1 Introduction to Hybrid Vehicles. 2 HYBRID VEHICLE – DEFINITION THE TERM HYBRID MEANS A BLEND OR...

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Introduction to Hybrid VehiclesIntroduction to Hybrid Vehicles

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HYBRID VEHICLE – DEFINITIONHYBRID VEHICLE – DEFINITION• THE TERM HYBRID MEANS A

BLEND OR MIX OF TWO DISSIMILAR TYPES

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE…….. [ ICE ]

ELECTRIC TRACTION MOTOR

• THE TERM HYBRID MEANS A BLEND OR MIX OF TWO DISSIMILAR TYPES

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE…….. [ ICE ]

ELECTRIC TRACTION MOTOR

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DefinitionsDefinitions

• HEV = Hybrid Electric Vehicle– Incorporates an electric motor / generator and

an ICE engine

• BEV = Battery Electric Vehicle– Has an electric motor / generator and batteries

. Does not have an ICE engine

• H2EV = Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle– Has an electric motor and a hydrogen fuel cell

to generate electricity from electro-chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen

• HEV = Hybrid Electric Vehicle– Incorporates an electric motor / generator and

an ICE engine

• BEV = Battery Electric Vehicle– Has an electric motor / generator and batteries

. Does not have an ICE engine

• H2EV = Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle– Has an electric motor and a hydrogen fuel cell

to generate electricity from electro-chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen

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DefinitionsDefinitions

• H2ICE = Hydrogen Powered Internal Combustion Engine– A conventional ICE vehicle [diesel or spark

ignition] that is fueled by hydrogen

• PHEV = Plug in Hybrid Vehicle– A hybrid electric vehicle with additional

batteries that are used to extend range and increase speed under electric operation and use energy from the electric power grid instead of gasoline.

• H2ICE = Hydrogen Powered Internal Combustion Engine– A conventional ICE vehicle [diesel or spark

ignition] that is fueled by hydrogen

• PHEV = Plug in Hybrid Vehicle– A hybrid electric vehicle with additional

batteries that are used to extend range and increase speed under electric operation and use energy from the electric power grid instead of gasoline.

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ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID VEHICLESADVANTAGES OF HYBRID VEHICLES

• INCREASED FUEL ECONOMY– Typically 20% to 30% better

• PERFORMANCE IS IMPROVED– Especially at low speeds

• RANGE & REFUELING TIME– Same as a conventional vehicle

• DRIVEABILITY– Nearly identical to conventional vehicle

• INCREASED FUEL ECONOMY– Typically 20% to 30% better

• PERFORMANCE IS IMPROVED– Especially at low speeds

• RANGE & REFUELING TIME– Same as a conventional vehicle

• DRIVEABILITY– Nearly identical to conventional vehicle

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DISADVANTAGES OF HYBRID SYSTEMSDISADVANTAGES OF HYBRID SYSTEMS

• HIGHER COST– CURRENTLY HYBRID VEHICLES ARE PRICED TYPICALLY

$3000 TO $6000 MORE THAN COMPARABLE CONVENTIONAL VEHICLES

• SAFETY ISSUES– IN AN ACCIDENT RESCUE PERSONAL MUST BE AWARE

OF THE PROPER PROCEDURES NEEDED TO EXTRACT ACCIDENT VICTIMS FROM THE VEHICLE

– THE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF MOST HYBRID BATTERY SYSTEMS CAN ELECTROCUTE YOU IF YOUR BODY COMES INTO CONTACT WITH THE WIRING

• HIGHER COST– CURRENTLY HYBRID VEHICLES ARE PRICED TYPICALLY

$3000 TO $6000 MORE THAN COMPARABLE CONVENTIONAL VEHICLES

• SAFETY ISSUES– IN AN ACCIDENT RESCUE PERSONAL MUST BE AWARE

OF THE PROPER PROCEDURES NEEDED TO EXTRACT ACCIDENT VICTIMS FROM THE VEHICLE

– THE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF MOST HYBRID BATTERY SYSTEMS CAN ELECTROCUTE YOU IF YOUR BODY COMES INTO CONTACT WITH THE WIRING

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Safety trainingSafety training

• Rescue personnel need to be trained in the potential electrical hazards when extracting vehicle occupants after a crash

• Rescue personnel need to be trained in the potential electrical hazards when extracting vehicle occupants after a crash

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Parallel Hybrid Drive SystemParallel Hybrid Drive System

Motor /Generator

Transmission

ICE Engine

Inverter

PCM

Battery Array

• A Parallel Hybrid has a direct mechanical connection between the ICE engine and the wheels.

• Parallel Hybrids use a conventional transmission or an electro-mechanical torque splitting transmission that combines the power of the ice engine and electric motor[s]

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Series Hybrid Drive SystemSeries Hybrid Drive System

• A Series Hybrid is essentially a battery powered electric vehicle that has an auxiliary power unit to provide additional range

• In a series Hybrid there is no mechanical connection between the ICE engine and the wheels

• A Series Hybrid is essentially a battery powered electric vehicle that has an auxiliary power unit to provide additional range

• In a series Hybrid there is no mechanical connection between the ICE engine and the wheels

Generator

ICE Engine

Inve

rte

r

Battery Array

ElectricMotor PCM

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• A generator is bolted to the back of the engine to provide electric power to the motor after the battery SOC drops below minimum

• The battery array is large enough to provide 40 miles of electric power – after 40 miles the ICE engine can provide power as long as there is gasoline in the tank

• This type of vehicle is normally called an electric powered vehicle with a range extending gas engine

• A generator is bolted to the back of the engine to provide electric power to the motor after the battery SOC drops below minimum

• The battery array is large enough to provide 40 miles of electric power – after 40 miles the ICE engine can provide power as long as there is gasoline in the tank

• This type of vehicle is normally called an electric powered vehicle with a range extending gas engine

Series Hybrid Drive SystemSeries Hybrid Drive System

Generator

Electric Motor

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Series HybridSeries Hybrid

• Chassis with Electric Motor and Generator

• Chassis with Electric Motor and Generator

Traction Motor

BatteryArray

ChargingSocket

Generator

Image courtesy of General Motors Corp

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• With ICE engine and fuel tanks

• With ICE engine and fuel tanks

3 Cylinder turbocharged ICE engine

InverterFuel

Tanks


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• With Cooling system, Steering and Brakes• With Cooling system, Steering and Brakes

ElectricPower Assist

Brake Booster

RadiatorFor ICEEngine

Electric Power

Steering


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Two technologies that make hybrids more efficient than conventional vehiclesTwo technologies that make hybrids more efficient than conventional vehicles

• Autostop• Regenerative Braking

• Autostop• Regenerative Braking

Hybrid efficiencyHybrid efficiency

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Electric Torque AssistElectric Torque Assist

• Most hybrids also have electric torque assist.

• When power is required both the ICE engine and the electric motor provide torque.

• Electric torque assist allows the ICE engine to be smaller and still have adequate performance

• Most hybrids also have electric torque assist.

• When power is required both the ICE engine and the electric motor provide torque.

• Electric torque assist allows the ICE engine to be smaller and still have adequate performance

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AutostopAutostop

• The ICE engine is shut down while vehicle is stationary

• On some hybrids the system can shut off the ICE engine during coast, deceleration or driving at slower speeds under electric power

• The ICE engine is restarted when the brake pedal is released or the gas pedal is depressed

• The ICE engine is shut down while vehicle is stationary

• On some hybrids the system can shut off the ICE engine during coast, deceleration or driving at slower speeds under electric power

• The ICE engine is restarted when the brake pedal is released or the gas pedal is depressed

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6543

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0

7

0

10

6050 7040 80

30 90

20 100

110

120

PRN 321D

Auto Stop ModeAuto Stop Mode

When the driver releases the pedal the engine will restart. Some hybrids restart when the accelerator pedal is depressed.

The ICE Engine is turned off as long as the driver holds pressure on the brake pedal and the vehicle not moving.

Autostop

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Regenerative BrakingRegenerative Braking

• Instead of loosing all the kinetic energy to heat in conventional brakes the kinetic energy is converted into electricity which can be stored and used again to accelerate and climb hills

• Instead of loosing all the kinetic energy to heat in conventional brakes the kinetic energy is converted into electricity which can be stored and used again to accelerate and climb hills

•During normal braking the hybrid drive system slows the vehicle by converting the electric motor into a generator – recharging the batteries

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Hybrid TypesHybrid Types

Light - Auto Stop and Regenerative Braking only

Mild - Electric Traction assist – vehicle cannot run solely on electric power

Full - Electric only operation at up to 30 MPH – engine shuts down on coast

Plug In - batteries can be charged overnight by 110 or 220 volt household current. Vehicle can be driven 10 to 40 miles solely by electric power. Currently in the Prius Plug-in and Chevy Volt

Light - Auto Stop and Regenerative Braking only

Mild - Electric Traction assist – vehicle cannot run solely on electric power

Full - Electric only operation at up to 30 MPH – engine shuts down on coast

Plug In - batteries can be charged overnight by 110 or 220 volt household current. Vehicle can be driven 10 to 40 miles solely by electric power. Currently in the Prius Plug-in and Chevy Volt

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Types of Hybrid VehiclesTypes of Hybrid Vehicles

LIGHT MILD FULL PLUG IN

DOES NOT HAVE A TRACTION MOTOR – ELECTRIC MOTOR IS ONLY USED FOR STARTING THE ENGINE

TRACTION MOTOR ASSISTS ICE MOTOR WHEN EXTRA TORQUE IS NEEDED

VEHICLE CAN BE DRIVEN AT SPEEDS UP TO 30 MPH SOLELY ON ELECTRIC TRACTION MOTOR – FOR 1 TO 2 MILES

VEHICLE CAN BE DRIVEN SOLELY ON ELECTRICITY AT SPEEDS UP TO 100 MPH FOR A DISTANCE OF 40 MILES

VEHICLE IS NEVER DRIVEN BY ELECTRIC POWER

ICE MOTOR RUNS AS A GENERATOR WHENEVER THE VEHICLE IS IN MOTION

VEHICLE IS NEVER DRIVEN BY ELECTRIC POWER

ICE MOTOR RUNS AS A GENERATOR WHENEVER THE VEHICLE IS IN MOTION

IN NORMAL DRIVING VEHICLE RUNS UNDER ELECTRIC POWER AT SPEEDS UP TO 30 MPHICE ENGINE RUNS WHEN MORE TORQUE IS REQUIRED, WHEN SPEED EXCEEDS 30 MPH OR BATTERY SOC IS LOW

ICE MOTOR ONLY RUNS WHEN BATTERIES ARE DEPLETED [BELOW 30% SOC] OR EXTRA TORQUE IS NEEDED

TRACTION MOTOR PROVIDES ALL THE TORQUE NEEDED

UTILIZES 42 VOLT BATTERY ARRAY

UTILIZES A HIGH VOLTAGE BATTERY ARRAY > 144 Volts

UTILIZES A HIGH VOLTAGE BATTERY ARRAY > 190+ Volts

UTILIZES A HIGH VOLTAGE BATTERY ARRAY > 225 +Volts

LEAD ACID BATTERIES NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES

NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES

LITHIUM ION BATTERIES

BATTERIES RECHARGED BY ICE MOTOR + REGENERATIVE BRAKING AND DURING ICE OPERATION



VEHICLE IS RECHARGED AT NIGHT VIA ON BOARD 110 VOLT PLUG IN CHARGER AND DURING REGENERATIVE BRAKING

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Types of Hybrid VehiclesTypes of Hybrid Vehicles

LIGHT MILD FULL PLUG IN

HAS NO TRACTION MOTOR – MOTOR / GENERATOR SERVES AS A STARTER

A 12 VOLT DC GEAR REDUCTION TYPE STARTER IS USED AS A BACKUP STARTER

TRACTION MOTOR IS CONNECTED TO THE ENGINE CRANKSHAFT – STARTS THE ICE ENGINE, GENERATES ELECTRICITY TO RECHARGE THE BATTERIES.

A 12 VOLT DC GEAR REDUCTION TYPE STARTER IS USED AS A BACKUP STARTER

TRACTION MOTORS ARE LOCATED INSIDE THE TRANSMISSION, ALLOWING ICE ENGINE TO BE SHUT DOWN DURING COAST AND SLOW SPEED OPERATION

TRACTION MOTORS ARE LOCATED INSIDE THE TRANSMISSION – SINCE THE SYSTEM RUNS AT HIGHER SPEEDS THE MOTORS ARE LARGER AND MORE POWERFUL

SERIES PLUG IN HAS SEPARATE GENERATOR AND TRACTION MOTOR

ICE MOTOR IS TURNED OFF WHEN VEHICLE IS STATIONARY

ICE MOTOR IS TURNED OFF WHEN VEHICLE IS STATIONARY

THE ICE MOTOR IS TURNED OFF AT LOW SPEEDS < 20 MPH

THE ICE MOTOR RUNS ONLY WHEN BATTERY SOC IS LOW [BELOW 30% SOC]

CONVENTIONAL PLANETARY GEARSET TRANSMISSION + TORQUE CONVERTER

CVT RANSMISSION WITHOUT A TORQUE CONVERTER OR PLANETARY GEARSET TRANSMISSION WITH A TORQUE CONVERTER

ELECTROMECHANICAL TORQUE SPLITTER PLANETARY TRANSMISSION OR DUAL MODE TRANSMISSION – NO TORQUE CONVERTER -HAS NO REVERSE GEAR

PARALLEL - ELECTROMECHANICAL TORQUE SPLITTER

SERIES HAS NO TRANSMISSION ONLY A DIFERENTIAL

2004 GM PHT Silverado Honda Civic & Accord Saturn VUE

Toyota PriusFord EscapeNissan Altima2008 Chevy Tahoe

2012 Chevy Volt2012 Prius Plug-in Hybrid

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Light Hybrid – Type 1Light Hybrid – Type 1

• Motor/Generator built into bell housing.• Motor/Generator does not provide torque for power assist.• Conventional planetary gearset automatic transmission

delivers torque to drive axels.• Electrically driven pump maintains pressure on

transmission clutches and bands during auto stop.• Torque converter clutch is modified for 2 way torque

transfer.• Transmission is calibrated to lock out freewheeling when

brakes are applied.

• Motor/Generator built into bell housing.• Motor/Generator does not provide torque for power assist.• Conventional planetary gearset automatic transmission

delivers torque to drive axels.• Electrically driven pump maintains pressure on

transmission clutches and bands during auto stop.• Torque converter clutch is modified for 2 way torque

transfer.• Transmission is calibrated to lock out freewheeling when

brakes are applied.

Stator Coils attached to Bell Housing

Permanent magnetsattached to flex plate

Electrically driven transmission pump

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Light Hybrid – Type 1Light Hybrid – Type 1

• 42 Volt hybrid system – Lead Acid Batteries • Motor/Generator serves as starter and generator• Electrical current produced by motor/generator is

used for restarting the engine after auto stop and operating electric power steering pump for PS and Hydro-boost brake assist

• Auto stop mode will not activate when A/C is set to MAX or defroster is selected

• Motor/Generator can provide 24 Kw at 110 volts to outlets in the truck bed

• Used on GM PHT trucks• Saturn Vue Greenline is similar

• 42 Volt hybrid system – Lead Acid Batteries • Motor/Generator serves as starter and generator• Electrical current produced by motor/generator is

used for restarting the engine after auto stop and operating electric power steering pump for PS and Hydro-boost brake assist

• Auto stop mode will not activate when A/C is set to MAX or defroster is selected

• Motor/Generator can provide 24 Kw at 110 volts to outlets in the truck bed

• Used on GM PHT trucks• Saturn Vue Greenline is similar

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Mild Hybrid – Type 2Mild Hybrid – Type 2

• Motor/Generator provides extra torque for acceleration

• Motor/Generator provides extra torque for acceleration

Stator coils attached to rear of engine block

Permanent magnetsembedded in flywheel

• Motor/Generator sandwiched between engine and bell housing

• CVT [Continuously Variable] automatic transmission delivers torque to drive axel[s]

• Starting clutch eliminates the need for a torque converter

Starting Clutch

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Porsche Cayenne Hybrid Motor/GeneratorPorsche Cayenne Hybrid Motor/Generator

Stator coils attached to rear of engine block

Permanent magnets

embedded in flywheel

Coolant

Image courtesy of Robert Bosch GMBH

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Mild Hybrid – Type 2Mild Hybrid – Type 2

• Cannot run in electric only mode• High voltage hybrid system – 144 to 190 volts• Ni MH battery type• Motor / Generator develops 10 to 15 Kw [13 to 20

hp] • Motor / Generator is cooled by contact with

engine block • Uses V-TEC technology for variable displacement

and to reduce engine drag during regenerative braking

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Full Hybrid – Type 3Full Hybrid – Type 3

• Runs in electric only mode at speeds below 25 mph depending on battery state of charge

• High voltage hybrid system – 190 to 400+ volts• Uses a torque splitter planetary gearset type transmission.

Motor / Generator # 2

Motor / Generator # 1

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Full Hybrid – Type 3Full Hybrid – Type 3

• Ni MH battery type• Motor / Generator develops 50 to 125 Kw [67 to 167 hp] • Motor / Generator must be liquid cooled. Antifreeze coolant

or transmission fluid circulating through the transaxle removes excess heat

• Atkinson cycle engine may be used for improved fuel economy

• Uses VTT technology for Atkinson cycle operation and cylinder canceling to improve fuel economy at highway cruise speeds.

• Since the vehicle can run on electric power alone, electric power steering and power brake assist are required

• Air conditioning compressor will also be powered electrically

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Full Hybrid transaxleFull Hybrid transaxle

• The motor/generators of a full hybrid are located inside the transaxle case

• A full hybrid transaxle will normally have 2 large motor/generators inside the transaxle

• A planetary gearset is used to combine the torque of the electric motor with that of the ICE engine

• The motor/generators of a full hybrid are located inside the transaxle case

• A full hybrid transaxle will normally have 2 large motor/generators inside the transaxle

• A planetary gearset is used to combine the torque of the electric motor with that of the ICE engine

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Plug in Hybrid – Type 4Plug in Hybrid – Type 4

• Batteries are charged overnight by 110 volt household current • Li – ion battery type• Battery capacity is 4 times greater than Full Hybrid

• Can be driven solely by electric power at speeds up to 100 mph• Has an electric only range of 10 to 40 miles • When battery SOC drops below 30% ICE engine automatically

starts

Increased BatteryCapacity

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Plug-in Series HybridPlug-in Series Hybrid• The 2014 Chevy Volt

has an electric range of over 40 miles

• The 2014 Chevy Volt has an electric range of over 40 miles

• A series hybrid is essentially an electric car that has a backup gasoline engine to extend the range.Image courtesy of General Motors Corp

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Plug-in Series HybridPlug-in Series Hybrid

• 40 mile range under electric power

• The engine will start when the batteries are depleted, allowing the vehicle to be driven another 360 miles before refueling

• 40 mile range under electric power

• The engine will start when the batteries are depleted, allowing the vehicle to be driven another 360 miles before refueling

Electric Motor

Range Extender Engine

Battery Pack

ChargingReceptacle

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Full Hybrid vs. Plug In HybridFull Hybrid vs. Plug In Hybrid

• A full hybrid vehicle is primarily powered by an ICE engine. It’s electric vehicle technology enables it to recover energy normally wasted.

• A plug In hybrid is primarily powered by electricity from the power grid, but has the extended range and refueling convenience of a conventional ICE vehicle when driven longer distances.

• A plug in hybrid can run on any type of energy that can be used to generate electricity.

• A full hybrid vehicle is primarily powered by an ICE engine. It’s electric vehicle technology enables it to recover energy normally wasted.

• A plug In hybrid is primarily powered by electricity from the power grid, but has the extended range and refueling convenience of a conventional ICE vehicle when driven longer distances.

• A plug in hybrid can run on any type of energy that can be used to generate electricity.

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Hybrid TechnologyHybrid Technology

• Smaller – yet more powerful engine systems

– Both motors; electric and ICE combine to produce the power needed for acceleration and climbing hills

– A small displacement 75 Hp ICE motor combined with a 67 HP electric motor[s] will have the same power as a conventional vehicle with a larger 140 Hp motor.

• Smaller – yet more powerful engine systems

– Both motors; electric and ICE combine to produce the power needed for acceleration and climbing hills

– A small displacement 75 Hp ICE motor combined with a 67 HP electric motor[s] will have the same power as a conventional vehicle with a larger 140 Hp motor.

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Accessories Accessories

• Since the ICE engine is shut down during autostop and at low speeds power accessories that are normally driven by belt and engine vacuum must be powered by electricity:

– Power Brakes– Power Steering– Air Conditioning

• Since the ICE engine is shut down during autostop and at low speeds power accessories that are normally driven by belt and engine vacuum must be powered by electricity:

– Power Brakes– Power Steering– Air Conditioning

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Electric Power Brake AssistElectric Power Brake Assist

• An electrically driven pump mounted on the ABS brake actuator assembly produces the high hydraulic pressure needed to bring the vehicle to a stop without excessive brake pedal force

• In normal braking the Hybrid Control Module turns on solenoids in the ABS actuator that block the flow of hydraulic pressure to the front brakes. This allows the regenerative braking system to recover the maximum available energy.

• An electrically driven pump mounted on the ABS brake actuator assembly produces the high hydraulic pressure needed to bring the vehicle to a stop without excessive brake pedal force

• In normal braking the Hybrid Control Module turns on solenoids in the ABS actuator that block the flow of hydraulic pressure to the front brakes. This allows the regenerative braking system to recover the maximum available energy.

AccumulatorPump

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Electric Power SteeringElectric Power Steering

• Conventional hydraulic power steering uses up to 5 hp of engine power even when the need for steering assist is low.

• Conventional hydraulic power steering uses up to 5 hp of engine power even when the need for steering assist is low.

ElectricMotor

SteeringControlModule

SteeringTorqueSensor

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Electric Power SteeringElectric Power Steering

• The electric motor can be mounted on the rack or steering column.

• The electric motor can be mounted on the rack or steering column.

Steering inputtorque sensor

Image courtesy of Robert Bosch GMBH

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Electric A/C CompressorElectric A/C Compressor

• To maintain comfortable cabin temperatures during Auto-stop mode an electrically driven A/C compressor is used.

• To maintain comfortable cabin temperatures during Auto-stop mode an electrically driven A/C compressor is used.

200+ volt 3 phase AC

Electric Motor

S D

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Electric A/C CompressorElectric A/C Compressor

• This GM electric compressor uses high voltage single phase AC current to drive the compressor motor.

• This GM electric compressor uses high voltage single phase AC current to drive the compressor motor.

200+ volt single phase ACElectric Motor

S

D

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Electric HeatElectric Heat

• Electric heating strips are attached to the fins of the heater core. During Auto-stop or electric drive mode electric current is applied to the heating strips.

• Electric heating strips are attached to the fins of the heater core. During Auto-stop or electric drive mode electric current is applied to the heating strips.

Heating Strips

RibbonFin

Electrode

Heater core

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Low Drag Tires and Wheel BearingsLow Drag Tires and Wheel Bearings

• Tires used on high efficiency hybrid vehicles are designed for lower rolling resistance.Rolling resistance is reduced by:

- Stiffer belts to reduce standing waves- More flexible sidewalls

- Narrower tread width

• Wheel bearings can be made of high silicon steelThe higher silicon content can tolerate

bearing lubricants with lower viscosity

Improved seals are needed to retain this low viscosity lubricant

• Tires used on high efficiency hybrid vehicles are designed for lower rolling resistance.Rolling resistance is reduced by:

- Stiffer belts to reduce standing waves- More flexible sidewalls

- Narrower tread width

• Wheel bearings can be made of high silicon steelThe higher silicon content can tolerate

bearing lubricants with lower viscosity

Improved seals are needed to retain this low viscosity lubricant

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Improved AerodynamicsImproved Aerodynamics

• Extending the slope of the front and rear ends of the body reduces turbulence and drag.

• Extending the slope of the front and rear ends of the body reduces turbulence and drag.

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Improved Fuel EfficiencyImproved Fuel Efficiency

• Each of these technologies help improve vehicle fuel efficiency.

• Combined in one vehicle they can add up to 40% increase in fuel efficiency.

• No hybrid vehicle in production today has all of these technologies but some hybrids have most of them.

• Each of these technologies help improve vehicle fuel efficiency.

• Combined in one vehicle they can add up to 40% increase in fuel efficiency.

• No hybrid vehicle in production today has all of these technologies but some hybrids have most of them.

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End of PresentationEnd of Presentation

1 Introduction to Hybrid Vehicles. 2 HYBRID VEHICLE – DEFINITION THE TERM HYBRID MEANS A BLEND OR...

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