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HVACR116 – Trade Skills

Structural DrawingsStructural Drawings

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Structural DrawingsStructural Drawings

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ObjectivesObjectives

• After completing this unit, you will be able to perform the following tasks:o Describe the footings for columns and walls, including

dimensions and reinforcemento Interpret the information found on a foundation plan,

including dimensions of foundation walls, reinforcement of foundations, and the locations of the various elements

• After completing this unit, you will be able to perform the following tasks:o Describe the footings for columns and walls, including

dimensions and reinforcemento Interpret the information found on a foundation plan,

including dimensions of foundation walls, reinforcement of foundations, and the locations of the various elements

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Objectives (cont’d.)Objectives (cont’d.)

• After completing this unit, you will be able to perform the following tasks (cont’d.):o Describe each column, beam, and lintel shown on the

structural drawingso Interpret structural details and sections

• After completing this unit, you will be able to perform the following tasks (cont’d.):o Describe each column, beam, and lintel shown on the

structural drawingso Interpret structural details and sections

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Foundations for Commercial BuildingsFoundations for Commercial Buildings

• Foundation supports load imposed on superstructure and spreads it over a large area, so earth supports it uniformlyo Commercial construction foundation systems include

spread footings, stem walls, and padso Biggest difference is footing thickness and amount of

reinforcing steel

• Foundation supports load imposed on superstructure and spreads it over a large area, so earth supports it uniformlyo Commercial construction foundation systems include

spread footings, stem walls, and padso Biggest difference is footing thickness and amount of

reinforcing steel

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Foundations (cont’d.)Foundations (cont’d.)

• Drawing consists of a plan showing foundation layout, major dimensions, and detail drawings o Column footing placement is indicated by referencing

structural grid coordinateso Structural grid indicates column centerline

• Drawing consists of a plan showing foundation layout, major dimensions, and detail drawings o Column footing placement is indicated by referencing

structural grid coordinateso Structural grid indicates column centerline

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Foundations (cont’d.)Foundations (cont’d.)

Figure 39–1. The column load must be centered on the footing.

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Structural Steel FramingStructural Steel Framing

• Consists of columns (vertical) and beams (horizontal) o Girders (largest beams) attach to columnso Joists (intermediate beams) are supported at ends by

girderso Lintels are beams that support weight above an opening

• Consists of columns (vertical) and beams (horizontal) o Girders (largest beams) attach to columnso Joists (intermediate beams) are supported at ends by

girderso Lintels are beams that support weight above an opening

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Figure 39–2. Major parts of a building frame.

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Figure 39–3. Structural coordinates are shown on the framing plans and floor plans.

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Figure 39–4. Notations on the drawings indicate the relative elevations of beams.

Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.)Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.)

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Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.)Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.)

• Joists are frequently open-web steel joists• Joists are frequently open-web steel joists

Figure 39–5. Open-web steel joists (often called bar joists). Courtesy of Willis: Blueprint Reading for Commercial Construction, by Delmar Learning.

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Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.)Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.)

• Actual lengths of members are not shown on general contract drawingso Shown on shop drawings, drawn by steel fabricator,

after construction drawings are completed

• Actual lengths of members are not shown on general contract drawingso Shown on shop drawings, drawn by steel fabricator,

after construction drawings are completed

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Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.)Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.)

Figure 39-6. A lintel may be considered loose steel if it is not attached to the frame.

Figure 39-7. Lintel schedule.

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Masonry ReinforcementMasonry Reinforcement

• Mortar in joints is poor at resisting forceso Reinforcement is done by embedding welded-wire

reinforcement in joints• Building walls with reinforcement bars in unit cores

and filling with concrete (grout) achieves greater strengtho Reinforcing steel ties structural elements together

• Mortar in joints is poor at resisting forceso Reinforcement is done by embedding welded-wire

reinforcement in joints• Building walls with reinforcement bars in unit cores

and filling with concrete (grout) achieves greater strengtho Reinforcing steel ties structural elements together

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Masonry Reinforcement (cont’d.)Masonry Reinforcement (cont’d.)

Figure 39-9. A bond beam is used to strengthen the top of the wall.

Figure 39–8. Masonry joint reinforcement.