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1 International Space Consultants From Space Station Programs to Commercial Habitation Eric Dahlstrom 16 March 2015 Manfred Lachs Conference Montral, Canada

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2 International Space Consultants Summary Large government investment (>$150B) Before 2005: NASA opposed commercial space stations Now: Investment in commercial logistics and crew vehicles (5% ISS cost) US regulatory environment now encourages commercial space Russian history of commercial use of space stations Required elements in place for new commercial space stations Expect lots of activity in next few years Potential for large economic benefits Decouples space development from government investment

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3 International Space Consultants Government Space Station Programs Salyuts, Skylab, Mir, ISS, Tiangong Salyut 1 1971 Skylab 1973 $11B Mir 1986-2001 $5B ISS 1998-present $150B Tiangong 1 2012-present $3B Salyut/Almaz [1974 1986] Cost: est ($2015)

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4 International Space Consultants Space Station Programs Long History, Large Investment Salyuts, Skylab, Mir, ISS, Tiangong

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5 International Space Consultants Space Stations Contrast with other industries Pioneering technology Expensive, high technology Commercial products Mass-produced, low cost Autos Air travel Computers Internet Comsats Cell phones 19901980197019601950194019301920191019002000 Human space travel Government Influence 2010

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6 International Space Consultants Space Stations Contrast with other industries Pioneering technology Expensive, high technology Commercial products Mass-produced, low cost Autos Air travel Computers Internet Comsats Cell phones 19901980197019601950194019301920191019002000 Human space travel Government Influence 2010 NACA (March 1915)

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7 International Space Consultants Rapid Transition from Government to Commercial Commercial Satellite Industry Now: $200B/year 1200 spacecraft

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8 International Space Consultants Commercial Space Station Studies in 1980s and 1990s Industrial Space Facility (studies, proposed contract, 1982-1989) Use of External Tanks (studies, 1988 White House directive, 1980-1998)

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9 International Space Consultants Commercial Space Station Efforts MirCorp Dec 1999 Commercial Crew April June 2000

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10 International Space Consultants Commercial Space Station Efforts MirCorp Dec 1999 MirCorp Tether (blocked by ITAR)

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11 International Space Consultants Commercial Space Station Efforts MirCorp Dec 1999 March 2001 Mir De-orbit 23 March 2001

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12 International Space Consultants Commercial Space Station Efforts Space Adventures Spaceflight Participants Dennis Tito (April 2001) Mark Shuttleworth (April 2002) Gregory Olsen (Oct 2005) Anousheh Ansari (Sep 2006) Charles Simonyi (April 2007, March 2009) Richard Garriott (Oct 2008) Guy Lalibert (Sep 2009) Sarah Brightman (planned Sep 2015) 6 Months of Cosmonaut Training

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13 International Space Consultants Commercial Space Station Efforts Logistics NASA COTS (