1 I S T HIS A R ELIABLE M ODEL FOR P RODUCING 1000 GAL /A WITH T ODAY S E THANOL P LANTS ? Charles...

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IS THIS A RELIABLE MODEL FOR IS THIS A RELIABLE MODEL FOR PRODUCING 1000 GAL/A WITH PRODUCING 1000 GAL/A WITH TODAY’S ETHANOL PLANTS?TODAY’S ETHANOL PLANTS?

Charles LeRoy DeichmanCharles LeRoy DeichmanDeichman ConsultingDeichman Consulting

Session: Bioenergy Production, Modeling, Sustainability, Session: Bioenergy Production, Modeling, Sustainability, and Policyand Policy

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA 2010 International Annual ASA, CSSA, and SSSA 2010 International Annual Meetings Meetings

Long Beach, CALong Beach, CAOctober 31 - November 3, 2010October 31 - November 3, 2010

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

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SUNLIGHSUNLIGHTT

CATALYSCATALYSTT

CHL < CM CHL < CM << GL GL

SSSS CSCS AFAF

CO2CO2

H2OH2O

CHL – ChloroplastCHL – ChloroplastCM – Chlorophyll CM – Chlorophyll MoleculeMoleculeGL – Green LeafGL – Green LeafSS – Simple SugarsSS – Simple SugarsCS – Complex CS – Complex SugarsSugars

AF – Alcohol FuelsAF – Alcohol FuelsHPF – High Protein (VM) FeedHPF – High Protein (VM) FeedMDAP – Meat, Dairy, and Animal MDAP – Meat, Dairy, and Animal ProductsProductsCO2P – COCO2P – CO22 Sourced Products Sourced ProductsOF – Organic FertilizerOF – Organic Fertilizer

HPHPFF

COCO

22

CO2CO2PP

COCO

22

MDAPMDAP

OFOF360360oo Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle

(kW)(kW)

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SUNLIGHT in SUNLIGHT in Corn ProductionCorn Production

A Paradigm ShiftA Paradigm Shift

The The Solar Solar CorridorCorridorCorn rows spaced widely Corn rows spaced widely

enough apart to enable enough apart to enable sunlight to reach the sunlight to reach the lower leaves for the lower leaves for the entire growing season entire growing season

Rows oriented North-South to maximize sunlight falling between the twin row pairs and on the secondary crops

Lower leaves are exposed to sunlight

Secondary CropWheat, then clover

Corn Twin Row Corn Twin Row

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SUNLIGHT in Corn SUNLIGHT in Corn ProductionProduction

A Paradigm ShiftA Paradigm ShiftCorn rows spaced far enough apart to enable Corn rows spaced far enough apart to enable sunlight to reach the lower leaves for the sunlight to reach the lower leaves for the entire growing season entire growing season Enabling the bio capture of Enabling the bio capture of more CO2 for BioSynthesis more CO2 for BioSynthesis into more photosynthate into more photosynthate derived carbon compoundsderived carbon compoundsGrow a shorter symbiotic Grow a shorter symbiotic crop on the vacated row crop on the vacated row that completes its that completes its peak demand for sunlight before the corn peak demand for sunlight before the corn plant begins its increasing demand for that plant begins its increasing demand for that lightlight

Rows oriented North-South to maximize sunlight falling between the twin row pairs and on the secondary crops

Lower leaves are exposed to sunlight

Secondary CropWheat, then clover

Corn Twin Row Corn Twin Row

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The New ParadigmThe New Paradigm Enables the mature chloroplasts to capture Enables the mature chloroplasts to capture

more CO2 and produce more photosynthates more CO2 and produce more photosynthates Enables the Enables the highest capacityhighest capacity reproductive reproductive

sinks to access more photosynthatessinks to access more photosynthates Enables vegetative sinks to access more Enables vegetative sinks to access more

photosynthatesphotosynthates Cultivar and variety selection is site specific, Cultivar and variety selection is site specific,

production inputs then become variety production inputs then become variety specific specific

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TreatmentsTreatments 12 Production Environments 12 Production Environments 4 Hybrids (Designated A, B, C, and D)4 Hybrids (Designated A, B, C, and D) 4 Plant populations 4 Plant populations 3 Replications3 Replications RandomizedRandomized Block Split/Split Plot designBlock Split/Split Plot design

1st split by hybrid, 2nd by plant 1st split by hybrid, 2nd by plant population population

2 Row width entries2 Row width entries Control: Single rows on 30 or 36 inch centersControl: Single rows on 30 or 36 inch centers Treatment: Twin rows on 60 or 72 inch centersTreatment: Twin rows on 60 or 72 inch centers

All treatments were in north/south rows All treatments were in north/south rows between 40 and 41 degrees North latitudebetween 40 and 41 degrees North latitude

Deichman Consulting

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RESPONSE OF HYBRIDS TO ROW RESPONSE OF HYBRIDS TO ROW SPACING SPACING

Average Over 12 Environments Average Over 12 Environments And 4 Plant PopulationsAnd 4 Plant Populations

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

Yie

ld, b

u/ac

re

A B C D

Hybrid

30-36" rows

60-72" rows

Deichman Consulting

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Average Over 8 Highest Yielding Average Over 8 Highest Yielding Environments Environments

And 4 Plant PopulationsAnd 4 Plant Populations

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

Yie

ld, b

u/ac

re

A B C D

Hybrid

30-36" rows

60-72" rows

Deichman Consulting

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Average Over 12 Environments Average Over 12 Environments At Highest Yielding Plant Population (30,000)At Highest Yielding Plant Population (30,000)

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

Yie

ld, b

u/ac

re

A B C D

Hybrid

30-36" rows

60-72" rows

Deichman Consulting

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Plant Population and Row Plant Population and Row WidthWidth

Brenton Sil – Hybrid BBrenton Sil – Hybrid B

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

Plant Population

Yie

ld,

bu

/acr

e

30-36" rows

60-72" rows

Deichman Consulting

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Plant Population and Row Plant Population and Row WidthWidth

Brenton Sil – Hybrid DBrenton Sil – Hybrid D

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

Plant Population

Yie

ld,

bu

/acr

e

30-36" rows

60-72" rows

Deichman Consulting

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HYBRID B – AT 30,000 POPULATIONHYBRID B – AT 30,000 POPULATION

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

Yie

ld, b

u/ac

re

36" Control / 72" Treament


Control

Treatment

Site 1Site 1 Site 2Site 2Deichman Consulting

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HYBRID C – AT 30,000 POPULATIONHYBRID C – AT 30,000 POPULATION

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

Yie

ld, b

u/ac

re



Control

Treatment


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HYBRID D – AT 30,000 POPULATIONHYBRID D – AT 30,000 POPULATION

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

Yie

ld, b

u/ac

re



Control

Treatment


HARVESTING OPTIONS FOR THE HARVESTING OPTIONS FOR THE SOLAR CORRIDOR FLOOR CROPSOLAR CORRIDOR FLOOR CROP

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MITSUBISHI VM7 Combine fits 60” rows

MITSUBISHI MB220 Binder MB220 Binder

MITSUBISHI VS281 Combine VS281 Combine

fits 72” rowsfits 72” rows

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Floor Crops and Effective Floor Crops and Effective YieldsYields

As specifically demonstrated in Solar Corridor Floor As specifically demonstrated in Solar Corridor Floor Experiments (Deichman, 2005Experiments (Deichman, 200511 and US Patent #6052941, and US Patent #6052941, claims 2 and 4), we can produce other specifically chosen claims 2 and 4), we can produce other specifically chosen crops between the corn twin rows without a reduction in corn crops between the corn twin rows without a reduction in corn yield. Our approach has always been to select crops that had yield. Our approach has always been to select crops that had no negative impact on corn yield. We have concluded that:no negative impact on corn yield. We have concluded that:Soybeans are not a viable floor crop because of their effect on Soybeans are not a viable floor crop because of their effect on corn yields.corn yields.Wheat is a viable floor crop. If careful attention is given to the Wheat is a viable floor crop. If careful attention is given to the swath width of the wheat crop, a full yield (per wheat acre) of swath width of the wheat crop, a full yield (per wheat acre) of what can be produced without affecting corn yield (per crop what can be produced without affecting corn yield (per crop acre).acre).Therefore ½ of the Solar Corridor crop acre can be assigned Therefore ½ of the Solar Corridor crop acre can be assigned to corn, and the other ½ to a viable floor crop such as wheat.to corn, and the other ½ to a viable floor crop such as wheat.The effective yields per corn acre are therefore exactly double The effective yields per corn acre are therefore exactly double the yields per crop acre reported on the previous charts.the yields per crop acre reported on the previous charts.

1 Deichman, C. L., “Solar Corridor Floor Crop Experiments”, ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, November 6-10, 2005, Salt Lake City, 147-9

1x Wheat 1x Wheat and and

CloverClover1x Corn1x Corn

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≥≥2x Corn2x Corn++

1x Wheat and 1x Wheat and CloverClover

Comparison of Crop Comparison of Crop YieldsYields

Achieving The Goal of 1000 gal/A Achieving The Goal of 1000 gal/A EthanolEthanolConventional PlantingConventional Planting The Solar Corridor SystemThe Solar Corridor System

Corn FieldWheat and Clover Field

Wheat and Clover Planted BetweenWidely-spaced Twin Rows of Corn

Using the Solar Corridor System, each of the hybrids B, C, & D Using the Solar Corridor System, each of the hybrids B, C, & D yielded 192 or more bushels per crop acre (384 bushels per yielded 192 or more bushels per crop acre (384 bushels per effective corn acre), enough for today's ethanol plants to produce effective corn acre), enough for today's ethanol plants to produce 1000 gallons of ethanol (assuming 2.65 gallons/bushel yield).1000 gallons of ethanol (assuming 2.65 gallons/bushel yield).

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Summary and Summary and ConclusionsConclusions

Increased productivity can be achieved through Increased productivity can be achieved through the utilization of the Solar Corridor System the utilization of the Solar Corridor System

Sunlight is made available to more chloroplasts Sunlight is made available to more chloroplasts to produce more carbohydrates to meet sink to produce more carbohydrates to meet sink demands through physiological maturitydemands through physiological maturity

Appropriately selected site specific supporting Appropriately selected site specific supporting practices maximize Solar Corridor benefits practices maximize Solar Corridor benefits Increased Yield, Reduced LodgingIncreased Yield, Reduced Lodging Increased Sequestration of CO2Increased Sequestration of CO2

Solar Corridor floor crop harvest options do Solar Corridor floor crop harvest options do existexist We need to further develop and refine these optionsWe need to further develop and refine these options

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Summary and Conclusions Summary and Conclusions (cont.)(cont.)

Can produce another 30bb annual gal of Can produce another 30bb annual gal of anhydrous equivalent alcohol fuels, anhydrous equivalent alcohol fuels,

Plus significant quantities of clean substitutes Plus significant quantities of clean substitutes for diesel fuel, glycerol, methane to power for diesel fuel, glycerol, methane to power electric generators, high energy protein, etc., electric generators, high energy protein, etc.,

Without using any of our current food supply, Without using any of our current food supply, cellulosic feedstock, or increasing corn (or cellulosic feedstock, or increasing corn (or total crop) acres,total crop) acres,

While increasing sequestration of CO2.While increasing sequestration of CO2.

Based on the performance data presented, Based on the performance data presented, the increased biosynthesis of the the increased biosynthesis of the atmospheric CO2 currently available in the atmospheric CO2 currently available in the US heartland resulting from the full US heartland resulting from the full deployment of the proposed new deployment of the proposed new paradigm:paradigm:

1 I S T HIS A R ELIABLE M ODEL FOR P RODUCING 1000 GAL /A WITH T ODAY S E THANOL P LANTS ? Charles...

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