of the purchase priceRefund of part of the purchase price
Reduced prices marked on the label or package
Reduced prices marked on the label or package
Goods offered free or low cost as an incentive to buy a product
Goods offered free or low cost as an incentive to buy a product
Articles imprinted with an advertiser’s name given as gifts
Articles imprinted with an advertiser’s name given as gifts
Major Consumer Sales Promotion Tools/1
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Patronage RewardsPatronage Rewards
Point-of-PurchasePoint-of-Purchase
ContestsContests
SweepstakesSweepstakes
GameGame
Cash or other rewards for the use of a certain product
Cash or other rewards for the use of a certain product
Displays and demonstrations that take place at the point of sale
Displays and demonstrations that take place at the point of sale
Consumers submit an entry to be judged
Consumers submit an entry to be judged
Consumers submit their names for a drawing
Consumers submit their names for a drawing
Presents consumers with something every time they buy
Presents consumers with something every time they buy
Major Consumer Sales Promotion Tools/2
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Trade-Promotion Objectives
Persuade Retailers or Wholesalers to Carry a Brand
Persuade Retailers or Wholesalers to Carry a Brand
Give a Brand Shelf SpaceGive a Brand Shelf Space
Promote a Brand in Advertising
Promote a Brand in Advertising
Push a Brand to ConsumersPush a Brand to Consumers
Major Trade Sales Promotion Tools/1
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Major Trade Sales Promotion Tools/2
Trade-Promotion Tools
DiscountsDiscountsa straight reduction in price on purchases during a stated period of time. Can be called price-off, off-invoice, or off-list.
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Major Trade Sales Promotion Tools/3
• Promotional money paid by manufacturers to retailers who agree to feature the manufacturer’s products in some way. Forms include:
a). An advertising allowance compensates retailers for advertising a product.
b). A display allowance compensates them for using displays.
c). Manufacturers may offer free goods, which are extra cases of merchandise, to resellers who buy a certain quantity or who feature a certain flavor or size.
d). Manufacturers may give retailers free specialty advertising items that carry the company’s name (such as pens).
AllowancesAllowances
Trade-Promotion Tools
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Business-Promotion Objectives
Generate Business LeadsGenerate Business Leads
Stimulate PurchasesStimulate Purchases
Reward CustomersReward Customers
Motivate SalespeopleMotivate Salespeople
Business-Promotion Tools
ConventionsConventions
Trade ShowsTrade Shows
Sales ContestsSales Contests
Major Business Sales Promotion Tools
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Decide on the Size of the IncentiveDecide on the Size of the Incentive
Set Conditions for ParticipationSet Conditions for Participation
Evaluate the ProgramEvaluate the Program
Determine How to Promote andDistribute the Promotion Program Determine How to Promote and
Distribute the Promotion Program
Determine the Length of the ProgramDetermine the Length of the Program
Developing the Sales Promotion Program
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What is Public Relations?
Public Relations Involves Building Good Relations With the
Company’s Various Publics by Obtaining Favorable Publicity, Building Up a Good Corporate
Image, and Handling or Heading Off Unfavorable Rumors, Stories,
and Events.
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Press RelationsPress Relations
Product PublicityProduct Publicity
Public AffairsPublic Affairs
LobbyingLobbying
Investor RelationsInvestor Relations
DevelopmentDevelopment
Public Relations Departments May Perform Any of All of the Following
Functions:
Major Public Relations Functions
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News
Speeches
Special Events
Written MaterialsAudiovisual
Materials
Corporate Identity
Materials
Public Service
Activities
Web Site
Major Public Relations Tools
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Setting Public Relations ObjectivesSetting Public Relations Objectives
Choosing the Public Relations Messages and Vehicles
Choosing the Public Relations Messages and Vehicles
Implementing the Public Relations PlanImplementing the Public Relations Plan
Evaluating Public Relations ResultsEvaluating Public Relations Results
Major Public Relations Decisions
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What is Advertising?
Advertising is Any Paid Form of Nonpersonal
Presentation and Promotion of Ideas, Goods, or Services by an Identified
Sponsor.
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Media Selection
Deciding on reach, frequency, and impact.• a). Reach is the percentage of people in the target
market exposed to an ad campaign during a given period.
• b). Frequency is the number of times the average person in the target market is exposed to an advertising message during a given period.
• c). Media impact is the qualitative value of an exposure through a given medium.
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6 major advertising 6 major advertising mediamedia
• Television• Radio• Magazines• Newspaper• Internet• And Outdoor (e.g., billboards)
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Copy and Message Direction
Motivational
Source
Motivation = Product
Performance
Perf. Is representation of
product
Copy of Message
Centered on Product
1. Message on Product
Perf. is + than representation
product
Copy of MessageCentered on Results
from Product
Motivation = Association with Product Universe
Copy of Message
Centered on Psyco
-socio of Product
2. Message on Resultats
3. Message on Universe
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ChapterChapter
Competitive Strategies: Attracting, Retaining, and Growing Customers
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Customer Relationship Marketing
• Traditional marketing theory and practice have focused on attracting new customers rather than retaining existing ones.
1). The move today, however, is toward relationship marketing--creating,maintaining, and enhancing strong relationships with customers and other stakeholders.
2). Beyond designing strategies to attract new customers and create transactions with them, companies are going all out to retain current customers and build profitable, long-term relationships with them.
3). This new view is that marketing is the science and art of finding, retaining, and growing profitable customers.
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Satisfaying the Needs
Retain CustomerBy Maintaining Satisfaction
Create the Product
NEEDSSTAGES PRODUCTS
IdentifyThe needsto Satisfy
Adapt andDeliver
the Productsto The Right
Target
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Customer Delivered Value
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Customer Satisfaction
Expectations are Based on Customer’s Past Buying Experiences, the Opinions of Friends, & Marketer and Competitor Information and Promises.
Product Falls Short
of Expectatio
ns
Customer is
Dissatisfied
Product Matches
Expectations
Customer is Satisfied
Product Exceeds
Expectations
Customer is Highly
Satisfied or
Delighted!
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Steps in Analyzing Competitors
Identifying the company’scompetitors
Assessing competitor’s objectives, strategies,strengths and weaknesses,and reaction patterns
Selecting whichcompetitors toattack or avoid
= BENCHMARKING
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Overall CostLeadership
Overall CostLeadership
DifferentiationDifferentiation
FocusFocus
Middle ofthe RoadMiddle ofthe Road
Basic Competitive Strategies
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Competitive Strategies: Value Disciplines
Operational ExcellenceAlaska Airlines
Customer Intimacy
Ikea
Product Leadership
intel
Companies Gain Leadership Positions by Delivering Superior Value to their Customers Through These Strategies:
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Competitive Marketing Strategies
Firms Competing in a Given Target Market Differ in their Objectives and Resources so May Choose the
Following Forms: