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Implementation of theImplementation of theBologna Process in the EUBologna Process in the EU

Prof. dr. ir. Roland VERHÉProf. dr. ir. Roland VERHÉ

Ghent UniversityGhent University

Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringFaculty of Bioscience Engineering

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Policy of European UnionPolicy of European Union

European IntegrationEuropean Integration

Successful:Successful: Internal marketInternal market Internal labour marketInternal labour market Introduction EuroIntroduction Euro

Unsuccessful: Educational PolicyUnsuccessful: Educational Policy

Only: “European Dimension: Mobility ProgrammesOnly: “European Dimension: Mobility Programmes

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Educational systems in EuropeEducational systems in Europe

No European Policy and CompetencesNo European Policy and Competences Education: most conservative of all societal Education: most conservative of all societal

policy areaspolicy areas Organisation of higher education: nationalOrganisation of higher education: national National diploma systemsNational diploma systems Education is linked to political sentiments: Education is linked to political sentiments:

national culture, language, social emancipationnational culture, language, social emancipation

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History of the Bologna ProcessHistory of the Bologna Process 1998: Sorbonne Declaration:1998: Sorbonne Declaration:

French initiative French initiative ambitious reform policy: shortening study carreersambitious reform policy: shortening study carreers

1999: Bologna Declaration:1999: Bologna Declaration:nearly all European countriesnearly all European countriesImportant:Important: not a EU-driven bureaucratic harmonisatoin policynot a EU-driven bureaucratic harmonisatoin policy common political statement with support of the education common political statement with support of the education

worldworld 2001: Salamanca Convention: Rectors and students2001: Salamanca Convention: Rectors and students 2001: Prague: ministers conference2001: Prague: ministers conference 2003: Berlin2003: Berlin

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Bologna DeclarationBologna DeclarationAnswer to following issues:Answer to following issues: no European integration and harmonisationno European integration and harmonisation lack of transparancy, comparability and compatibilitylack of transparancy, comparability and compatibility readability of degrees and diploma’sreadability of degrees and diploma’s employabilityemployability loss of attractivityloss of attractivity deregulate education system: new providers, private deregulate education system: new providers, private

institutions, virtual univ.institutions, virtual univ. eliminate barriers for mobilityeliminate barriers for mobility quality assurance and accreditationquality assurance and accreditation credit systemcredit system lifelong leraninglifelong leraning

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Bologna ProcessBologna Process

The Bologna Process is not a EU-driven The Bologna Process is not a EU-driven bureaucratic harmonisaton policy (not accepted bureaucratic harmonisaton policy (not accepted by European States), but a common political by European States), but a common political statement based on large support within the statement based on large support within the higher education field.higher education field.

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Bologna Process:Bologna Process:9 Action lines9 Action lines

10 Concrete measures10 Concrete measures

Action line 1Action line 1: Adoption of a system of easily readable : Adoption of a system of easily readable and comparable degreesand comparable degrees1 Introduction of Diploma Supplement1 Introduction of Diploma Supplement

Action line 3Action line 3: Establishment of a system of credits: Establishment of a system of credits2 ECTS + European Credit Accumulation System for 2 ECTS + European Credit Accumulation System for lifelong learninglifelong learning

Action line 4Action line 4: Promotion of mobility: Promotion of mobility3 Socrates-Erasmus Student charter3 Socrates-Erasmus Student charter4 European Virtual Universities4 European Virtual Universities

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Action line 5Action line 5: Promotion of European : Promotion of European cooperation in quality assurancecooperation in quality assurance5 Quality Culture: internal + external5 Quality Culture: internal + external6 Pilot Scheme on European Higher Education 6 Pilot Scheme on European Higher Education Quality EvaluationQuality Evaluation

Action line 6Action line 6: Promotion of the European : Promotion of the European dimensiondimension7 European Masters and Doctoral courses7 European Masters and Doctoral courses

Action line 9Action line 9: Promoting the attractiveness of the : Promoting the attractiveness of the European Higher Education AreaEuropean Higher Education Area8 Data-base on job and learning opportunities8 Data-base on job and learning opportunities9 Synergie Education-Research9 Synergie Education-Research10 Monitoring/Reports/Seminars10 Monitoring/Reports/Seminars

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Bachelor – Master - DoctorateBachelor – Master - DoctorateGeneral scheme:General scheme:1.1. Bachelor degree: minimum three years of study or Bachelor degree: minimum three years of study or

180 ECTS180 ECTS scientific degreescientific degree professional-vocational degreeprofessional-vocational degree

2.2. Master degree: minimum one year of study or 60 Master degree: minimum one year of study or 60 ECTS after Bachelor degreeECTS after Bachelor degree

scientific degree:scientific degree: minimum 1 year: professionalminimum 1 year: professional 1-2 years: research1-2 years: research

professional: after professional bachelorprofessional: after professional bachelor

3.3. Doctor: minimum 3 years after scientific master Doctor: minimum 3 years after scientific master degreedegree

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ECTS: European Credit Transfer SystemECTS: European Credit Transfer System

Condition for:Condition for: Equivalency of study programmesEquivalency of study programmes Transparency of study programmesTransparency of study programmes Promotion of mobilityPromotion of mobility Recognition of studies and diplomasRecognition of studies and diplomas Quality of study programmesQuality of study programmes

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ECTS: CompositionECTS: Composition ECTS credits: numerial value allocated to ECTS credits: numerial value allocated to

course units to describe the student work course units to describe the student work required for completion and assessment required for completion and assessment

Information package: organisation and Information package: organisation and structure of studies structure of studies

Each module: Each module: Aim/ objectiveAim/ objective ContentsContents WorkloadWorkload Number of creditsNumber of credits ExaminationExamination ReferencesReferences

Transcript of records: diploma supplementTranscript of records: diploma supplement

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ECTS CreditsECTS CreditsNumeral value (between 1-60) allocated to course units Numeral value (between 1-60) allocated to course units in order to describe the student work load:in order to describe the student work load:

Contact hours: Contact hours: LecturesLecturesPracticalsPracticals

SeminarsSeminarsTutorialsTutorialsExcursionsExcursionsPersonal study: library, private studyPersonal study: library, private studyProjectProjectAssessment and examinationsAssessment and examinations

ECTS reflects the quantity of work: each course unit ECTS reflects the quantity of work: each course unit requires in relation to the total quantity of work requires in relation to the total quantity of work necessary to complete a full year of academic studynecessary to complete a full year of academic study

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ECTS Credits:ECTS Credits:Relative measures: how much of a year’s work load a Relative measures: how much of a year’s work load a course unit is representingcourse unit is representing1 year study: 60 credits1 year study: 60 credits1 semester: 30 credits1 semester: 30 credits

Work loadWork loadEurope:Europe:

1500-1800 hrs study load hours (study time) to complete a 1500-1800 hrs study load hours (study time) to complete a full academic yearfull academic year

Contact hours: 600-800/yearContact hours: 600-800/year

60 credits = 600-800 contact hours = 1500-1800 study 60 credits = 600-800 contact hours = 1500-1800 study load hoursload hours1 credit = 10-13 contact hours = 25-30 study load hours1 credit = 10-13 contact hours = 25-30 study load hours

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Credit allocationCredit allocation Theory: 10 hrs = 1 credit pointTheory: 10 hrs = 1 credit point Practical: 30 hrs = 1 credit pointPractical: 30 hrs = 1 credit point Personal work for course of 30 hours = 1-2 pointsPersonal work for course of 30 hours = 1-2 points

ExampleExampleFood ChemistryFood ChemistryContact hours: Contact hours:

theory: 30 hourstheory: 30 hours Practical: 30 hoursPractical: 30 hours

Study load hours:Study load hours: Theory: Theory: 90 hrs90 hrs Practical: Practical: 30 hrs30 hrs

---------------------- 120 hrs120 hrs

Credits:Credits: Theory:Theory: 33 Practical:Practical: 11 Persolan work:Persolan work: 11

------------55

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Food EngineeringFood EngineeringContact hours:Contact hours:

Theory: 30 hrsTheory: 30 hrs Practical: 30 hrsPractical: 30 hrs

Study load hours:Study load hours: Theory:Theory: 120 hrs120 hrs Practical:Practical: 60 hrs60 hrs

--------------------180 hrs180 hrs

Credits:Credits: Theory:Theory: 33 Practical:Practical: 11 Personal work:Personal work: 22

--------66

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Higher Education in EUHigher Education in EU

Institutions of Higher EducationInstitutions of Higher Education

1. 1. Non-academic technical colleges/schoolsNon-academic technical colleges/schools::2-3 years education: professional/vacational 2-3 years education: professional/vacational levellevel

Diploma:Diploma: vacational/technical bachelor: 3 years/180 vacational/technical bachelor: 3 years/180

ECTSECTS ready for labour marketready for labour market no continuation of studiesno continuation of studies

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Higher Education in EUHigher Education in EUInstitutions of Higher EducationInstitutions of Higher Education2. 2. Academic Universities of Applied SciencesAcademic Universities of Applied Sciences

4 years education4 years educationProfessional education/applicationsProfessional education/applicationsUnivesity levelUnivesity level

Diploma:Diploma:

Bachelor in applied sciences in most EUBachelor in applied sciences in most EUExeption: Belgium: Master in Applied SciencesExeption: Belgium: Master in Applied Sciences

RemarksRemarks These institutions are able to organise Master of These institutions are able to organise Master of

Science courses in collaboration with universitiesScience courses in collaboration with universities Graduates are able to continue to Master of Science Graduates are able to continue to Master of Science

in universitiesin universities

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Higher Education in EUHigher Education in EU

Institutions of Higher EducationInstitutions of Higher Education3. 3. Universities / Grandes EcolesUniversities / Grandes Ecoles

4-5 years education4-5 years educationacademic levelacademic levelconceptional/research levelconceptional/research level

Diploma:Diploma:1.1. Bachelor of Science: 3 years, 180 ECTSBachelor of Science: 3 years, 180 ECTS2.2. Master of Science: 1-2 years, 60-120 ECTSMaster of Science: 1-2 years, 60-120 ECTS3.3. Doctorate: minimum 3 yearsDoctorate: minimum 3 years

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Organisation of Bachelor of ScienceOrganisation of Bachelor of ScienceBologna Process: Aim: diploma ready for the labour Bologna Process: Aim: diploma ready for the labour

marketmarket

In practice: education in basic sciences especially in the In practice: education in basic sciences especially in the first two years and with minor specialisation in 3rd first two years and with minor specialisation in 3rd year.year.95% of students are proceeding to MSc95% of students are proceeding to MSc

Programme: Programme: Several BSc in various specialisationsSeveral BSc in various specialisations One BScOne BSc

without specificationwithout specification with minor orientation with minor orientation

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Organisation of Master of ScienceOrganisation of Master of Science

Acceptance of students from various BSc-Acceptance of students from various BSc-orientations and from other universities with or orientations and from other universities with or without prerequisiteswithout prerequisites

High specialisationHigh specialisation Courses and project (MSc-thesis)Courses and project (MSc-thesis) Direct available for professional career and/or Direct available for professional career and/or

research (doctorate)research (doctorate)

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Case StudiesCase StudiesNetherlandsNetherlands: University of Wageningen: University of Wageningen16 BSc leading to 25 MSc16 BSc leading to 25 MScOrientation from the 1st yearOrientation from the 1st year1 BSc 1 BSc → choice for 4-6 MSc→ choice for 4-6 MScExamples: Examples: BSc in Biology:BSc in Biology:→ → MSc: BiologyMSc: Biology

Animal Sciences and AquacultureAnimal Sciences and AquacultureBioinformaticsBioinformaticsEarth SciencesEarth SciencesGeo-information SciencesGeo-information SciencesPlant BiotechnologyPlant BiotechnologyPlant SciencesPlant Sciences

BSc in BiotechnologyBSc in Biotechnology→ → MSc: BiotechnologyMSc: Biotechnology

BioinformaticsBioinformaticsManagement of Agro-Ecological Knowledge and Social Management of Agro-Ecological Knowledge and Social

ChangesChangesMolecular ScienceMolecular SciencePlant BiotechnologyPlant Biotechnology

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Case Studies (2)Case Studies (2)

Netherlands:Netherlands:

BSc Food TechnologyBSc Food Technology

→ → MSc: Food TechnologyMSc: Food TechnologyManagement of Agro-ecological Management of Agro-ecological

Knowledge & Social ChangeKnowledge & Social ChangeFood SafetyFood SafetyFood Quality ManagementFood Quality Management

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Case Studies (3)Case Studies (3)

Belgium:Belgium:1 BSc: BSc in Bioscience Engineering1 BSc: BSc in Bioscience Engineering→ → MSc:MSc: AgricultureAgriculture

ForestryForestrySoil & WaterSoil & WaterFood SciencesFood SciencesChemistry and BioengineeringChemistry and BioengineeringCel and Gen TechnologyCel and Gen TechnologyEnvironmental SciencesEnvironmental Sciences

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Case Studies (4)Case Studies (4)Denmark, Finland, NorwayDenmark, Finland, NorwayFor each BSc there is a MSc.For each BSc there is a MSc.Switching between BSc and MSc is possible: prerequisitesSwitching between BSc and MSc is possible: prerequisites

Example Copenhagen:Example Copenhagen:BSc/MScBSc/MSc Agricultural ScienceAgricultural Science

HorticultureHorticultureAgricultural EconomicsAgricultural EconomicsLandscape ArchitectureLandscape ArchitectureForestryForestryFood Science and TechnologyFood Science and Technology

MSc:MSc: Environmental ChemistryEnvironmental ChemistryHuman NutritionHuman NutritionLandscape ManagmentLandscape ManagmentEnvironmental and Natural ResourcesEnvironmental and Natural ResourcesEconomicsEconomicsBiological Chemistry of PlantsBiological Chemistry of Plants

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Case Studies (5)Case Studies (5)AustriaAustria : BOKU: University of Natural Resources and Applied Life : BOKU: University of Natural Resources and Applied Life

SciencesSciencesMixture: Diploma Engineer / BSc/MScMixture: Diploma Engineer / BSc/MScBSc:BSc: ForestryForestry

Wood and Natural Product TechnologyWood and Natural Product TechnologyEnvironment and Bioresource ManagementEnvironment and Bioresource ManagementCulture engineering and Water SciencesCulture engineering and Water SciencesFood technology and BiotechnologyFood technology and Biotechnology

MSc:MSc: ForestryForestryWood Technology and ManagementWood Technology and ManagementManagement of natural resourcesManagement of natural resourcesApplied life sciencesApplied life sciencesCulture engineering and Water SciencesCulture engineering and Water SciencesWater Sciences and EnvironmentWater Sciences and EnvironmentLand Management and InfrastructureLand Management and InfrastructureFood Sciences and TechnologyFood Sciences and TechnologyBiotechnologyBiotechnology

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Cast Studies (6)Cast Studies (6)GermanyGermany Choise Diploma Engineer/MasterChoise Diploma Engineer/Master Different situation in the various regionsDifferent situation in the various regions Various BSc leading to various MScVarious BSc leading to various MSc

ItalyItalyBSc: 3 yearsBSc: 3 yearsIntermediate MSc: + 1 year (specialisation)Intermediate MSc: + 1 year (specialisation)Master of Science : + 2 yearsMaster of Science : + 2 years

SwedenSwedenNo intermediate BSc: degree: directly to Master of No intermediate BSc: degree: directly to Master of Science: 4-5 yearsScience: 4-5 years

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Cast Studies (7)Cast Studies (7)FranceFrance

1) Professional BSc1) Professional BScDUT: Diplome University TechnologyDUT: Diplome University Technology 2 – 2 – 3 3 years years

BSCBSC

2) University: no degrees in Agricultural Sciences2) University: no degrees in Agricultural SciencesBSc: 3 yearsBSc: 3 yearsMSc: 2 yearsMSc: 2 yearsPhD: 3 yearsPhD: 3 years

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3) Grandes Ecoles: 3) Grandes Ecoles: Agriculture AgricultureNo free entry in Specialised Schools:No free entry in Specialised Schools:

→ entry exam + fixed number of → entry exam + fixed number of students students

2 systems2 systems 5 years in the same school5 years in the same school 2 years in preparatory school2 years in preparatory school

examination + selection examination + selection 3 years: 3 years:

1,5 years common 1,5 years common 0,5 years : elective 0,5 years : elective 1 year: selection of one MSc 1 year: selection of one MSc

No formal BScNo formal BScMSc: Master professionalMSc: Master professional

Master researchMaster research

Cast Studies (7 bis)Cast Studies (7 bis)

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Cast Studies (8)Cast Studies (8)

Spain / Portugal / GreeceSpain / Portugal / GreeceBSc / MSc: in preparationBSc / MSc: in preparation

Spain / GreeceSpain / GreeceEngineer degree: 5 yearsEngineer degree: 5 years

PortugalPortugalLicenciate/Engineer: 4-5 yearsLicenciate/Engineer: 4-5 yearsMaster: + 2 yearsMaster: + 2 years

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Implemantation of BA/MSImplemantation of BA/MS Law: general framework of organisationLaw: general framework of organisation Study programme: working group of teachers for Study programme: working group of teachers for

each BSc-MSc each BSc-MSc ↓↓

Acceptance by Faculty BoardAcceptance by Faculty Board ↓ ↓

Acceptance by University BoardAcceptance by University Board

In most EU the number of BSc and MSc will be In most EU the number of BSc and MSc will be regulated by national and/or regional law, not the regulated by national and/or regional law, not the content and organisatoin.content and organisatoin.

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Tendencies BA/MATendencies BA/MA Mobility: BSc Mobility: BSc → MSc→ MSc

between universitiesbetween universitiesinternationalisationinternationalisation

Creation of Joint European Masters:Creation of Joint European Masters:Erasmus MundusErasmus MundusJoint diploma’s or double diploma’sJoint diploma’s or double diploma’s

Creation of centres of excellence in specific topics. Creation of centres of excellence in specific topics. More specialisation in Masters. Not all specialisation More specialisation in Masters. Not all specialisation in one institute.in one institute.

MSc-degree: use of English languageMSc-degree: use of English language International mobility of students and staffInternational mobility of students and staff Name “Agriculture” changed in “Biosciences” ~ Name “Agriculture” changed in “Biosciences” ~

“Life Science”“Life Science”