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T h e Sultan o ffered to back him but T ip p o o had already received £ 1 6 ,0 0 0 worth o f goods. O n the expedition he met with some adversity; many o f his bearers dy in g from disease and he was fo rced to bury a large part o f his goods. 11 is next adventure was in the K ingdom o f Ugalia, ruled by Taka. I !is men were killed by his side, but after a number o f days fighting Taka was defeated . H is next encounter was with K ing Lunda o f Kascmble. Some o f Lunda ’s men had guns supplied them by the Portuguese. A fte r defeating Lunda, T ip p o o continued on his journey along the river M w eru until he reached the capital o f King M p u cto , w hich was situated where the C o n g o issues into the lake. M p u cto w elcom ed the explorer-trader. From here T ip p o o entered territories n o Arab or white man had ever entered be fore . H e went on fo r nine years more penetrating into virgin territory until he reached what is now known as the Belgian C on go . Stanley, Livingstone, Speke, Cam eron and G lceru p all knew Him. In his ow n autobiography, Stanley says, “ Unless T ip p o o T i b accepts my o ffer , the expedition will be broken up .” T ip p o o returned to Zanzibar to write o f his experiences in the heart o f A fr ica .

M r . JAM I\S W . A . T Y A M Z A S H K, elder son o f Rev. G w avi Tyam zashe, was born at Kim berley, 1 1th M arch , 1H79. A ttended the Dutch R e form ed and Perseverance Schools at K im berley and finally went to Lovedale in 1896 where he passed his T h ir d Year T e a ch e r ’ s and School H igh er Kxaminations o f the Cape o f C Jood H o p e University. H e also read for the Matriculation Kxami- nation. Passed the Second Year T each ers ’ Kxamination with honours in 1898. T au g h t at Lovedale, Mngijesha, M afek in g , T ig c rk lo o f , U itenh age and finally at the Pirie Mission Station, where, ow in g to fa iling health, he was granted a G overnm ent pension. M r . Tyam zashe was an exceptionally good pianist and organist. C om posed several songs and his notes on T o n ic Sol-fa and Staff Notation were published in the Kducation G azette, and were very highly com m ented upon by the then Superintendent- General o f Kducation for the Cape. O n e o f the Inspectors o f Schools considered him the best o f native teacher in Nihool method and music. Prior to his death, which took place at the early age o f 5 2, he w'as appointed messenger o f the court for the district o f K ingwilliam stown. By his death an accomplished scholar and musician w’as lost to the A fr ican nation. H e married M ina Klizabeth, a daughter o f M r. and Mrs. Xholla, o f Orahamstown, w h o survives him with eight children.

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K IN G T S H A K A KA S E N Z A N G A K O N A Z U L U .

In European history, Tshaka, King o f the Zulus, is described as a cruel king. His name is sometimes written “ Chaka.” H e is the king who founded the Zulu nation. Before the organisation o f the Africans in Natal, Zulus were not known as a race, but were common people. Tshaka’s qualifications were that he was a warrior o f great ability; a very good fighter and as such won the favour o f C h ie f Dingiswayo, o f Mtctwa, who had more influence than anv other ch ief. Although Tshaka did not belong to the tribe o f Dingiswayo, he lived with his mother’s people, the M hlongos, who were under C h ie f Dingiswayo. W hen Tshaka’s father, Senzan- gakona, died, Tshaka, who was not the rightful heir, was helped by Dingiswayo to defeat his brother. Tshaka’s impics were victorious and he became the successor to his father. Tshaka taught his warriors the stategies o f war; organised strong regiments and when C h ie f Dingiswayo died Tshaka brought his impies to fight Dingiswayo’s tribe which he conquered. As a result o f his victory he became very ambitious, looked about him and resolved to form a great empire. H e did not hesitate to subdue the tribes that were around him. His warriors fought right and left, until the word “ Tshaka ” made cvcrvbody tremble. H e was the first king to rule from Pongolo to the Cape. T h e tribes that did not want to come under Tshaka’s rule fled. T h e Fingoes went south where they met the Xosas, and for eighteen years Tshaka was King and Emperor o f Natal and Zululand. It was one o f Tshaka’s laws to his regiments that no young men and women o f a hostile tribe should be killed at war. His instructions w’erc that they should be captured alive, brought to Zululand and be made naturalised Zulus. These young naturalised Zulus were used as soldiers to fight any tribe Tshaka wished to defeat, and finally he succeeded in building a great nation. H e had absolute discipline in the land. H e was King, judge and adminis­trator, also a philosopher, a poet and a musician.

W hen the European settlers arrived in Natal in 1823 theyfound Tshaka reigning. H e did not illtrcat them, but extended tothem every hospitality. H e requested the foreigners to teach his people their language so that they could be understood. T h e Euro­peans had come to trade, fight and conquer, and it must have occurred to Tshaka that they were strong and clever since they had conquered the waves o f the ocean and landed in Africa. A numbero f men were selected to be sent to Europe to be taught, but forreasons unknown to Tshaka, these men were never sent to Europe but were kept at the Cape where they did not learn much.

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K I N G T S H A K A K A S E N Z A N G A K O N A 7 .U I .U .

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I shaka’s reign came to an end in 18 28, when he was murdered by his brothers who instructed his ch ie f induna, M bopa, to stab him. They had not forgotten that Tshaka was not the rightful King. I hough fatally stabbed, Tshaka had the opportunity, before he died, to inform his brothers and murderer that they would never rule over the Zulus, but that the white men would rule them. Tshaka’s brothers were not as friendly to the invaders as he was, and, it seems, were also ignorant o f Tshaka’s dealings with them, fo r it was clear that they would have killed the white men had they known o f the friendship that existed between Tshaka and these white settlers. Tshaka was a thinker— on one occasion he killed a beast and painted the floor o f a hut with its blood. T his he did without being seen by anybody, and then summoned all the witch doctors in the land to a great feast at his kraal. W hen the doctors were assembled he took them one by one to the hut with the blood on its floor, and asked them the cause o f the blood. It is said many so-called doctors failed in this test.

Tshaka was a very busy man, being his own Field-Marshal, Minister o f War, Minister o f Foreign Affairs, Prime Minister, Administrator, Political Agent, and King. H e was also engaged in research work. This is indeed a big task for any man, even under the most favourable circumstances. That Tshaka, like William the Conqueror, was a great man nobody can doubt, and to state that he was a cruel King is to pay a man who broke virgin ground and founded a nation the poorest compliment. Had there been no Tshaka there might never have been a proud Zulu nation. In Tshaka’s day there was no need to have an army o f detectives and a force o f police. Every man and woman had perfect respect for law and order. Tshaka was well built, tall and indeed a tine specimen o f a man. Strict as he was, hundreds o f civilised Zulus to this day swear by Tshaka. Whatever may be saLL the Zulus arc indeed a fine people, well developed physically, good natured, full o f humour, and as brave as lions.

R e v . J . T W A A L A was b o rn in N a ta l w h e r e h e r e c e iv e d his early e d u c a tio n . H e b e c a m e a te a ch e r an d a f t e r so m e t im e he stu d ie d fo r the m in is tr y o f the W e s le y a n M e t h o d i s t C h u r c h . H e was a very brillian t speaker, a p o w e r fu l p re a ch e r a n d a hard w o rk e r . H e w as very progressive a n d took great interest in th e w e l f a r e o f his p e o p le . F o r a n u m b e r o f years he was in c h a r g e o f th e W e s le y a n C h u r c h in J o h a n n e s b u r g . D u r in g his t im e th e c o n g r e g a t i o n g r e w v e r y la rg e . H e was respected b y both th e E u r o p e a n s a ’ • ves o fthe circuits to w h ic h he was a p p o in te d m in is te r . H e d ie d l u r i n g th e in flu e n za e p id e m ic at W tbank o n th e sam e d a y that his w ' o d i e d .

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P R I N C H G W A Y I T Y A M / A S H K w a s b o r n a t B l i n k w a t c r in t h e d is t r ic t o f F o r t B e a u f o r t o n the* 2 2 n d o f J a n u a r y , 1 H 4 4 . H e w a s t h e e l d e s t so n o f T y a m ­

z a s h c ; ' I V a m / a s h e , t h e so n o f M e j a n a , so n o f O v a , o f t h e K u d u l i i c l a n , c o m ­m o n l y k n o w n as t h e M a n g w e v u . G w a y i

as a b o y s a w all t h e h o r r o r s o f t h e e a r lv K a ff ir W a r s , a n d w’as w i t h h is m o t h e r , N o n t s i , d u r i n g t h e t e r r i b l e N o n g q a u s e c a t t l e - k i l l i n g e p i s o d e , w h i l e h is f a t h e r

T y a m z a s h c w a s a h e a d c o u n c i l l o r at t h e

K i n g ’ s C o u r t . A t t h a t t i m e S a n d i l e w a s t h e P a r a m o u n t C h i e f o f t h e X o s a T r i b e .

A f t e r t h e g r e a t a r m e d p r o t e s t o f t h e X o s a s , u n d e r S a n d i l e a n d

h is b r o t h e r A n t a , G w a y i a n d h is p a r e n t s b e c a m e d e t a c h e d f r o m t h e

m a i n f i g h t i n g b o d y a n d e v e n t u a l l y f e l l i n t o t h e h a n d s o f t h e

m i s s i o n a r i e s at D r . L o v e ’ s m i s s i o n s t a t i o n — n o w k n o w n as L o v c d a l e .T h e la te M r . C o v e n w a s t h e n in c h a r g e o f t h e m i s s i o n a n d h e s o o n

i n d u c e d t h e r a w n a t i v e f u g i t i v e s t o b e c o n v e r t e d . G o v a n a c t u a l l y

w e n t so f a r as t o p a y t h o s e n a t i v e s w h o a t t e n d e d i n f a n t c lasse s .

G w a y i T y a m z a s h c l i k e d t h e s e c la sse s . 1 l e w a s f o l l o w e d b y m a n y

o t h e r n a t i v e s . ' T h e s i g n s o f p r o g r e s s m o v e d q u i c k l y . M e s s r s . S m i t h

a n d J a m e s S t e w a r t c a m e t o L o v c d a l e , a n d G w a y i a n d h is f r i e n d s

s o o n f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s o n t h e h i g h w a y t o c i v i l i s a t i o n a n d e d u c a t i o n .

A t all t i m e s L o v c d a l e w a s o p e n t o all c lasses o f p u p i l s , a n d G w a y i

f o u n d h i m s e l f r u b b i n g s h o u l d e r s w i t h F .u r o p c a n p u p i l s , a m o n g s t

w h o m w e r e W i l l i a m H e n r y S o l o m o n ( l a t e C h i e f J ustice o f t h e

L n i o n o f S o u t h A f r i c a ) , h is b r o t h e r , R i c h a r d S o l o m o n , S c h r e i n e r , G r i m m e r a n d o t h e r s .

S o o n G w a y i q u a l i f i e d as a t e a c h e r a n d t a u g h t f o r s o m e y e a r s at G q u m a h a s h e a v i l l a g e j u s t a c ro ss t h e T y u m i c R i v e r . Just at

t h a t t i m e I i v o S o g a w a s r e a d i n g f o r t h e o l o g y in S c o t l a n d . T h i s c a u s e d G w a y i to le a v e t e a c h i n g a n d r e t u r n t o L o v c d a l e f o r t h e o l o g y .

B e f o r e d o i n g so , h o w e v e r , h e w e n t in f o r a U n i v e r s i t y e x a m i n a t i o n

in w h i c h L a t i n , G r e e k a n d H e b r e w w e r e e s s e n t ia l s u b j e c t s . T h i s

e x a m i n a t i o n w a s a b o v e t h e o r d i n a r y m a t r i c u l a t i o n . It w a s a r e d - l e t t e r d a y at L o v c d a l e w h e n G w a y i T y a m z a s h c p a s s e d t h is

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examination; flags were hoisted and the day was proclaimed a holiday. Gwayi completed his Theological Course in 1874 and was immediately called to the Diamond Fields. In 1884 Gwayi and his family, consisting o f his w ife and three children, James, Henry and Catherine, left Kimberley for the wild north— Zoutpans- berg. His journey to that part o f the country was a heart-breaking on e ; the story o f which would fill a volume. Leaving K im ­berley with two ox-wagons, several milch cows and a pair o f horses, he slowly made his way north. T here were no roads to speak o f ; the country was uncxploicd as yet ; the drifts across the rivers were mere sluits and no bridges existed anywhere; the country was still wild, and, worst o f all, the Dutchmen, w ho occupied the Transvaal, were hostile towards the black races. W hen Gwayi and his caravan arrived on the Witwatersrand— as Johannesburg was then called— he was arrested fo r having no “ pass.” H e was handcuffed behind his back and hurried o f f to Pretoria in front o f fou r fiery horses o f the “ Zarps ” (Zuid Afrikaansc Rcpubliek Poliese). His wife, however, hurried over to Pretoria and personally interviewed O om Paul (President Paul Kruger) whereupon Gwayi was not only released, but also given a free pass to his destination.

At Zoutpansbcrg Gwayi Tyamzashc opened a number o f mission stations which exist to this day. H e lived at Zoutpansberg for six years, and on being called back to Kimberley, he returned to the Diamond Fields. It was, however, a different Gwayi that arrived at Kimberley. H e was physically a mere shadow o f the former Gwayi, owing to a relentless attack o f asthma which he contracted in the damp and marshy country o f the Zoutpansberg. H e lingered fo r six years in Kimberley and died on the 25th October, 1896. Prior to his death he had a serious case against the European Church U nion which culminated in victory for him in the Supreme Court at Capetown.

Rev. J. Z . T A N T S l was a T cm bu by birth and was born at N gcobo in the Cape Province. H e worked for a number o f years in the Cape Province, and afterwards went to Johannesburg where he obtained work. H e became a local preacher o f the Wesleyan Methodist Church. W hen Rev. Mokone established the Ethiopian Church Rev. Tantsi jo ined him, and at once studied for the minis-

105

b i o g r a p h y / H E A F R I C A N

t r y . A f t e r s o m e t i m e h e w a s o r d a i n e d a m i n i s t e r . H e to o k a l e a d i n g

p a rt in t h e a f fa ir s o f t h e C h u r c h e s p e c ia l ly d u r i n g t h e E t h i o p i a n a n d A f r i c a n M e t h o d i s t E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h u n i o n . H e w as e l e c t e d a d e l e g a t e to th e G e n e r a l C o n f e r e n c e o f t h e C h u r c h in A m e r i c a .

R c \ . I antsi w a s t h e f a t h e r o f D r . J. Y . I 'a n ts i , w h o w a s e d u c a t e d a t W i l b c r f o r c e U n i v e r s i t y in A m e r i c a . R e v . T a n t s i w a s a g o o d C h r i s t i a n g e n t l e m a n , a p o w e r f u l p r e a c h e r a n d a h a r d w o r k e r .

H e to o k g r e a t in te r e s t in t h e w e l f a r e o f his p e o p l e . H e w a s m u c h

r e s p e c t e d b v th o s e w h o k n e w h i m . H e d i e d at h is h o m e at N g c o b o ,

a f t e r r e n d e r i n g g r e a t s e r v ic e to t h e C h u r c h h e l o v e d . H i s son is

t o - d a y a p r e s i d i n g e l d e r a n d s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f t h e c h u r c h u n d e r B i s h o p Y o u n g .

M r . B E N I E L E , w h o w as b o r n a n d e d u c a t e d in t h e C a p e P r o v i n c e , w a s a su c c e ss fu l la w a g e n t at P e d d i c . H e w as o n e o f th e

l e a d i n g m e n o f h is t i m e . W a s m u c h r e s p e c t e d b y E u r o p e a n s a n d A f r i c a n s a l ik e . H e to o k a l e a d in g p art in r e l ig io u s , s o c ia l , e d u ­

c a t io n a l a n d p o li t ic a l a f fa ir s o f h .s p e o p l e . H e w as a g r e a t advocate f o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n f o r n a t iv e c h i l d r e n . H e h a d b e e n c h a i r m a n

o l m a n y i m p o r t a n t m e e t i n g s a n d a m e m b e r o f m a n y d e p u t a t i o n s to t h e G o v e r n m e n t . 1 h e c h i e f s o f th e C a p e Province r e c o g n is e d h i m as a lo y a l s u b j e c t a n d a p o w e r f u l le a d e r .

R e v . I S A A C W I E M A M S W A U -

C H O P E w a s b o r n in 1 H 5 2 at D o o m H o c k , n e a r U i t c n h a g e , C a p e P r o v i n c e .

. H e a t t e n d e d s c h o o l u n d e r M a l g a s

K u n c n e a n d J o n e s . I n 1 H 7 4 , at th e a g e

o f 2 2 y e a r s , h e w e n t t o t h e E o v c d a l e

I n s t i t u t i o n . A t t h e G o v e r n m e n t E x a m i ­

n a t io n f o r E l e m e n t a r y T e a c h e r s , h e ld in

I K / 5 , lie o b t a i n e d t h e C e r t i f i c a t e o f C o m p e t e n c y . In 1 H 7 6 lie v o l u n t e e r e d

to g o to L i v i n g s t o n e , C e n t r a l A f r i c a , as

a m is s io n t e a c h e r . H e h a d n o t b e e n t h e r e v e r y l o n g , h o w e v e r , w h e n v e r y

s e v e r e a n d c o n t i n u e d attack s o f f e v e r r e n d e r e d it n e c e ssa r y th a t h e s h o u ld r e tu r n to S o u t h A f r i c a , w h i c h h e d i d in

1 0 6

Y E A R L Y R E G I S T E R B I O G R A P H Y

1 8 7 7 . In 1 8 7 9 he b e c a m e teach er at U i t e n h a g e . I n 1 8 8 3 he w as a clerk a n d in te r p r e te r in th e M a g i s t r a t e ’s C o u r t , P o rt E l i z a b e t h . A f t e r s o m e years M r . W a u c h o p c re s ig n e d th e C i v i l S e r v ic e to j o i n th e m in is t r y . I n th is c a ll in g he m a d e w o n d e r f u l success. H e w as v e r y p o p u la r a n d h a d gre at in flu e n c e o v e r his p e o p le . H e p aid sp ec ia l a t te n t io n to th e ir e d u c a t io n a n d took keen in tere st in th e ir w e l f a r e . H e w as v e r y k in d , a real g e n t le m a n a n d a tru e C h r is t ia n . D u r i n g th e G r e a t W a r , 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8 , h e e n lis te d as c h a p la in to the N a t i v e L a b o u r B a tta l io n , a n d sailed w i t h h u n d r e d s o f A f r i c a n s to F r a n c e in th e Mattdi. T h e s te a m e r w as n o t d e s t in e d to reach its d e s t in a t io n , for it w as sunk a n d f e w w e r e sa v ed . R e v . Isaac W i l l i a m s W a u c h o p c w e n t d o w n w it h a gre at m a n y a n d h is g ra v e is in th e d e e p b lu e sea.

R e v . C . T W A L A was a S w a z i a n d l iv e d f o r m a n y y ears in N a t a l w h e r e h e r e c e iv e d his e a r ly e d u c a t io n . H e j o i n e d th e W e s l e y a n M i n i s t r y a n d f o r m a n y years was s ta tio n e d in J oh an n e s­b u r g a n d d id g o o d w o r k . H e w as a g o o d p re a c h e r a n d an e lo q u e n t d e b a t e r . H e w as v e r y p rogressive in all his ideas a n d to o k a v e r y k e e n in terest in th e social, e d u c a tio n a l a n d p o lit ic a l l i f e o f his p e o p le . H e w as m a r r ie d a n d o n e o f his sons is n o w S u p e rv iso r o f

N a t i v e S ch o o ls in th e T r a n s v a a l .

M r s . E . X I N I W E w as b o rn a n d e d u c a te d at M i d d l c d r i f t , C a p e P r o v in c e . S h e m a r r ie d th e late Paul X i n i w e , o f K i n g w i l l i a m s t o w n , T h e y l iv e d to g e t h e r at P o rt E l iz a b e t h w h e r e th e h u sb a n d was t e a c h in g . A f t e r s o m e t im e t h e y w e n t to K in g w i l l i a m s t o w n w h e r e t h e y esta b lish ed a g e n e ra l d e a le r ’ s business a n d h o t e l , la ter b ra n c h e s •of this business w e r e estab lish ed at E ast L o n d o n a n d P o rt E l i z a b e t h . M r s . X i n i w e , like h e r h u s b a n d , p r o v e d to be v e r y g o o d in business. W a s also a v e r v g o o d m u sic ia n w ith a fine so p ra n o v o ic e . S h e a n d h e r h u sb a n d to u re d E u r o p e w ith a n a t iv e c h o ir . T h e y sa n g b e f o r e R o y a lt ie s . W h e n M r . X i n i w e d ie d M r s . X i n i w e took fu l l c o n tr o l

•of the business w h ic h c o n t in u e d to p ro sp e r in h e r c h a r g e in sp ite o t h e r h u s b a n d ’s d e a th . S h e w as th e m o t h e r o f th re e sons a n d t w o

•daughters to w h o m she g a v e a g o o d e d u c a t io n , a n d a start in b u siness. H e r p r o p e r t y w as a b ig d o u b le -s to r e y b u i ld i n g on th e M a r k e t S q u a re in K i n g w i l l i a m s t o w n . A s her h u sb a n d w as an A f r i c a n p io n e e r in b u siness, so she was th e first A f r i c a n w o m e n to c o n tr o l s u c c e ss fu l ly such vast business interests in S o u th A f r i c a . M r s . X i n i w e h a d m a n y f r i e n d s b o th in S o u th A f r i c a a n d E n g la n d . S h e w as the m o t h e r o f M r s . S k ota , w i f e o f t h e e d ito r o f this b o o k , a n d M r s . B . T y a m z a s h c , a n d M e s s r s . B . B . , M . a n d G . X i n i w e . H e r d e a th w as a gre at <blow to m a n y p e o p le in th e C a p e P r o v in c e .

1 0 7

B I O G R A P H Y T H E A F R I C A N

M r . P A U L X I N I W K .

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Y E A R L Y R E G I S T E R B I O G R A P H Y

M r. P A U L X I N I W E .

M r . Paul X in iw c w ent to Lovedale in 1881 as an advanced •student on the recom m endation o f Rev. E dw ard Solom on, o f B ed ford , from w hence he came. H e had worked previously on the railway as timekeeper and later as telegraph operator. At Lovedale he entered the students’ classes in January, 1881. In the second year he obtained the seventy-fourth certificate o f com p e­ten cy at the Elem entary 'Teachers’ Exam ination. H e became teacher in the Edwards M em oria l School, Port Elizabeth. H is school was said to stand high in the classification o f schools o f the district in efficiency. A fte r some years he tired o f the teaching profession, and having saved some m oney, resigned in order to becom e a business man. H e bought property at East L on d on , Port Elizabeth and K ingw illiam stow n, and open ed stores as merchant and hotel proprietor. At Kingwilliam stown his property was conspicuous, b e in g a double storey bu ild ing and known as the T em p era n ce bJotel. In a very short time the T em p era n ce H ote l was known fhrough the Cape Province. Paul X in iw e took a very keen interest In the w elfare o f his people. A n upright man, honest gentleman, and a thorough Christian and a staunch temperance apostle.

H e married a Miss N dw anva, sister o f M r . N dw anya , a Jaw agent w h o was respected by Europeans and natives at M id d le - d r i f t . M r . X in iw e was the father o f five ch ildren . T h e eldest son, M r . B. B. X in iw e , was a law agent at Stutterheim fo r a number o f years; the second son is in Johannesburg; the third, a daughter, Frances M abel M au d , is the w i fe o f the editor o f this b ook ; the fou rth , another daughter, M e rcy , is the w i f e o f M r . Ben. T y a m - Zashe, a schoolmaster and an author; and the youngest son, M r . G . X in iw e , is a clerk in a solicitor’s office, K ingw illiam stow n. M r . Paul X in iw e d ied at an early age leaving a w id o w and five children to fook after themselves. M rs. X in iw e w h o , w ith her husband, had been to Europe as a m em ber o f a native choir , was a lady o f experience, tact, character and business acumen. Difficult though :t was, she maintained her late husband’s property, and carried on the

. business and educated her children. *T h is lady indeed com m anded the respect o f all w h o knew her, white and black. Paul X in iw ewas a man o f his w ord . H e swore he w ou ld never touch liquor. W h e n he became very ill his doctor advised him to take a little brandy, but he made up his mi nd that he w ould not d o so, although i t was said brandy was the only thing that w ou ld save his l i fe .

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O b a A l a i y e l u w a A d e m i l u y i is t h e t r a d i t io n a l H i g h P r ie s t K i n g o f t h e Y o r u b a C o u n t r y , w h i c h h as o n e o f t h e m o s t a n c i e n t d y n a s t ie s in A f r i c a . I n t h e m e d ia e v a l t i m e s t h e r e w a s m u c h tr a d e in Y o r u b a S ta te s , m o s t o f t h e b u s in e ss b e i n g d o n e w i t h "1 i m b u c t o o . A lo t o f t h e p e o p l e o f th is c o u n t r y a d o p t e d t h e I s la m i c f a i t h a b o u t t h e s e v e n t h c e n t u r y . T h e c h i e f in d u s t r ie s w e r e i r o n w o r k s , a g r i ­c u l t u r e , p e p p e r , i v o r y , c lo t h w e a v i n g , le a t h e r m a k i n g , c a r v i n g a n d b e a d - w o r k . F r o m ir o n se v e ra l a rt ic le s w e r e b e i n g m a n u f a c t u r e d , , b o t h f o r lo c a l use a n d f o r e x p o r t p u r p o s e s , su c h as a g r i c u l t u r a l i m p l e m e n t s , i r o n o r n a m e n t s , w e a p o n s o f w a r , u te n s i ls a n d s u c h . T h e t w o g r e a t m i n i n g areas w e r e in N u p e t e r r i t o r y a n d in t h e K a k a n d a d is tr ic t at l i e I f e in Y o r u b a l a n d . A n o t h e r m i n i n g f i e l d w a s n e a r I l o r i n . G la s s i n d u s t r y w a s c h i e f l y c a r r ie d o n in N u p e . T h e art o f s c u lp t u r e s e e m s t o h a v e r e a c h e d its z e n i t h o f d e v e l o p m e n t at th is p e r i o d . T h e c h i e f in d u s t r ie s at A s h a n t i a n d G o l d C o a s t a n d D a h o m e v w e r e g o l d , d i a m o n d s , p r e c io u s s t o n e s , i v o r y , p e p p e r , a g r i c u l t u r e , b e a d m a k i n g a n d c a r v i n g . C o r a ls w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e sea , a n d o f th e s e all W e s t A f r i c a n r o y a l c r o w n s , b e a d e d t h r o n e s , b e a d e d staves , a n d all o t h e r w o r k s o f b e a d s w e r e u s u a lly m a n u f a c ­t u r e d . T h e r ig h t s o f m i n i n g b e l o n g e d to e a c h a n d e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l i n h a b i t a n t o f W e s t A f r i c a , a l t h o u g h it m i g h t s e e m th a t s o m e p o r t i o n o f a n y p r e c i o u s m e t a l m i n e d o r d u g o u t u s e d to b e o f f e r e d b y t h e o w n e r as a p r e s e n t to t h e K i n g . B e f o r e t h e a d v e n t o f E u r o p e a n s o r A r a b s t h e p e o p l e o f W e s t A f r i c a w o r s h i p p e d G o d w h o m t h e y c a l le d “ O l o r u n ” m e a n i n g u O n e S u p r e m e B e i n g . ” T h e n u m b e r o f C h r is t i a n s in Y o r u b a is in c r e a s in g . M a n y y o u n g p e o p l e a r e s e n t to E u r o p e a n d A m e r i c a f o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n . L i k e t h e rest o f A f r i c a , Y o r u b a a n d , i n d e e d , t h e w h o l e o f W e s t A f r i c a e x c e p t L i b e r i a , has b e e n m a d e a c o l o n y o f s o m e E u r o p e a n c o u n t r y . T h e p e o p l e are n o l o n g e r m a ste r s in t h e i r o w n l a n d ; t h e i r K i n g s h a v i n g s o u g h t p r o t e c t i o n o f E u r o p e a n K i n g s . W i t h s u c h la w s as t h e C r o w n L a n d B i l l o f 1 8 9 4 ( G o l d C o a s t ) , t h e L a n d O r d i n a n c e o f 1 8 9 7 ( G o l d C o a s t ) , a n d t h e F o r e s t B i l l o f 1 9 1 1 ( G o l d C o a s t ) , t h e F o r e ­sh o r e C a s e o f 1 9 1 1 , L a g o s , a n d t h e I k o v i L a n d O r d i n a n c e o f 1 9 0 8 , A f r i c a n s lik e t h e la te H o n . C a s e l y - H a y f o r d , t h e la t e H o n . J . S a r b a l i , t h e la te H o n . S a fa r a W i l l i a m s , M r . H e r b e r t M a c a u l e y , a n d o t h e r s h a d a s e v e r e a n d u n a v a i l i n g f i g h t in t h e i r e f f o r t s to r e ta in s o m e o f t h e r ig h t s o f t h e i r p e o p l e .

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O b a A l a i y c l u w a A d c m i l u y i is t h e t r a d i t i o n a l H i g h B r i e s t K i n g o f _ t h e Y o r u b a C o u n t r y , w h i c h has o n e o f t h e m o s t a n c i e n t d y n a s t i e s in A f r i c a . I n t h e m e d ia e v a l t i m e s t h e r e w a s m u c h t r a d e in Y o r u b a S ta te s , m o s t o f t h e b u s in e s s b e i n g d o n e w i t h I i m b u c t o o . A lo t o f t h e p e o p l e o f t h is c o u n t r v a d o p t e d t h e I s l a m i c f a i t h a b o u t t h e s e v e n t h c e n t u r y . T h e c h i e f i n d u s t r i e s w e r e i r o n w o r k s , a g r i ­c u l t u r e , p e p p e r , i v o r y , c lo t h w e a v i n g , l e a t h e r m a k i n g , c a r v i n g a n d b e a d - w o r k . F r o m ir o n s e v e ra l a r t ic le s w e r e b e i n g m a n u f a c t u r e d , b o t h f o r lo c a l u se a n d f o r e x p o r t p u r p o s e s , s u c h as a g r i c u l t u r a l i m p l e m e n t s , i r o n o r n a m e n t s , w e a p o n s o f w a r , u t e n s i ls a n d s u c h . T h e t w o " g r e a t m i n i n g areas w e r e in X u p c t e r r i t o r y a n d in t h e K a k a n d a d is t r ic t at l i e I f c in Y o r u b a l a n d . A n o t h e r m i n i n g f i e l dw a s n e a r I l o r i n . G la s s i n d u s t r y w a s c h i e f l y c a r r i e d o n in N u p e . T h e a rt o f s c u l p t u r e S e e m s t o h a v e r e a c h e d its z e n i t h o f d e v e l o p m e n t at th is p e r i o d . T h e c h i e f in d u s t r i e s at A s h a n t i a n d G o l d C o a s t a n d D a h o m e y w 'e rc g o l d , d i a m o n d s , p r e c i o u s s t o n e s , i v o r y , p e p p e r , a g r i c u l t u r e , h e a d m a k i n g a n d c a r v i n g . C o r a l s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e se a , a n d o f th e s e all W e s t A f r i c a n r o y a l c r o w n s , b e a d e d t h r o n e s , b e a d e d s ta v e s , a n d all o t h e r w o r k s o f b e a d s w e r e u s u a l ly m a n u f a c ­t u r e d . T h e r ig h t s o f m i n i n g b e l o n g e d t o e a c h a n d e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l i n h a b i t a n t o f W e s t A f r i c a , a l t h o u g h it m i g h t s e e m t h a t s o m e p o r t i o n o f a n y p r e c i o u s m e t a l m i n e d o r d u g o u t u s e d t o b e o f f e r e d b y t h e o w n e r as a p r e s e n t to t h e K i n g . B e f o r e t h e a d v e n t o f E u r o p e a n s o r A r a b s t h e p e o p l e o f W e s t A f r i c a w o r s h i p p e d G o d w h o m t h e y c a l le d “ O l o r u n ” m e a n i n g “ O n e S u p r e m e B e i n g . ” T h e n u m b e r o f C h r i s t i a n s in Y o r u b a is i n c r e a s i n g . M a n y y o u n g p e o p l e a r e s e n t t o E u r o p e a n d A m e r i c a f o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n . L i k e t h e re st o f A f r i c a , Y o r u b a a n d , i n d e e d , t h e w h o l e o f W e s t A f r i c a e x c e p t L i b e r i a , h as b e e n m a d e a c o l o n y o f s o m e E u r o p e a n c o u n t r y . T h e p e o p l e are n o l o n g e r m a s t e r s in t h e i r o w n l a r d ; t h e i r K i n g s h a t i n g s o u g h t p r o t e c t i o n o f E u r o p e a n K i n g s . W i t h s u c h la w s as t h e C r o w n L a n d B ill o f 1 8 9 4 ( G o l d C o a s t ) , t h e L a n d O r d i n a n c e o f 1 8 9 7 ( G o l d C o a s t ) , a n d t h e F o r e s t B i l l o f 1 9 1 1 ( G o l d C o a s t ) , t h e F o r e ­s h o r e C a s e o f 1 9 1 1 , L a g o s , a n d t h e l k o y i L a n d O r d i n a n c e o f 1 9 0 8 , A f r i c a n s l ik e t h e la te H o n . C a s e l v - H a y f o r d , t h e la te H o n . J . S a r b a l i , t h e la te H o n . S a f a r a W i l l i a m s , M r . H e r b e r t M a c a u l e y , a n d o t h e r s h a d a s e v e r e a n d u n a v a i l i n g f i g h t in t h e i r e f f o r t s to r e t a in s o m e o f t h e r ig h t s o f t h e i r p e o p l e . „

1 2 5

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E g b a s in N i g e r i a in W e s t A f r i c a . T h e s e p e o p l e a r c w e l l k n o w n fo r t h e i r h o m e i n d u s t r i e s , c o c o a g r o w i n g a n d o t h e r v a lu a b l e c o m m o ­d i t i e s . T h e y a r e v e r y i n d u s t r i o u s . K i n g A d e m o l a h as g r e a t p o w e r , w i s d o m a n d a k e e n se n s e o f j u s t i c e . H e , l ik e m a n y o t h e r A f r i c a n K i n g s , f o u g h t h a r d t o r e ta in t h e l i b e r t y a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e o f h is

s u b j e c t s . W h e n t h e w o r l d w a r b r o k e o u t b la c k m e n f r o m all c o r n e r s o f A f r i c a a n d o t h e r p a r ts o f t h e w o r l d , i n c l u d i n g t h e E g b a s a n d Y u r u b a s , w e r e i n v i t e d b y t h e G r e a t P o w e r s t o assist in f i g h t i n g t h e e n e m y a n d t h u s m a k e t h e w o r l d s a f e f o r d e m o c r a c y , a n d f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f s m a l l n a t i o n s . A f r i c a n s a n s w e r e d t h e c a l l b y t h e t h o u s a n d s a n d d i e d b y t h e h u n d r e d s o n t h e b a t t le f ie ld s a n d t h e seas. T h e w a r is o v e r ; t h e e n e m y is b e a t e n , b u t t h e p r o m i s e w a s n e v e rf u l f i l l e d ----- t h e E g b a s s u f f e r e d t h e s a m e f a t e as t h e i r b r o t h e r s ino t h e r p a r ts o f A f r i c a ------t h e y lost t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e , at p r e c i s e lyt h e s a m e t i m e ( 1 9 1 4 ) as t h e i r son s w e r e d y i n g in F l a n d e r s a n d o t h e r w a r z o n e s t o m a k e t h e w o r l d f r e e . T r e a t i e s m a d e b y E u r o p e a n P o w e r s w i t h t h e W e s t A f r i c a n s , l ik e t h o s e m a d e w i t h S o u t h A f r i c a n s , w e r e n o t h o n o u r e d . T h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e l o t o f t h e A f r i c a n s in t h e W e s t a n d t h o s e in t h e S o u t h , is t h a t t h e A f r i c a n s in t h e W e s t h a v e n o t as y e t b e e n r e s t r ic t e d in t h e s a m e d e g r e e as t h o s e in t h e S o u t h f r o m a c q u i r i n g l a n d . T h i s g l a r i n g i n j u s t i c e ; th is b r e a c h o f f a i t h is a l l o w e d , n o d o u b t , b e c a u s e t h e n a t i v e s a re h e lp le s s , a n d b e c a u s e t h e y a r c h e lp le s s t h e y m u s t b e a c h i l d r a c e , w h o m u s t b e t r e a t e d , w i t h o u t c o n s e n t , as s o m e b o d y e ls e t h in k s f i t w h e t h e r r i g h t o r w r o n g . I n d e e d , o t h e r s c o n t e n d t h a t e v e n o u r m e n t a l c a p a c i t y is i n f e r i o r t o t h a t o f t h e E u r o p e a n , y e t t h e fa c ts a r e : — W h e n A l e x a n d e r t h e G r e a t w a s a d d i n g v i c t o r y u p o n v i c t o r y ,

a n d s w e e p i n g t h r o u g h B a b y l o n , C a b u l , C h a e r o n i a a n d G a z a , a n d l e a r n i n g t h e r u d i m e n t s o f g o v e r n m e n t at t h e f e e t o f A r i s t o t l e t h e p h i l o s o p h e r ; w h e n t h e w e s t e r n w o r l d w a s o n l y b e g i n n i n g t o f i n d its f e e t a n d c o m m e n c i n g to m o u l d a c i v i l i s a t i o n f o r t h e first t i m e , E t h i o p i a w a s in its g l o r y , a n d h a d r e a c h e d s u c h p e r f e c t i o n in its c i v i l i s a t i o n t h a t its c u l t u r e f lo u r i s h e d a n d d o m i n a t e d t h e w o r l d f o u r h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y y e a r s b e f o r e . T h e q u e s t i o n is, is E t h i o p i a o r

A f r i c a o f t o - d a y m e n t a l l y i n f e r i o r t h a n t h e E t h o p i a o f y e s t e r d a y ?Is i t n o t r a t h e r j u s t t h e s a m e o l d s t o r y o f ------E m p i r e s c o m e , a n dE m p i r e s g o . A t a n y ra te t h e E g b a s o f N i g e r i a , l i k e o t h e r ra ce s , h a v e p r o v e d t h e m s e l v e s o n t h e b a t t le f ie ld s o f E u r o p e ; a n d w i t h o t h e r t r ib e s o f A f r i c a t h e y h a v e d i s t i n g u i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s in t h e l e a d i n g u n iv e r s i t i e s o f E u r o p e a n d g r a d u a t e d in arts a n d s c ie n c e s w i t h h o n o u r s . T h e q u e s t i o n o f i n f e r i o r i t y o f t h e A f r i c a n s t h e r e ­f o r e is t o b e d o u b t e d .

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Dr. DANI EL W I L L I A M ALE XA NDE R.

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Collection Number: A1618

Collection Name: T.D. Mweli SKOTA Papers, 1930-1974

PUBLISHER: Publisher: Historical Papers Research Archive Location: Johannesburg ©2014

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