1. Importance of Carbon 2. Functional Groups 3. Physical Properties 4. Types of Formulas 5. Isomers...
Transcript of 1. Importance of Carbon 2. Functional Groups 3. Physical Properties 4. Types of Formulas 5. Isomers...
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
1. Importance of Carbon2. Functional Groups3. Physical Properties4. Types of Formulas5. Isomers6. The IUPAC System
Functional Groups
115. (a) List two characteristics of a homologous series. (1) 115. (a) one general formula/same general formula;
differ by CH2;similar chemical properties;gradual change in physical properties; 1
Award [1] for any two of the above characteristics.
State two characteristics of a homologous series. 68. (a) same general formula;
successive members differ by CH2, Do not allow elements or just “they”.
similar chemical properties; Allow same/constant
gradual change in physical properties;◦ Do not allow change periodically.
same functional group; 2◦ Award [1] each for any two.
Key Terms
A functional group is an atom or combination of atoms which gives an organic molecule its distinctive and characteristic chemistry.
The term “functional group” is linked to the concept of a homologous series.
A homologous series is a group of molecules with the same general formula and the same functional group.
They have similar physical and chemical properties (albeit with trends e.g. increasing boiling point with increasing carbon chain length).
Key Terms
Functional groups have:1. The same functional group
2. The same general formula, but successive members differ by –CH2
3. The same chemical properties
4. Their physical properties change gradually
Characteristics of homologous series/classes
Homologous series and the Functional Group that makes them special
Homologous series
Prefix or Suffix
Examples Functional Groups
Alcohols -olEthanol
CH3CH2OH R –OH
Aldehydes -alEthanalCH3CHO
Carboxylic Acid -anoic acid Ethanoic acidCH3COOH
A functional group is a specific atom or group of atoms that confers a particular chemical property on a molecule, e.g the -OH group in ethanol
Each one of the following homologous series/class has a characteristic functional group.
Functional Groups
1. Alkane2. Alkene3. Alkyne4. Alcohol5. Aldehyde6. Ketone7. Carboxylic acid
8. Halogenoalkane9. Amine 10.Amide 11.Ester 12.Ether13.Nitrile 14.Arenes
Class with characteristic
Functional Groups
Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkyne
Aldehyde & Carboxylic Acid
Aldehyde functional group; carboxyl is the functional group
Alcohol, Aldehyde, and Ketone
Functional Group: hydroxyl aldehyde carbonyl
Please identify the functional group and write
down the name of the corresponding homologous
series
Functional Groups
Aldehyde (functional group and class)
Functional group: cyanoClass: Nitrile
Alkane
Functional Group: carbonylClass: Ketone
Halogenoalkane(Haloalkanes)
Functional Group: esterClass: ester
Functional Group: amidoClass: amide
Functional Group: carboxylClass: carboxylic acid
Functional Group: aminoClass: Amine
Alkene
Functional Group: hydroxylClass: alcohol
Identification of a functional group in a compound
Again!!!Please identify the
functional group and write down the name of the
corresponding homologous series
Functional Groups
Functional Group: hydroxylClass: alcohol
Functional group: cyanoClass: Nitrile
Function group: carbonylClass: ketone
Aldehyde (class and functional group)
Ester (class and functional group)
Ester (class and functional group)
Halogenoalkane(Haloalkanes)
Alkene
Alkane
Functional Group: amidoClass: amide
Functional Group: carboxylClass: carboxylic acid
Functional Group: aminoClass: amine
Functional Group: carbonylClass: Ketone
Aldehyde (class and functional group)
Nomenclature1. Must memorize
prefixes (up to 6 for IB)2. To name, look at the
formula for the hydrocarbon
3. Determine if it is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne
4. Use the prefix for the number of carbons
5. Add ending (ane, ene, yne)
Prefix # of carbon atoms
Meth- 1
Eth- 2
Prop- 3
But- 4
Pent- 5
Hex- 6
Hept- 7
Oct- 8
Non- 9
Dec- 10
Meth-
One Carbon
Eth-
Two Carbons
Prop-
Three Carbons
But-
Four Carbons
Pent-
Five Carbons
Hex-
Six Carbons
Trying Again the Prefixes
Prop-
Three Carbons
Eth-
Two Carbons
Hex-
Six Carbons
But-
Four Carbons
Pent-
Five Carbons
Meth-
One Carbon