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HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

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Some sources

Summary of information obtained from Websites such as:

Hobbes’ Internet Timeline What is the Internet? History of Internet http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/

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Beginnings of communication revolution

1836: Telegraph invented, Morse Code developed  1858-1866: Transatlantic cables laid, allowing direct

and instantaneous communication across the Atlantic.

1876: Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

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Question

How is each of these inventions / developments relevant to the development of the Internet?

TelegraphTransatlantic cables Telephone

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Answer (1)

Morse Code uses a system of dots and dashes. Particular sequences of dots and dashes represent letters of the alphabet, much as digital communication uses series of digits (0 and 1) based on the binary system.

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Answer (2)

Transatlantic cables today connect all continents and are still a main hub of telecommunications.

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Answer (3)

Telephone wires and exchanges provide the backbone of Internet connections today. Modems provide Digital to Audio conversions to allow computers to connect over the telephone network.

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Beginnings of Global Communication

      The USSR launches Sputnik - first artificial earth

satellite, heralding the start of global telecommunications. Satellites play an important role in transmitting data today.

In response, the United States forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish an American lead in science and technology applicable to the military.

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Development of Networks

1962 - 1968 The Internet first conceived ARPA grows into small network (ARPANET)

intended to promote the sharing of super-computers amongst researchers in the United States.

Technology first developed for military purposes

First generation of networking hardware and software designed

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Birth of the Internet

1969

First node activated at UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles), closely followed by nodes at Stanford Research Institute, UCSB (University of California at Santa Barbara) and University of Utah.

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Development of Internet (1)

1970 – 1973 ALOHANET developed at the University of

Hawaii ARPANET becomes high-speed digital post

office for collaboration on research projects and discussion

Number of hosts grows to 23, connecting universities and government research centres around the U.S.A.

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Development of Internet (2)

1970 – 1973 The InterNetworking Working Group (INWG)

becomes the first of several standards-setting entities to govern the growing network.

Vinton Cerf is elected the first chairman of the INWG, and later becomes known as the ‘Father of the Internet.’

ARPANET goes international with connections to London and Norway.

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Commercialisation of the Internet

1974: Bolt, Beranek and Newman open Telenet (Telnet) - first commercial version and public data service of the ARPANET.

1974 – 1981: ARPANET moves away from military/research roots, general public gets first hint of how networked computers can be used in daily life.

1976: Queen Elizabeth goes online with the first royal email message.

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Public groups

1979: Newsgroups and listservs are born - Users from all over the world join these discussion groups to talk about the Net, politics, religion and thousands of other subjects.

The first MUD (Multiuser Dungeon) interactive multi-user sites are introduced, making it possible for the development of interactive adventure games, board games, and rich and detailed databases.

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Internet language

1982: The term Internet is used for the first time.

1982 – 1983: TCP/IP becomes the universal language of the Internet - for the first time the loose collection of networks that make up the ARPANET is seen as an ‘Internet’ – a connected set of networks (specifically those using TCP/IP), and the Internet as we know it today is born.

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Development of Personal Computer industry

Mid-1980s: A boom in the personal computer (PC) Combination of inexpensive desktop machines

and powerful, network-ready servers allows many companies to join the Internet for the first time.

Corporations begin to use the Internet to communicate with each other and with their customers.

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Development of Names

1983 - 1984 Number of Internet hosts breaks 1,000 => difficult to

remember exact paths Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced. Instead of a

domain number like 123.456.789.10, it is easier to remember something like

www.myuniversity.mydept.mynetwork.mycountry (e.g., www.cs.cf.ac.uk).   

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Development of Terms

1984: William Gibson coins the term cyberspace in his novel Neuromancer.

1988 - 1989: Internet Chat Relay (IRC) developed. Privacy and security in digital world threatened New words, such as hacker, cracker and electronic

break-in, are coined Nov. 1, 1988: malicious programme called "Internet

Worm" unleashed, temporarily disabling approximately 6,000 of the 60,000 Internet hosts

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Birth of the World Wide Web

1991: The World Wide Web is born

Computer code of the WWW has ability to combine words, pictures, sound is first posted by Tim Berners-Lee.

1992: The term surfing the Internet is coined by Jean Armour Polly.

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Development of Graphical browsers (1)

1991: A team at University of Minnesota, led by computer programmer Mark MaCahill, releases Gopher, the first point-and-click way of navigating the files of the Internet. Gopher provides user-friendly interface to the Internet. MaCahill calls it "the first Internet application my mom can use.“

1993: Mosaic, the first graphics-based Web browser with a friendly interface, becomes available.

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Development of Graphical browsers (2)

1994: Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark form Netscape Communications Corp. and develop Netscape.

By 1994: The U.S. Senate and White House, Japan's Prime Minister, the United Kingdom’s Treasury, shopping malls and banks, and Pizza Hut go online. On the cultural front, the Rolling Stones broadcast the Voodoo Lounge tour over the Internet.

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Development of Graphical browsers (3)

1996: Users in almost 150 countries around

the world are now connected to the Internet.

WWW browser war begins, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, rushing in a new age in software development.

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Wide applications of the Internet

By 1994: The U.S. Senate and White House, Japan's Prime Minister, the United Kingdom’s Treasury, shopping malls and banks, and Pizza Hut go online. On the cultural front, the Rolling Stones broadcast the Voodoo Lounge tour over the Internet.

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Continued growth of the Internet

1997 – 2002: Statistics for July 2002 (at http://www.netsizer.com/) show that there are about 194.1 million hosts to date – with two new hosts and 5 users being recorded every second! (Running counter recording additions in real time.)

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World Internet Usage (1) http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm 

World Regions

Population( 2011 Est.)

Internet UsersDec.

31,2000

Internet UsersLatest Data

Pene-tration

(% Pop)

Growth2000-2011

Users% ofTable

Africa 1,037,524,058 4,514,400 118,609,620 11.4 %2,527.4

%5.7 %

Asia 3,879,740,877 114,304,000 922,329,554 23.8 % 706.9 % 44.0 %

Europe 816,426,346 105,096,093 476,213,935 58.3 % 353.1 % 22.7 %

Middle East

216,258,843 3,284,800 68,553,666 31.7 %1,987.0

%3.3 %

WORLD TOTAL

6,930,055,154 360,985,4922,095,006,0

0530.2 % 480.4 % 100.0 %

(stats obtained 2010/2011) 25 August 2011

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World Internet Usage (2) http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm 

World Regions

Population( 2011 Est.)

Internet UsersDec.

31,2000

Internet UsersLatest Data

Pene-tration

(% Pop)

Growth2000-2011

Users% ofTable

North America

347,394,870 108,096,800 272,066,000 78.3 % 151.7 % 13.0 %

Latin America/Caribbean

597,283,165 18,068,919 215,939,400 36.2 % 1,037.4 % 10.3 %

Oceania/Australia

35,426,995 7,620,480 21,293,830 60.1 % 179.4 % 1.0 %

WORLD TOTAL

6,930,055,154 360,985,4922,095,006,0

0530.2 % 480.4 % 100.0 %

(stats obtained 2010/2011) 25 August 2011

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Internet Usage in Malaysia  http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/my.htm 

(stats obtained 2010/2011) 25 August 2011

YEAR Users Population % Pen. Usage Source

2000 3,700,000 24,645,600 15.0 % ITU

2005 10,040,000 26,500,699 37.9 % C.I.Almanac

2006 11,016,000 28,294,120 38.9 % ITU

2007 13,528,200 28,294,120 47.8 % MCMC

2008 15,868,000 25,274,133 62.8 % MCMC

2009 16,902,600 25,715,819 65.7 % ITU

2010 16,902,600 26,160,256 64.6 % ITU

ASIAPopulation( 2011 Est.)

Internet Users,(Year 2000)

Internet Users,Latest Data

Pen.(% Population)

Users% Asia

FacebookSubscribers

Brunei Darussalam

401,890 30,000 318,900 79.4 % 0.0 % 214,120

China * 1,336,718,015 22,500,000 485,000,000 36.3 % 52.0 % 504,660

Hong Kong * 7,122,508 2,283,000 4,878,713 68.5 % 0.5 % 3,748,580

Japan 126,475,664 47,080,000 99,182,000 78.4 % 10.6 % 3,812,460

Korea, South 48,754,657 19,040,000 39,440,000 80.9 % 4.2 % 3,697,020

Macao * 573,003 60,000 280,900 49.0 % 0.0 % 207,440

Malaysia 28,728,607 3,700,000 16,902,600 58.8 % 1.8 % 11,221,040

Singapore 4,740,737 1,200,000 3,658,400 77.2 % 0.4 % 2,488,900

Taiwan 23,071,779 6,260,000 16,147,000 70.0 % 1.7 % 9,932,740

Thailand 66,720,153 2,300,000 18,310,000 27.4 % 2.0 % 10,612,380

Vietnam 90,549,390 200,000 29,268,606 32.3 % 3.1 % 1,674,040

TOTAL ASIA 3,879,740,877 114,304,000 932,393,209 24.0 % 100.0 % 152,957,48

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COUNTRIES WITH HIGHESTNUMBER OF INTERNET USERS

# Country or Region % World Users

1 China 23.0 %

2 United States 11.6 %

3 India 4.7 %

4 Japan 4.7 %

5 Brazil 3.6 %

6 Germany 3.1 %

7 Russia 2.8 %

8 United Kingdom 2.4 %

9 France 2.1 %

- Malaysia 0.8%

(stats obtained 2010/2011) 25 August 2011

Additional slides

How does the evolution of the Internet impact on language and communication?

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Early Internet – Gopher-based

Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL)

Drill and Practice on discrete items(Objective format)

Text-based (electronic page turner?) Spell and Style Checkers

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1st Generation WWW Multimedia Various font styles Colours Layouts Sounds Animation Hypertexts

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How does this influence language use?

2nd Generation Web Ability to incorporate Flash PDF (Portable Document Format) files Streaming audio Streaming video Posting of Power Point files Improved interactivity Synchronous and asynchronous

communication

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Web pages become highly “fleeting, dynamic, multilayered, multi-fragmented, and hybridized” (Squire, 2005)

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3rd Generation Web Three-dimensional (depth, height

and breadth) Televisual and cinematic effect Fast download through broadband

infrastructure

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Consider applications and communication tools made possible by the Internet and the WWW. Compare the language used in the different applications.

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Examples:1. E-mails2. ICQ / IRC3. Electronic Bulletin Board4. Weblog5. Wiki

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