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Transcript of 1 Introduction A plan to develop electrical power with Laser Fusion in 35 years less than John...
1
IntroductionA plan to develop electrical power
with Laser Fusion
in 35 yearsless
than
John Sethian (NRL)Steve Obenschain (NRL), Camille Bibeau (LLNL), and Steve Payne (LLNL)
With lots of help from: ReferencesD. Weidenheimer, Titan PSD Sombrero Power Plant StudyL. Brown and D. Goodin, GA National Ignition FacilityW. Meier, LLNL "2 MJ Laser Facility" by M.W. McGeoch
Presented to FESAC Development Path PanelGeneral AtomicsJanuary 14, 2003
2
Lasers and direct drive targets can lead to an attractive power plant…
Spherical targetElectricity Generator
Dry wall (passive) chamber
Targetfactory
Modular LaserArray
Final optics
Modular, separable parts: lowers cost of development AND improvements
Targets are simple spherical shells: “fuel” lends itself to automated production
Pursuing dry wall (passive) chamber because of simplicity
Past power plant studies have shown concept economically attractive
3
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Summary of Elements, Cost, and Schedule to developLaser Fusion Energy
Phase II•IFE Science &Technology•Full scale beam lines•High Gain Physics•Integration Experiments
Phase III: Engineering Test Facility •Full size driver ( 2 MJ)•Optimize Targets for High Yield•Develop/optimize chamber comp•Electricity Production (~300 MWe)
YEAR
Phase IApplied IFE R&D
DEMOHigh AvailabilityCommercial worthy
$140 M
$650 M($65M/yr)
$4,947 M($350M/yr)
$ 1,000M ??Specific Criteria must be met beforeproceeding to the next phase
Costs include Capital, Operating, Contingency, Fees, Management
4
Chambers & Materials WISCONSIN: Yield spectrum / Chambers LLNL: Alt chamber concepts, materials UCSD/ANL/INEEL: Chamber dynamics SNL: Materials response x-rays/ions ORNL/UCLA/UCSB/Wisconsin: Materials
Phase I: Develop Science and Technologyfor Laser Fusion Energy as an integrated system.
( 8 Government labs, 7 Universities, 8 Private Industries)
Target FabricationGA: Fab, charac, mass productionLANL: Adv foamsSCHAFER: DvB foams
Direct Drive Target DesignNRL: Target designLLNL: Yield spectrum, designUR/LLE: Target Design (DP program)
Target Injection GA: Injector, injection & trackingLANL: DT mech prop, thermal resp.
Final OpticsLLNL: X-rays, ions, neutronsUCSD: Laser, debris mitigation
Targetfactory
LasersKrF: NRLTitan PSD, SAIC, PPPL, GeorgiaTech, Commonwealth TechDPSSL: LLNLCoherent, Onyx, DEI, Northrup, UR/LLE
Lasers Target Fabrication
Target Injection
Direct Drive Target Design
Chambers and Materials
Final Optics
5
Laser IFE development leverages two main thrusts in DOE
High Average Power Laser (HAPL) Program Currently funded through NNSA/Defense Programs
Rep-Rate LasersHigh Gain Target Design & ExperimentsMass Production of TargetsTarget InjectionFinal OpticsChambers
Fusion Program(Office of Science):
System Studies (ARIES)Blanket/BreedersMaterials
ICF Program(NNSA/Defense Programs):
Target DesignTarget ExperimentsSingle Shot Target Fab
6
A Typical Direct Drive Target
High Gain Target(sector of spherical target)
DT Vapor
DT Fuel
Foam + DT2
mm
rad
ius
1-D Pellet Gain 120-180- sufficient for Energy
Gai
n
Pd thickness (Angstroms)
0
50
100
150
200
0 500 1000 15000 500 1000 15000
4.0 MJ KrF laser
1.48 MJ KrF laser
0
NRL
2-D single Mode Calculations
Pulse Gain ShellShape Break-up
Normal 180 83%"Pickett" 110 2%
LLNL, (UR/LLE, NRL)0 10 20 30
time (nsec)
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.001
Laser Power
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.001
NORMAL
PICKETT
0 10 20 30time (nsec)
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.001
Laser Power
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.001
NORMAL
PICKETT
7
Two types of lasers are under development for Fusion Energy
Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers(DPPSL)--- "Mercury" at LLNL
E-beam Pumped Krypton Fluoride Laser(KrF)---- "Electra" at NRL
Both lasers recently achieved first lightBoth have the potential to meet IFE requirements, but have different challenges
electronbeam
Kr+FLASERgas
LASER
CrystalDiodes
8
Both DPPSL and KrF lasers demonstrated first light
Target design advances: picket, high gain
Projected targets cost of 16 cents each
Made foam shells of required dimensions
Target injector/tracking system nearing completion
Enhanced DT ice smoothness w/ foams and at 16 degrees K
Grazing incidence metal mirrors exceed required laser damage threshold
Less helium retention in tungsten when cycled at elevated temps
Four facilities used for matl's evaluation (x-rays and ions)
First generation chamber dynamics code completed
Chamber operating windows identified with both advanced and current materials
Highlights of Progress to dateSee 12/6/02 meeting summary for further details :
http://aries.ucsd.edu/HAPL/SUMMARIES/02-12-16HAPLmtgSummary.pdf
1 10 100 1000L mode number
CumulativeSurfaceRoughnessRMS (?m)
1.41.21.00.80.60.40.20
Previous best
Latest, over foam
Single crystal
1 10 100 1000L mode number
CumulativeSurfaceRoughnessRMS (?m)
1.41.21.00.80.60.40.20
Previous best
Latest, over foam
Single crystal
Single Crystal
50 step doses vs. single dose (10 19/m2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
12500 13000 13500 14000
Energy (keV)
Counts
50 steps annealed between
whole dose then annealed
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Elements, Cost, & Schedule to develop Laser Fusion Energy
Phase II $650M($65M/yr)
Phase III: ETF: $4,947 M ($350M/yr)
DEMO $ 1,000M ??
Phase I $140 M
Lasers: $105 M
Targets$15 M
Optics$4.8 M
Chamber$7.0 M
Materials$6.8 M
10
Criteria to go from Phase I to Phase II (page 1 of 3)
LASERS• Develop technologies that can meet fusion energy requirements for
efficiency (> 6%), repetition rate (5-10 Hz), and durability (>100,000,000 shots continuous).
• Demonstrate required laser beam quality and pulse shaping.
• Laser technologies employed must scale to reactor size laser modules and project have attractive costs for commercial fusion energy.
FINAL OPTICS• Meet laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) requirements of more
than 5 Joules/cm2, in large area optics.
• Develop a credible final optics design that is resistant to degradation from neutrons, x-rays, gamma rays, debris, contamination, and energetic ions.
11
Criteria to go from Phase I to Phase II (page 2 of 3)
CHAMBERS• Develop a viable first wall concept for a fusion power plant.
• Produce a viable “point design” for a fusion power plant.
TARGET FABRICATION• Develop mass production methods to fabricate cryogenic DT targets
that meet the requirements of the target design codes and chamber design. Includes characterization.
• Combine these methods with established mass production costing models to show targets cost will be less than $0.25.
12
Criteria to go from Phase I to Phase II (page 3 of 3)
TARGET INJECTION AND TRACKING• Build an injector that accelerates targets to a velocity to traverse the
chamber (~6.5 m) in 16 milliseconds or less.
• Demonstrate target tracking with sufficient accuracy for a power plant (+/- 20 microns).
TARGET DESIGN/PHYSICS• Develop credible target designs, using 2D and 3D modeling, that have
sufficient gain (> 100) + stability for fusion energy.
• Benchmark underlying codes with experiments on Nike & Omega.
• Integrate design into needs of target fab, injection and reactor chamber.
13
Description of Phase II (page 1 of 5)
Top Level Objective:1. Establish Science and Technology to build and JUSTIFY the Engineering
Test Facility (ETF). 2. Phase II will consist of six components.
1. Laser Facility--primary function
Lasers: Build a full-scale (power plant sized) laser beam line using the best laser choice to emerge from Phase I:
(KrF: 60 kJ)(DPPSL: 6 kJ)
Final optics/target injection: Use the above beam line to repetitively hit a target injected into a chamber, with the required precision. Measure optics "Laser Induced Damage Threshold" (LIDT) durability.
14
What are Full Scale Beam Lines?Full scale is defined as the size that will be replicated N times for the ETF, M times for DEMO. N may equal M.
Laser60 kJ
Gas-cooled frequency converter
Diode-pump delivery system
Target chamber
Gas-cooled amplifier head
Power supplies
Gas blowers
Deformable mirror
Front End
Gas-cooled frequency converter
Diode-pump delivery system
Target chamber
Gas-cooled amplifier head
Power supplies
Gas blowers
Deformable mirror
Front End
Venus Laser: 6 kJ ~ 3 kJ / aperture 2 “bundled” apertures
Requires 3x scaled up crystal growth
40 kJ/e-beam16 bundled electron beams
KrF Laser Amplifier 60 kJ
Requires 10x scaled e-beam diodes
Forty 60 kJ Amps ~2.4 MJ ETF 12 bundled apertures = Terra (36 kJ) 60 x Terra = Helios ~2.1 MJ ETF
(page 2 of 5)
15
Description of Phase II (page 3 of 5)
2. Laser Facility--secondary functions
Chamber Dynamics: Evaluate chamber dynamics models with “Mini Chamber”
Chamber materials: Study candidate wall and/or optics materials
Full energyLaser Beam Line
(6-60 kJ)
Injected target(may be cryo,
but not layered)Main Chamber
Final optic
Mini chamber
16
Description of Phase II (page 4 of 5)
3. Cryogenic Target Facility
Target fabrication: “Batch mode” mass production of fusion class (cryogenic) targets.
Target Injection: Repetitive injection of above targets into a simulated fusion chamber environment.
CryoTargetfactory
Cryogenic,layered target
“mass” production
Tracking & characterization
IFE Chamberenvironment(e.g. right gas, wall temp, etc)
17
Description of Phase II (page 5 of 5)
4. Power Plant Design• Produce a credible design for a laser fusion power plant that meets the
technical and economic requirements for commercial power.
5. Chamber and final optics materials/structures:• Evaluate candidate materials/structures in a non-fusion environment.
6. Target Physics: • Develop viable, robust high gain targets for fusion energy using
integrated high-resolution 3D target modeling. • Validate design codes with target physics experiments at fusion scale
energies, (e.g. on NIF).
18
Cost Breakdown for Phase II: KrF
TotalsSub
Totals
Full energy KrF laser beam line 286.08
Building and infrastructure 10 Electra $2M/7000 sq feet; IRE 35,000 sq ft
Single scale diode + pulsed power 11.6 Scaled from Electra + pulsed power studies
Three pulsed power + seven diodes 37.5 Scaled from Electra + pulsed power studies
Front end (50 J) 5.1 Scaled from Electra + pulsed power studies
Driver amp (4.0 kJ) 30.2 Scaled from Electra + pulsed power studies
Final eight diodes 65 Scaled from Electra, 80% for mass prod
All connecting optics 15 Nike Laser + vacuum tubes
Diagnostics.data aquisition 4 Pulsed power + laser
Onsite labor 60 30 FTE x 200k/FTE = 6M/yr x 10 years = 60M
Contingency 47.68 took 20%
Target Chamber (for laser facility) 27
Target Chamber inc final optics 12 includes mini chamber for chamber dynamics
Diagnostics 5 Nike experience
Chambers/materials experiment support 10 5 FTE x 200k/FTE = 1M/yr x 10 yrs = 10 M
19
Cost Breakdown for Phase II: DPPSL
Vendor Readiness ($22M): - Contracts ($10), Crystal growth ($6.5), Overhead ($5.3)
Design ($12M): - Personnel ($7.2), Overhead ($4.8)
Procurement and Construction ($135M): - Personnel ($10) - Diodes (assumed cost $1.2 / Watt, 30 MW) ($39.6) - Crystals ($10) - Laser Hardware ($12.9) - Power Conditioning ($17) - Facilities and Utilities ($22.9) - Overhead ($22.3)
Activation ($22M): - Personnel ($8.1), Crystals ($4.8), Procurements ($1.2), Overhead ($7.6)
Integrated experiments ($36M): - Personnel ($12.0), Crystals ($3.6), Procurements ($1.8), Overhead ($18.6)
$277M Personnel and Laser Hardware ($168M + $50M contingency) - LLNL Overhead ($59M; Assumes 30% reduction in tax base)
Vendor readiness $22M
Construct &Procure $135M
LaserDesign $12M
Laser Activation$22M
Integrated experimentsLaser:$36M; Chamber:$10M
Timeline for DPSSL- IRE (6 kJ Venus Laser ) development and operation
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Construct & Procure $6M
ChamberDesign $0.5M
Chamber Activation $9.5M
20
Cost Breakdown for Phase II: Other R & D
Target Physics 100
Code development + experiments 77 IFE specific
Super computer Dev + support 23 IFE specific
Target fab and Injection Facility 89
Target fab R & D 27 Per General Atomics, LB 02/06/14
Target injection facility 42 Per General Atomics, LB 02/06/14
Target injection experiments 20 10 FTE x 200k/FTE = 2M/yr x 10 yrs = 20 M
Final Optics 24 24 (HAPL level x 2)
Chambers 26 26 (HAPL level x 2.2)
Materials 28 28 (HAPL level x 2.2)
Point design ETF and DEMO 20 20
The IFE laser "Runner-Up" 40 40
Phase II Program Direction 10 10
Total Non Laser Components 337
21
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040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 3132333403
00010299
00010299
Elements, Cost, & Schedule to develop Laser Fusion Energy
Phase II $650M($65M/yr)
Phase III: ETF: $4,947 M ($350M/yr)
DEMO $ 1,000M ??
Phase I $140 M
Target Physics: $100 M
Other Comp: $150 M
?
Laser Facility:$275M (laser) +27 M (chamber)
DESIGN CONST OPERATION
Target Facility: $99 MDESIGN CONST OPERATION
Lasers: $105 M
Targets$15 M
Optics$4.8 M
Chamber$7.0 M
Materials$6.8 M
22
Criteria to go from Phase II to Phase III (ETF) (1 of 2)
1. Lasers: • Full functionality of laser beam line using the best laser choice to emerge
from Phase I. (full energy beam line KrF, full aperture DPSSL)• Meets all the fusion energy requirements:
• efficiency rep rate cost basis• rep-rate durability• pulse shaping illumination uniformity
2. Final optics/target injection: • Laser beam can be hit injected target with the required precision.• Required optics LIDT durability.
3. Target fabrication:• “Batch mode” mass production of fusion class (cryogenic) targets.
4. Target Injection:• Repetitive injection, tracking, and survival of targets into a simulated fusion
chamber environment.
23
Criteria to go from Phase II to Phase III (ETF) (2 of 2)
5. Power Plant Design:• Produce a credible design for a laser fusion power plant that meets the
technical and economic requirements for commercial power.• Demonstrate candidate materials / structures can survive in a non-fusion
environment.• Develop one or more credible blanket concepts.
6. Chamber and final optics materials/structures:• Evaluate candidate materials/structures in a non-fusion environment. 7. Target Physics: • Develop viable, robust high gain targets for fusion energy using
integrated high-resolution 3D target modeling. • Validate design codes with target physics experiments at fusion scale
energies, (e.g. on NIF).
24
Description of Phase III (ETF)
The ETF will have operational flexibility to perform four major tasks:
•Full size driver with sufficient energy for high gain.•2 MJ Laser• Replications of the beam line developed in Phase II. But allow improvements.
•Optimize targets for high yield.• Address issues specific to direct drive and high yield.
•Test, develop, and optimize chamber components• Includes first wall and blanket, tritium breeding, tritium recovery.• Requires thermal management (125 MWth).
•Electricity production (300-400 MW) with potential for high availability.• Chamber with blanket and electrical generator (1250 MWth).• Laser, final optics and target technologies should be mature and reliable by now
25
ETF-Tasks 1 & 2 (driver demo and optimize gain)
Targetfactory
Target fabrication & injection. DEMO Scale. Capable of continuous 5 Hz runs
Laser : DEMO Scale~ 2.2 MJ> 106 shots MTBF for entire system(Beam lines > 108 from Phase II)
Final Optics: DEMO Scale (Full LIDT threat & debris)Chamber: see next Viewgraph
OPTIMIZE TARGETS FOR HIGH GAINSingle shot and burst mode
26
ETF-First Generation Chamberfor Tasks 1, 2, and
Task 3 (materials/components blanket development)
FIRST WALL (6.5 m radius)
Full laser energy & yield (250 MJ)10 shot bursts @ 5 Hz105 shots< 0.02 micron erosion/shot
Full laser energy with 10% yield107shots at 5 Hz
negligible erosion/shot
Design allows annual replacement
BLANKET / COOLING
125 MWth (10% yield @ 5 Hz)Breed Tritium (Sombrero TBR= 1.25 (LiO2)
Full yield, rep-rate, burst -- target physics, chamber dynamics10% yield, rep-rate, continuous -- material/component testsTWO MODES:
Test multiple blanketconcepts, if needed
40cm x 40 cmcooled samples@ 2 m radius
COULD BE CTF?
27
ETF-Task 4 (Electricity Production)
Upgrade chamber materials based on R&D
Upgrade to best blanket to come out of R&D
Upgrade chamber cooling: (125MW to 1.3 GW thermal)
Generate 300-400 MW electricity(expect 250 MW net to Grid by 2028)
28
Cost Breakdown for ETF: KrF laser
COMPONENTTotals
Sub Totals
2.4 MJ KrF Laser
Forty 60 kJ amplifiers 1072Scale Electra + mass prod, pulsed power systems studies
Forty 4 kJ driver amps 347Scale Electra + mass prod, pulsed power systems studies
Ten 400 J front ends 124Scale Electra + mass prod, pulsed power systems studies
50 J front end 5Scale Electra + mass prod, pulsed power systems studies
Optics (multiplexing/demux) 120 From McGeoch
Diagnostics/data aquisition 40
Onsite labor 15060 FTE x 250k/FTE = 15M/yr x 10 yrs =150M
Contingency 371 took 20%
Total 2228Total Laser Cost 2228Administrative 290 13% from MW McGeoch
Building 260 260 100,000 sq feet (use NIF cost)
TOTAL LASER + BUILDING 2778
29
Cost Breakdown for ETF: DPPSL
The ETF costs were estimated using the NIF cost basis
NIF Elements
• Facility• Driver - Optics - Optical pump - Pulsed power - Gain media - Cooling - KDP - Pockels cell - Deformable mirror - Front end
• Controls and data acquisition
• Diagnostics
DPSSL costs
Similar
SimilarMuch more (diodes vs flashlamps)More (rep-rated efficient design) More (crystals vs glass)More (gas flow vs passive cooling)SimilarSimilarSimilarSimilar
Similar
Similar
Total ~$1.5 B ~$1.5 + $1.0 (diodes) + $0.5 (misc + contingency)
Projected driver costs for:- ETF is $3.0 B, 1st of kind- IFE plant is $1.0 B, 10th of kind ($500/J)
30
Cost Breakdown for ETF: other technologies
TotalsSub
TotalsCOMPONENT
Target Physics 280Diagnostics 80
Operating 200 80 FTEx 250k=20M/yr x 10 = 200 M
Target fab and Injection Facility 339Target fab/inj Const 146 Based on GA, L. Brown 12/20/02
Operating 193 L. Brown 12/20/02 ext 9 yrs
Optics (final) 40 40 per M. W. McGeoch
125 MWTh Chamber 470Fixed items 200 Meier update Sombrero
Component test modules 70 Meier update SombreroDiagnostics 50 ICF experienceOperating 150 60 FTEx 250k =15M/yr x 10yrs =150M
1250 MWTh Chamber 518 518 Meier update Sombrero
Balance of Plant 120 Based on Nuclear Industry
Full Design of ETF 100 100Administrative (inc licensing) 80 13% from MW McGeoch
Total Other Components 1947
31
040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 3132333403
040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 3132333403
00010299
00010299
Elements, Cost, & Schedule to develop Laser Fusion Energy
Phase II $650M($65M/yr)
Phase III: ETF: $4,947 M ($350M/yr)
DEMO $ 1,000M ??
Phase I $140 M
Optimize Yield: $100M
ETF Laser*: $3,000 M (inc building)DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OPERATION
Target Factory & Injector: $339 MDES CONS
TOPERATION
?
Lasers: $105 M
Targets$15 M
Optics$4.8 M
Chamber$7.0 M
Materials$6.8 M
1st Chamber: $145 MCONST
OPERATIONDES
Electricity: $638 MDES CONST OP
Blanket Dev: $200 M?
?
NIF
Target Physics: $100 M
Other Comp: $150 M
DESIGN CONST OPERATION
Laser Facility:$275M (laser) +27 M (chamber)
Target Facility: $99 MDESIGN CONST OPERATION
32
Criteria to go from ETF to DEMO
1. Demonstrate gain & reproducibility required for commercial fusion power
2. Demonstrate integrated operation of critical components--...laser + target fabrication + chamber...
3. Extends to reliable and economically attractive approach
for commercial electricity.
33
Description of Laser IFE DEMO
Could employ the core of the ETF laser driver, target fab, injection, etc with mods optimized for commercial application rather than research. Components optimized for commercial power generation.
Given the potential capability for the ETF, DEMO could be a second generation plant with significant industrial investment.
34
040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 3132333403
040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 3132333403
00010299
00010299
Elements, Cost, & Schedule to develop Laser Fusion Energy
Phase II $650M($65M/yr)
Phase III: ETF: $4,947 M ($350M/yr)
DEMO $ 1,000M ??
Phase I $140 M
ETF Laser*: $3,000 M (inc building)DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OPERATION
Target Factory & Injector: $339 MDES CONS
TOPERATION
?
Lasers: $105 M
Targets$15 M
Optics$4.8 M
Chamber$7.0 M
Materials$6.8 M
1st Chamber: $145 MCONST
OPERATIONDES
Electricity: $638 MDES CONST OP
Blanket Dev: $200 M?
?
DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OP
DEMO?
NIF
Optimize Yield: $100M
Target Physics: $100 M
Other Comp: $150 M
DESIGN CONST OPERATION
Laser Facility:$275M (laser) +27 M (chamber)
Target Facility: $99 MDESIGN CONST OPERATION
35
040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 3132333403
040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 3132333403
00010299
00010299
Elements, Cost, & Schedule to develop Laser Fusion Energy
Phase II $650M($65M/yr)
Phase III: ETF: $4,947 M ($350M/yr)
DEMO $ 1,000M ??
Phase I $140 M
Target Physics: $100 M
Other Comp: $150 M
ETF Laser*: $3,000 M (inc building)DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OPERATION
Target Factory & Injector: $339 MDES CONS
TOPERATION
?
Laser Facility:$275M (laser) + 27 M (chamber)
DESIGN CONST OPERATION
Target Facility: $99 MDESIGN CONST OPERATION
Lasers: $105 M
Targets$15 M
Optics$4.8 M
Chamber$7.0 M
Materials$6.8 M
1st Chamber: $145 MCONST
OPERATIONDES
Electricity: $638 MDES CONST OP
Blanket Dev: $200 M?
?
DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OP
DEMO?
NIF
Optimize Yield: $100M