1. Intro. Res. and Its Use in Nsg. Prac

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Chapter 1Chapter 1

Introducing ResearchIntroducing Research

and Its Use in Nursingand Its Use in NursingPracticePractice



What Is Research?What Is Research?

ResearchSystematic inquiry using disciplined methods to

solve problems or answer questions

Nursing research

Systematic inquiry to develop knowledge aboutissues of importance to the nursing profession



Roles of Nurses in ResearchRoles of Nurses in Research

Continuum of participation, from producer Continuum of participation, from producer of research to intelligent consumer of of research to intelligent consumer of research findingsresearch findings

EvidenceEvidence--based practice (EBPbased practice (EBP))²²thetheuse of the best clinical evidence inuse of the best clinical evidence in

making patient care decisionsmaking patient care decisions Both consumers and producers play aBoth consumers and producers play a

key role in EBPkey role in EBP



History of Nursing ResearchHistory of Nursing Research

Florence Nightingale pioneered research, 1850sFlorence Nightingale pioneered research, 1850s

First journal on research (First journal on research (Nursing ResearchNursing Research) ) emerged, 1950semerged, 1950s

Clinical research becomes increasinglyClinical research becomes increasinglyimportant, 1970simportant, 1970s

National Center for Nursing ResearchNational Center for Nursing Researchestablished at NIH, 1986established at NIH, 1986

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) established, 1993established, 1993

NINR budget exceeds $100 million, 2000sNINR budget exceeds $100 million, 2000s



Future Directions for NursingFuture Directions for Nursing

ResearchResearch Heightened focus on evidenceHeightened focus on evidence--basedbased

practicepractice

Increased use of multiple confirmatoryIncreased use of multiple confirmatorystrategies andstrategies and replicationreplication

Greater stress onGreater stress on integrative reviewsintegrative reviews

Increased multidisciplinary collaborationIncreased multidisciplinary collaboration

Expanded dissemination of researchExpanded dissemination of researchfindingsfindings

Greater focus onGreater focus on outcomes researchoutcomes research



Sources of Evidence for NursingSources of Evidence for Nursing

PracticePractice TraditionTradition

AuthorityAuthority

Clinical experience; trial and error;Clinical experience; trial and error;intuitionintuition

Logical reasoning (inductive & deductive) Logical reasoning (inductive & deductive)

Assembled information (e.g., qualityAssembled information (e.g., qualityimprovement data)improvement data)

Disciplined researchDisciplined research



Paradigms and Methods for Paradigms and Methods for

Nursing ResearchNursing ResearchParadigmParadigm²²aa world view; a generalworld view; a general

perspective on the complexities of theperspective on the complexities of the

real world, with certain assumptionsreal world, with certain assumptionsabout realityabout reality

Key paradigms for nursing research:Key paradigms for nursing research:

Positivist paradigmPositivist paradigm

Naturalistic paradigmNaturalistic paradigm



What Is the Nature of Reality?What Is the Nature of Reality?

Positivist assumptionPositivist assumption: Reality exists;: Reality exists;there is a real world driven by naturalthere is a real world driven by natural

causes.causes.

Naturalist assumptionNaturalist assumption: Reality is: Reality is

multiple and subjective; constructedmultiple and subjective; constructedby individuals.by individuals.



How Is the Inquirer Related toHow Is the Inquirer Related to

ThoseB

eing Studied?ThoseB

eing Studied?

Positivist assumptionPositivist assumption: The inquirer is: The inquirer is

independent from those being studied.independent from those being studied.

Naturalist assumptionNaturalist assumption: The inquirer : The inquirer interacts with those being studied;interacts with those being studied;findings reflect this interaction.findings reflect this interaction.



What Is the Role of Values inWhat Is the Role of Values in

the Inquiry?the Inquiry?

Positivist assumptionPositivist assumption: Values are held: Values are heldin check; objectivity is sought.in check; objectivity is sought.

Naturalist assumptionNaturalist assumption: Subjectivity: Subjectivityand values are inevitable, desirable.and values are inevitable, desirable.



How Is Knowledge Obtained?How Is Knowledge Obtained?

Research methodsResearch methods²²the techniquesthe techniquesused to structure a study and toused to structure a study and to

gather, analyze, and interpretgather, analyze, and interpretinformationinformation

Quantitative researchQuantitative research²²most oftenmost oftenallied with the positivist traditionallied with the positivist tradition

Qualitative researchQualitative research²²most oftenmost oftenallied with the naturalist traditionallied with the naturalist tradition



Key Differences in ResearchKey Differences in Research

MethodsMethodsPositivistPositivist NaturalisticNaturalistic

Fixed designFixed design Flexible designFlexible design

Discrete, specific conceptsDiscrete, specific concepts HolisticHolisticDeductive processesDeductive processes Inductive processesInductive processes

Control over contextControl over context ContextContext--boundbound

Verification of hunchesVerification of hunches EmergingEmerging

interpretationsinterpretationsQuantitative informationQuantitative information QualitativeQualitative informationinformation

Seeks generalizationsSeeks generalizations Seeks patternsSeeks patterns



The Purposes of NursingThe Purposes of Nursing

ResearchResearch IdentificationIdentification

DescriptionDescription

ExplorationExploration

ExplanationExplanation

PredictionPrediction ControlControl

1. Intro. Res. and Its Use in Nsg. Prac

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