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Transcript of 1 Impoundments: Research-based Alternative Management Concepts Ed Hanlon Ed Hanlon, Soil & Water...
1
Impoundments: Research-based Alternative Management
ConceptsEd HanlonEd Hanlon, Soil & Water Concepts
Sanjay ShuklaSanjay Shukla, Hydrology and Water Quality Concepts
Marty MainMarty Main, Wildlife Research
Pam RobertsPam Roberts, Plant Pathology Research Tatiana BorisovaTatiana Borisova, Water Economics and Policy
Managing the Land to Manage the WaterManaging the Land to Manage the Water
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Impoundments in Caloosahatchee Basin
0 20 Miles
N
EW
S
ImpoundmentsWater Use Permits
LakeOkeechobee
LaBelleClewiston
Ft. Myers
Permitted (1 inch)
DistributedPrivately
owned~1/3 have
functional wetlands
~2/3 have additional uplands
All of them leak!
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Upland Impoundment
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
O-99 N-99 D-99 J-00 F-00 M-00 A-00 M-00 J-00 J-00 A-00 S-00 O-00 N-00 D-00 J-01
Wa
ter
leve
l (f
t N
GV
D)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Pu
mp
(rp
m)
or
Rai
n (
in x
100
0)
Impoundment - returnflow
Impoundment - outf low
Impoundment - w es t side
rain
C-pump
ground
dis charge
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Water Budget for Impoundments
Pumped inflow 71 to 96%
Evapotranspiration (4 to 32%) Rain (4 to 29%)
Outflow31 – 39%
subsurface movement35 to 61%
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Water Supply from Impoundments
Alternative Thickness (in) Description Weeks of irrigation6 Lining entire reservoir 13
6 Lining inside ditch and embankments 312 Lining inside ditch and embankments 4
3 N/A Recirculation 4
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Weeks of irrigation based on average weekly use in the grove during the irrigation season
Shukla and Jaber (2006, 2005, 2004) – EDIS, ASCE Hydrol. Engg, ASCE Irrig. and Drain. Engg, and ASAE Transact.
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• Most avian species/numbers: Wetlands
• Seasonal water levels influenced bird community changes
• Bird species/numbers increased with lower water levels (foraging habitat improved)
• Deer, hogs (panther prey): Uplands
Wildlife in Impoundments
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• 85 avian species, resident and migratory
• 37% of native avian species• 65% of nesting birds• 5 species, state or federally
listed
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ImpoundmentsPermitted ImpoundmentsPermitted Impoundments
Retain Stormwater (Retain Stormwater (1 inch=2 feet 1 inch=2 feet
depthdepth))
Provide HabitatProvide Habitat
Improve Water QualityImprove Water Quality
Increase retention Increase retention (store more than 1 (store more than 1 inch)inch)
Control water level in wetlands and Control water level in wetlands and ephemeral zone (berms, for ephemeral zone (berms, for example)example)
Re-use water at beginning of dry Re-use water at beginning of dry seasonseason
Additional StrategiesAdditional Strategies
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Options for Using Water from Impoundment
Agricultural (and urban) irrigation Reduce groundwater usage
Urban/Agricultural partnershipWater quality / quantity credit trading Distributed impoundments – water supply – ASR
Encourage landowners to store water (internal drainage or external)
ASR: Aquifer Storage and Recovery
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Recyclable Water Containment Area (RWCA)
Impoundments
• Land temporarily used to contain water for water quality and storage purposes
• Land is later returned to other uses (rotation)
RWCAs: Recycle nutrients; Store water; Release water slowly; Decrease flows to the coast
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RWCA• 40% of water
movement is through berm to Outside Borrow Ditch
• Co-precipitation of P and organics is possible (Hanlon et al., 2007)
• Treatment by-products may be returned to crop land safely
• Proof of concept stage
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Tailwater Recovery Systems
• Collects water on downhill side from Collects water on downhill side from agricultural operationsagricultural operations
• Pumping moves water for irrigation Pumping moves water for irrigation reusereuse
• Decreased Consumptive UseDecreased Consumptive Use• Must address Must address risk of diseaserisk of disease for for
cropscrops
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Percentage of Pythium species causing pre- and post-emergence damping off
9%
13%
30%
35%
13%
Pythium Group FP. aphanidermatumP. myriotylumPythium spp.P. irregulare
Disease Risks
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Disease Risks
• Slow Sand FiltrationSlow Sand Filtration– Prevents spread of pathogensPrevents spread of pathogens– Effectively removes human and Effectively removes human and
animal contaminants (fecal animal contaminants (fecal coliforms-coliforms-yuckyuck))
– Colonized by suppressive microorganisms
– Proven for commercial nursery and greenhouse operations
• Not demonstrated for vegetables, sugarcane, and field forages
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Water Quality Credit Trading
Innovative mechanism proposed to address surface water quality
Objectives:Reduce the overall cost of meeting water quality
goals in a basinAllow individual entities flexibility in choosing
pollution abatement technologiesProvide individual entities with incentives to
innovate in the pollution abatement sphereAddress future growth in the basin while meeting
water quality goals
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How Does Water Quality Credit Trading Work?
Pollution control costs can differ from source to source.
Overall costs of achieving pollution reduction goals in a Basin can be minimized by allowing sources to reallocate reductions according to their pollution-abatement costs.
Well-designed trading programs can achieve this allocation by harnessing the forces of the market.
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Simplified Example
Two separate entities within a basin Each have a water discharge that
contributes to phosphorus (P) loading.
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Simplified Example (cont.)
Trading scenario:WWTP would pay the farmer to remove an extra
unit of phosphorus at the lower cost. Payment that the WWTP makes to the farmer is
negotiated between them.
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Challenges
Setting pollution cap / baseline for individual entities
Measuring pollution reduction credits High transaction costs of finding trading partner
and negotiating agreementEnforcing trading contract and liability issues
$P, N
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Water Quality Credit Trading – Nationwide Perspective
Source: US EPA 2008. http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/trading/tradingmap.html
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Water Quality Credit Trading – Nationwide Perspective (cont.)
US EPA:2003: Final Water Quality Trading Policy.
(http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/trading/finalpolicy2003.html )
2004: Water Quality Trading Assessment Handbook (http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/trading/handbook/ )
2007: Watershed-Based NPDES Permitting (http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/wqbasedpermitting/wspermitting.cfm )
USDA:2006: Water Quality Credit Trading Agreement with
US EPA (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/releases/2006/usdaepawqagreement.html )
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Water Quality Credit Trading - Florida
FDEP. 2006. Water Quality Credit Trading: A Report to the Governor and Legislature. (http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/tmdl/docs/WQ_CreditTradingReport_final_December2006.pdf )
CS/HB 547: Water Pollution Control (http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/sections/bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=37955 )
Lower St. Johns River TMDL Executive Committee. 2008. Lower St Johns River Basin Management Action Plan (Draft) (http://www.dep.state.fl.us/northeast/stjohns/TMDL/tmdl_announcements.htm )
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Potential Water Quantity Credits
If allowed by regulations:Quantity credits for reducing urban
stormwater volume?Quantity credits for alternative on-farm
stormwater use?Reduction of agricultural water pumping from ground / surface water sources?