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Higher Education, Science & Higher Education, Science & Technology …. Imperatives for Technology …. Imperatives for Socio-economic Development Socio-economic Development
Dr. S. T. K NaimDr. S. T. K NaimConsultant COMSTECH Consultant COMSTECH 33-Constitution Avenue 33-Constitution Avenue
G-5/2, Islamabad G-5/2, Islamabad
November 2006
Knowledge critical for developmentKnowledge critical for development
Growing recognition that development “is Growing recognition that development “is
built not merely through accumulation of built not merely through accumulation of
physical capital and human skills, but on a physical capital and human skills, but on a
foundation of information, learning and foundation of information, learning and
adaptation…”adaptation…”
- World Bank, 1999. World Development Report:World Bank, 1999. World Development Report:
Knowledge For development Knowledge For development
- Promotion of Innovation CulturePromotion of Innovation Culture
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Challenges for Developing CountriesChallenges for Developing Countries
Rapidly advancing S&T knowledgeRapidly advancing S&T knowledge
Increasing use of information technologyIncreasing use of information technology
Knowledge capital replacing physical capital Knowledge capital replacing physical capital
as source of wealthas source of wealth
Higher education gaining vital importance Higher education gaining vital importance
Resulting expansion: rapid, chaotic, and Resulting expansion: rapid, chaotic, and
unplannedunplanned
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ChallengesChallenges
Low literacy level (50%) and low enrollment in Low literacy level (50%) and low enrollment in higher education higher education
High population growth rateHigh population growth rate
Low R&D expenditure Low R&D expenditure
Few scientists and engineers Few scientists and engineers
Non competitive industry and knowledge Non competitive industry and knowledge producing institutions producing institutions
Limited private sector R&D and Innovation Limited private sector R&D and Innovation activitiesactivities
Weak linkages between industry and university Weak linkages between industry and university
Brain DrainBrain Drain
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RisksRisks Excluding Nations with low investment in Education Excluding Nations with low investment in Education
and Scientific Research and Scientific Research Unskilled will be marginalized in the knowledge Unskilled will be marginalized in the knowledge economyeconomy
Brain DrainBrain Drain
Movement of highly skilled to developed countries as Movement of highly skilled to developed countries as demand exists due to ageing populationdemand exists due to ageing population
Losing competition for capital investmentLosing competition for capital investment
Capital investment follows human resource capacityCapital investment follows human resource capacity
(China’s high technology science zones with foreign (China’s high technology science zones with foreign enterprises account for 75% of its exports) enterprises account for 75% of its exports)
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PAKISTAN REFORMS PAKISTAN REFORMS
POLITICAL WILLPOLITICAL WILL
S&T Budget increased 6000%!!!S&T Budget increased 6000%!!!
Higher Education budget increased 1,200%!!!Higher Education budget increased 1,200%!!!
Full support and personal interest by Full support and personal interest by
PresidentPresident Musharraf Musharraf
A real beginning after 30 years of neglectA real beginning after 30 years of neglect
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POLITICAL WILLPOLITICAL WILL
HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION FORMED—HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION FORMED—FULLY AUTONOMOUS AND POWERFUL BODYFULLY AUTONOMOUS AND POWERFUL BODY
BUDGET FOR UNIVERSITIES RAISED FROM BUDGET FOR UNIVERSITIES RAISED FROM RS.1.4 RS.1.4 BILLIONBILLION (TWO YEARS AGO) TO (TWO YEARS AGO) TO RS.RS.27.8 BILLION27.8 BILLION IN IN 20062006
CHANCELLORS COMMITTEE DECIDED 50% CHANCELLORS COMMITTEE DECIDED 50% INCREASES IN BOTH RECURRING AND INCREASES IN BOTH RECURRING AND DEVELOPMENT BUDGETS TO REACH A FIGURE OF DEVELOPMENT BUDGETS TO REACH A FIGURE OF 1% OF GNP IN 4-5 YEARS 1% OF GNP IN 4-5 YEARS
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Strategy: Learning from Korea Growth of Per Capita GNP: PAKISTAN & KOREA
Source Pakistan: UNESCO, Statistical Year Book 1980,1982,1991 and Economic Survey of Pakistan
Source Korea: Science & Technology Policy Institute (STEPI), Korea, World Bank
US
do
lla
rs
Establishment of Korean Institute of
Science & Technology (KIST)
Establishment of KoreanAdvanced Institute for Sciences & Technology
(KAIST)
Launching of National Research & Development
Program (NRDP)
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89 363 353 409 508 443 600
15972000
5883
10076
13000
13980
187173123 35025395790
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1960-61 1965-66 1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 1999-2000 2004
Pakistan Korea
Lessons from ChinaLessons from China
Opened up to global knowledge: 1978 Imported massively capital goods and
components Reform of Universities and R&D Organizations Large number of students sent abroad for training Incubation System at Universities Attracted FDI for both domestic and export
markets Induced FDI to set up large domestic research
facilities Expatriate scientists set up high tech industries Focus on premier universities as key knowledge
institutions
– Many alliances with global universities– Spinning off high tech companies
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China China Technology Change at Industry Technology Change at Industry
Increasing domestic R&D
Larger R&D share by productive sector
Moving rapidly towards market economy
Joined WTO to lock in need for structural
reform
Has become major global player
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Strategy Strategy
Learning from past policies / review reports Learning from past policies / review reports
Peer evaluation of 228 provincial R&D Peer evaluation of 228 provincial R&D
centres and 300 S&T departments of centres and 300 S&T departments of
Universities Universities
Identification of productive centres / Identification of productive centres /
scientists scientists
Bench Marking InstitutionsBench Marking Institutions
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StrategyStrategy
Foresight for TechnologyForesight for Technology
Wide consultation with private sector, Wide consultation with private sector,
scientists, government officials and economists scientists, government officials and economists
Strategy and Action Plan proposed to fill Skills, Strategy and Action Plan proposed to fill Skills,
Technology and Policy gapsTechnology and Policy gaps
Key Projects identified with costs and possible Key Projects identified with costs and possible
impact on social / economic developmentimpact on social / economic development
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• Human Resource DevelopmentHuman Resource Development
• Up-gradating R&D Infrastructure Up-gradating R&D Infrastructure
• Technology Development & Technology Development & IndustrializationIndustrialization
• Information TechnologyInformation Technology
• Restructuring of R&D Institutions Restructuring of R&D Institutions
• Strengthening of Policy, Coordination and Strengthening of Policy, Coordination and Management StructureManagement Structure
PAKISTAN REFORMSPAKISTAN REFORMS
Major ProgrammesMajor Programmes
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Overarching ApproachOverarching Approach
Simultaneous Simultaneous Bi-Modal ApproachBi-Modal Approach RequiredRequired– Bottom-UpBottom-Up
Basic Health, Primary Education, Water ….Basic Health, Primary Education, Water …. Investment in ICT and transport infrastructureInvestment in ICT and transport infrastructure
– Top-DownTop-Down Higher EducationHigher Education Technology DevelopmentTechnology Development Industrial LinkagesIndustrial Linkages
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Faculty Development Faculty Development Programs & AchievementsPrograms & Achievements
Foreign Scholarship ProgramsForeign Scholarship Programs
– Over 1000 students being trained in Universities: Over 1000 students being trained in Universities: Germany, Germany, France, Austria, Sweden, Netherlands, Korea, and ChinaFrance, Austria, Sweden, Netherlands, Korea, and China
Fulbright Scholarship ProgramFulbright Scholarship Program
– 1000 students being trained over 5 years 1000 students being trained over 5 years – 4 years funding for graduate study in US4 years funding for graduate study in US
In service TrainingIn service Training
– University teachers exposed to modern teaching methods University teachers exposed to modern teaching methods
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Post Doctoral Research ProgramPost Doctoral Research Program
– 100 scholars sent per year abroad100 scholars sent per year abroad
Faculty HiringFaculty Hiring
– More than 250 foreign faculty participatingMore than 250 foreign faculty participating– Over 100 under long term hiring scheme (1- 5 years)Over 100 under long term hiring scheme (1- 5 years)
Indigenous Scholarship ProgramIndigenous Scholarship Program
– Over 2000 scholarships awardedOver 2000 scholarships awarded– HEC Approved Supervisor schemeHEC Approved Supervisor scheme– Current Deficiencies met through Foreign facultyCurrent Deficiencies met through Foreign faculty
Faculty DevelopmentFaculty Development Programs & Achievements Programs & Achievements (Contd.)(Contd.)
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Increasing Access / Relevance Increasing Access / Relevance Programs & AchievementsPrograms & Achievements
Enhancing EnrolmentEnhancing Enrolment
– 40% increase in enrolment40% increase in enrolment– 19% increase in Distance Learning Program enrolment 19% increase in Distance Learning Program enrolment
University Development ProjectsUniversity Development Projects
– 5- 7 year development vision of universities5- 7 year development vision of universities– Infrastructure, faculty, new programsInfrastructure, faculty, new programs
Technology Parks / Business Incubators Technology Parks / Business Incubators
– Faisalabad: Agricultural-Biological Research Faisalabad: Agricultural-Biological Research – Karachi: Herbal Pharmaceutical Research Karachi: Herbal Pharmaceutical Research 17
Promotion of Scientific ResearchPromotion of Scientific Research Programs & AchievementsPrograms & Achievements
Enhancing Research FacilitiesEnhancing Research Facilities
– 20 Centralized Research Laboratories in major universities 20 Centralized Research Laboratories in major universities
– Digital Library access to over 20,000 leading Digital Library access to over 20,000 leading e-journals i.e. 80% of world’s peer reviewed contente-journals i.e. 80% of world’s peer reviewed content
Research SupportResearch Support
– Over 240 research projects fundedOver 240 research projects funded
– International conference sponsoringInternational conference sponsoring
Research Productivity AllowanceResearch Productivity Allowance– Incentives linked to research publications Incentives linked to research publications
– 60% increase in Research publications in international journals60% increase in Research publications in international journals
HEC providing Patenting Service HEC providing Patenting Service 18
International LinkagesInternational Linkages15 collaborative research projects between Pakistan 15 collaborative research projects between Pakistan
and British universitiesand British universities
– 35 new linkages to be launched soon35 new linkages to be launched soon
– US$1.3 billion linkage programme between US$1.3 billion linkage programme between
Pak-US Universities over 10 yearsPak-US Universities over 10 years
– Research collaboration with China Research collaboration with China
Building Knowledge NetworksBuilding Knowledge NetworksPrograms & AchievementsPrograms & Achievements
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Quality AssuranceQuality Assurance
Prescribed criteria for Higher Education Prescribed criteria for Higher Education Institutions in Private sectorInstitutions in Private sectorQuality Enhancement CellsQuality Enhancement CellsEducational Accreditation CouncilsEducational Accreditation CouncilsExamination System ReviewExamination System Review
Quality of FacultyQuality of Faculty – Appointment CriteriaAppointment Criteria– Tenure TrackTenure Track– Training and Research OpportunitiesTraining and Research Opportunities
Curriculum Review Curriculum Review – Industry CollaborationIndustry Collaboration– International StandardsInternational Standards
4 - 4 - year undergraduate degreeyear undergraduate degree standardizationstandardizationProjects MonitoringProjects Monitoring
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Technology Infrastructure: Leveraging ITTechnology Infrastructure: Leveraging IT
University Computerization & NetworkingUniversity Computerization & Networking
– Computer Laboratories Computer Laboratories – Campus wide high-speed LANCampus wide high-speed LAN– Computerization of AdministrationComputerization of Administration
Pakistan Education and Research Network Pakistan Education and Research Network (PERN) (60 public sector universities (PERN) (60 public sector universities connected) connected)
Digital LibraryDigital Library
PAKSAT – 1PAKSAT – 1Distance EducationDistance Education
– Virtual UniversityVirtual University– Educational TV ChannelsEducational TV Channels– Video LecturingVideo Lecturing 21
Pakistan Education and Research NetworkPakistan Education and Research Network
University Computerization & NetworkingUniversity Computerization & Networking
– ICT infrastructure, Computer Laboratories, LAN & WANICT infrastructure, Computer Laboratories, LAN & WAN
Pakistan Education and Research Network (PERN)Pakistan Education and Research Network (PERN)
– 60 universities connected60 universities connected
– 155 Mbps International Internet Bandwidth 155 Mbps International Internet Bandwidth
– Intranet bandwidth of 50MbpsIntranet bandwidth of 50Mbps
– Institutional internet bandwidth of 5MbpsInstitutional internet bandwidth of 5Mbps
– Video conferencing, Voice-over-IP servicesVideo conferencing, Voice-over-IP services
– Satellite-based Internet Downlinks: Remote Satellite-based Internet Downlinks: Remote
institutions and campuses provided with connectivity institutions and campuses provided with connectivity
through 45MB downlink through 45MB downlink 22
FASTEST INTERNET SPREAD!!
400 cities on optic fiber!!
Oct 2005:
2339 cities / villages
23IT Infrastructure and DiffusionIT Infrastructure and Diffusion
National Digital Library ProgramNational Digital Library ProgramINASP as PartnerINASP as Partner
Availability of over 25 Publisher databases providing Availability of over 25 Publisher databases providing
access to nearly 20,000 full text journals (almost 80% of access to nearly 20,000 full text journals (almost 80% of
the world’s peer reviewed scientific content)the world’s peer reviewed scientific content)
Accessible at 220 institutions (Public Universities, Accessible at 220 institutions (Public Universities,
Private Institutions, R & D Organizations)Private Institutions, R & D Organizations)
10,000 faculty members and students trained at 10,000 faculty members and students trained at
universities/R&D institutions across the countryuniversities/R&D institutions across the country
One million articles downloaded in 2005One million articles downloaded in 2005
Access to over 10,000 e-booksAccess to over 10,000 e-books
Expansion programme with US Library of CongressExpansion programme with US Library of Congress
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Selective Approach to Strengthening Selective Approach to Strengthening S&T / Higher EducationS&T / Higher Education
Core AreasCore Areas
Information Technology Information Technology Engineering Engineering Biotechnology Biotechnology Pharmaceuticals / Chemicals Pharmaceuticals / Chemicals
Support AreasSupport Areas
Basic SciencesBasic Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics)(Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics) Food Technology Food Technology Material Sciences Material Sciences Environmental SciencesEnvironmental Sciences Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy Water Resources Water Resources Electronics Electronics
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Improving Access / RelevanceImproving Access / Relevance
New UniversitiesNew Universities(Building Regional Knowledge Networks)(Building Regional Knowledge Networks)
– 9 New Engineering Universities to be established 9 New Engineering Universities to be established
in collaboration with Sweden, Germany, Austria, in collaboration with Sweden, Germany, Austria,
France, Korea, France, Korea, Netherlands, UK, USA, ChinaNetherlands, UK, USA, China
At strategic sites close to industrial hubsAt strategic sites close to industrial hubs
First university to be functional by 2008First university to be functional by 2008
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Technology Development and Technology Development and Industrialization Industrialization
Technology promotion through public / Technology promotion through public / private partnershipprivate partnership
Strengthening Metrology, Testing and Strengthening Metrology, Testing and Quality Institutions Quality Institutions
Common Facility Centers and Skill Common Facility Centers and Skill Development Fund Development Fund
Private sector involvement for Technical Private sector involvement for Technical Training Training
National Accreditation Council National Accreditation Council
Quality PolicyQuality Policy
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Partnership for Change: Working with Partnership for Change: Working with the Private Sector the Private Sector
Role of Government is to provide:Role of Government is to provide:
Consistency of Policy ( legal, regulatory, IPR and Consistency of Policy ( legal, regulatory, IPR and fiscal)fiscal)
Human capitalHuman capital
Measurement , Standards and Quality Testing Labs Measurement , Standards and Quality Testing Labs (need to be upgraded)(need to be upgraded)
Stability, Law and Order, fast commercial courts Stability, Law and Order, fast commercial courts
Encourage SMEs (Credit, Skill, Technology)Encourage SMEs (Credit, Skill, Technology)
Linking Technology purchases and FDI with Linking Technology purchases and FDI with knowledge transferknowledge transfer
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Policy Imperative Policy Imperative
Seed capital / start up funds for Technology Seed capital / start up funds for Technology commercialization (Venture Capital)commercialization (Venture Capital)
Special initiatives for hi-tech start up firms Special initiatives for hi-tech start up firms (China’s example)(China’s example)
Innovation Credit Scheme for Design and Innovation Credit Scheme for Design and Engineering capability in Firms Engineering capability in Firms
Performance awards to scientists for proactive Performance awards to scientists for proactive approach to smaller firmsapproach to smaller firms
Flexibility and effectiveness for Funds Flexibility and effectiveness for Funds mobilization mobilization
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU
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