1

Inside the Inside the ComputerComputerInside the Inside the ComputerComputer

Chapter Chapter 66

Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2001

3-2Be Informed ! !Be Informed ! !

Monthly Monthly Technology UpdateTechnology Update

And, make good decisions when purchasing a PC.

3-3Electronic SignalsElectronic Signals

Analog

Digital

3-4Bit By BitBit By Bit

Only 2states

possible

Off

} Human readable symbols

On1

Off0

Permanentlystored on

floppy disk}Positive magnetic

field

Negative magnetic

field

Permanentlystored onCD-ROM}Pitted

NotPitted

Inside thecomputer’smemory

}Electronic

pulse present

Electronicpulse

absent

On

3-5

001001110001

Digital

Digitizing DataDigitizing Data

Photos courtesy of Hewlett-Packard Company, Intergraph Corporation,Courtesy of International Business Machines Corporation. Unauthorized use not permitted.

Analog

3-6Encoding SystemsEncoding Systems

“A” is represented by this bit pattern1 byte= 8 bits

“A” is represented by this bit pattern1 byte= 8 bits

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 AA

3-7ASCII ChartASCII Chart

Please memorize Please memorize by our next class.by our next class.

Just kidding!Just kidding!

EncodingEncoding

Character ASCII Code Character ASCII CodeA 100 0001 0 011 0000B 100 0010 1 011 0001C 100 0011 2 011 0010D 100 0100 3 011 0011E 100 0101 4 011 0100F 100 0110 5 011 0101G 100 0111 6 011 0110H 100 1000 7 011 0111I 100 1001 8 011 1000J 100 1010 9 011 1001K 100 1011 Space 010 0000L 100 1100 . 010 1110M 100 1101 ( 010 1000N 100 1110 + 010 1011O 100 1111 & 010 0110P 101 0000 $ 010 0100Q 101 0001 * 010 1010R 101 0010 ) 010 1001S 101 0011 ; 011 1011T 101 0100 , 010 1100U 101 0101 - 101 1111V 101 0110 ? 011 1111W 101 0111 : 011 1010X 101 1000 = 011 1101Y 101 1001

Character ASCII Code Character ASCII CodeA 100 0001 0 011 0000B 100 0010 1 011 0001C 100 0011 2 011 0010D 100 0100 3 011 0011E 100 0101 4 011 0100F 100 0110 5 011 0101G 100 0111 6 011 0110H 100 1000 7 011 0111I 100 1001 8 011 1000J 100 1010 9 011 1001K 100 1011 Space 010 0000L 100 1100 . 010 1110M 100 1101 ( 010 1000N 100 1110 + 010 1011O 100 1111 & 010 0110P 101 0000 $ 010 0100Q 101 0001 * 010 1010R 101 0010 ) 010 1001S 101 0011 ; 011 1011T 101 0100 , 010 1100U 101 0101 - 101 1111V 101 0110 ? 011 1111W 101 0111 : 011 1010X 101 1000 = 011 1101Y 101 1001

3-8PC System UnitPC System Unit

MotherboardMotherboard

Processor

RAM

ExpansionCards

StorageStorageDevicesDevices

Hard Drive

Floppy Drive

CD-ROM/DVD Drive

3-9MotherboardMotherboard

Electronic circuit boardElectronic circuit board ChipsetChipset Provides path among Provides path among

CPUCPU RAM RAM PeripheralsPeripherals

3-10Exploring the Exploring the MotherboardMotherboard

Microprocessor Microprocessor Memory ChipsMemory Chips Electronic BusElectronic Bus Device ControllersDevice Controllers Expansion Slots/CardsExpansion Slots/Cards

3-11Intel Processor Intel Processor

ProgressionProgression 286, 386, 486286, 386, 486 Pentium®Pentium® Pentium® ProPentium® Pro Pentium® II Pentium® II Pentium® III Pentium® III Celeron®Celeron® Itanium™Itanium™

Photo Courtesy of Intel Corporation

3-12Microprocessor:Microprocessor:

Computer on a ChipComputer on a Chip Primary FunctionsPrimary Functions

Read/Interpret program instructionsRead/Interpret program instructions Direct the operation of internal componentsDirect the operation of internal components Control flow of programs/data to RAMControl flow of programs/data to RAM

CPU includes:CPU includes: Control unitControl unit ALUALU

Photo Courtesy of Intel Corporation

3-13Control Unit & ALUControl Unit & ALU

Control UnitControl Unit DecoderDecoder RegistersRegisters Instruction registerInstruction register Program registerProgram register

Arithmetic Logic UnitArithmetic Logic Unit AccumulatorAccumulator

3-14Everything clear so Everything clear so

far????far????

3-15Memory TypesMemory Types

RAM

ROM PROM Flash

CacheCache

3-16Memory: RAMMemory: RAM

Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory Direct link to CPU Direct link to CPU Holds current data and programs at a Holds current data and programs at a

RAM addressRAM address Temporary/VolatileTemporary/Volatile Common RAM capacities: 128 MB, 256 Common RAM capacities: 128 MB, 256

MB, 384 MB and 512 MBMB, 384 MB and 512 MB

3-17Memory: Types of RAMMemory: Types of RAM

SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM) Can synchronize itself with the processorCan synchronize itself with the processor

RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) Newer and more expensiveNewer and more expensive 6 times faster than SDRAM6 times faster than SDRAM

InstallationInstallation SIMMs: 32-bit data path to CPU (single)SIMMs: 32-bit data path to CPU (single) DIMMs: 64-bit data path to CPU (dual)DIMMs: 64-bit data path to CPU (dual) RIMMs: faster RDRAM chips (use to upgrade)RIMMs: faster RDRAM chips (use to upgrade)

3-18Memory: CacheMemory: Cache

Faster and more costly than RAMFaster and more costly than RAM Much smaller capacity than RAMMuch smaller capacity than RAM Holds next instructionsHolds next instructions Increases system Increases system throughputthroughput

3-19Memory: ROMMemory: ROM

Read Only MemoryRead Only Memory Permanent, cannot changePermanent, cannot change Loads Operating System during Loads Operating System during boot boot

processprocess PROMPROM

3-20Memory: FlashMemory: Flash

Type of PROMType of PROM Can be changed by userCan be changed by user Non-volatileNon-volatile Upgrade by downloading software from the Upgrade by downloading software from the

Web or diskWeb or disk No longer need to replace chips or circuit No longer need to replace chips or circuit

boardsboards

3-21Storage CapacityStorage Capacity

Byte - one characterByte - one character

Kilobyte (KB) - 1024 bytesKilobyte (KB) - 1024 bytes

Megabyte (MB) - about 1 million bytesMegabyte (MB) - about 1 million bytes

Gigabyte (GB) - about 1 billion bytesGigabyte (GB) - about 1 billion bytes

Terabyte (TB) - about 1 trillion bytesTerabyte (TB) - about 1 trillion bytes

3-22What Happens InsideWhat Happens Inside

ArithmeticArithmeticLogic UnitLogic Unit

Main memoryMain memory

ControlControlUnitUnit

ControlControlUnitUnit

OutputOutputUnitUnit

OutputOutputUnitUnit

Data Data flowflow

Instruction flowInstruction flow

InputInputUnitUnit

InputInputUnitUnit

Control flowControl flow

3-23Machine Cycle:Machine Cycle:

Making the RoundsMaking the Rounds

Everything is Everything is translated to translated to Machine Machine LanguageLanguage Instruction

TimeExecution

Time

Fetch Instruction

Execute Instruction

Pla

ce r

esu

lt i

n m

emo

ry Deco

de In

structio

n

Machine Cycle = Machine Cycle = Instruction Time Instruction Time + Execution Time+ Execution Time

3-24PortsPorts

• 1 bit at a time• Slow• Mice and modems• Long distances

• 127 peripherals• Daisychained

• Infrared Light waves• Printers

• Short distance

• 8 bits at a time • Fast

• Printers• Short distances

• 15 peripherals• Daisychained

3-25A Fleet of BusesA Fleet of Buses

Expansion boards are made to fit a Expansion boards are made to fit a particular type of busparticular type of bus

Bus Types:Bus Types: ISA busISA bus PCI local busPCI local bus SCSI busSCSI bus USB bus (hot plug)USB bus (hot plug) Serendipitous Serendipitous

Surfing:Surfing:Online ShoppingOnline Shopping

3-26Adding PeripheralsAdding Peripherals

Expansion Slot

Expansion Card

Peripheral plugs into port

Pins plug into slot

Courtesy of ATI Technologies Inc.

3-27Adding PeripheralsAdding Peripherals

AGP graphics adapterAGP graphics adapter SoundSound Data/Voice/Fax modemData/Voice/Fax modem Cable modemCable modem Extra serial and parallel portsExtra serial and parallel ports NIC cardNIC card Video capture cardVideo capture card

3-28PCMCIA CardPCMCIA Card

U.S. Robotics Mobile Communications Corporation

3-29Describing the Describing the

ProcessorProcessor Word SizeWord Size

64-bit for PCs64-bit for PCs Processor Speed Processor Speed

MHz, MIPS, FLOPSMHz, MIPS, FLOPS 400 MHz to 1 plus GHz for PCs400 MHz to 1 plus GHz for PCs

RAM CapacityRAM Capacity 128 to 512 MB for PCs128 to 512 MB for PCs

Processor PersonalityProcessor Personality

3-30Processor DesignProcessor Design

CISCCISC RISCRISC Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing Neural NetworksNeural Networks

31

End of Chapter End of Chapter 66End of Chapter End of Chapter 66

Interactive Interactive Study GuideStudy Guide

Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2001