1 GRL Introduction Lin Liu University of Toronto April 2001.
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Transcript of 1 GRL Introduction Lin Liu University of Toronto April 2001.
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GRL Introduction
Lin LiuUniversity of TorontoApril 2001
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Why Goal-Orientation??van Lamsweerde (ICSE 2000)
•Systematic derivation of requirements from goals
•Goals provide rationales for requirements
•Goal refinement structure provides a comprehensible structure for the requirements document
•Alternative goal refinements and agent assignments allow alternative system proposals to be explored
•Goal formalization allows refinements to be proved correct and complete.
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Where Are We??
Late Late
requirements
requirements
Architectural
Architectural
design
design Detaile
d
Detailed
design
design
Implementatio
n
Implementatio
n
GRLGRL
KAOSKAOS
SDLSDL
UMLUML
object-oriented object-oriented programmingprogramming
[Mylopoulos AOIS’99]
UCMUCM
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Development-World model refers to and reasons about…
Operational-World models
Alt-1 Alt-2 To-beAs-is
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Outline
1. Goal-oriented modeling concepts in GRL
2. An example goal-oriented non-functional requirement analysis process
3. Combined use of goal and scenario from requirement to architectural design
4. Agent-oriented concepts in GRL
5. Related works
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Goals and Softgoals in GRL
GOAL CallServicesBeSupported
“Both Narrowband and Wideband voice, data and image services besupported.”
ATTRIBUTE
Object: TDMA
HOLDER IncomingCallServiceProvider
SOFTGOAL MinimizeCost OF TDMA
ATTRIBUTE
Budget : “less than 500k$”
HOLDER IncomingCallServiceProvider
SOFTGOAL MaximizeCallCapacity OF TDMA
ATTRIBUTE
Rates : “At least two times current capacity”
HOLDER IncomingCallServiceProvider
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Tasks in GRL
TASK MakeVoiceConnectionOverLAN
ATTRIBUTE
Object: IncomingCall
HOLDER IncomingCallServiceProvider
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Goal Refinement: Means-ends Link
Task Refinement: Decomposition Link
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Softgoal Operationalizations: Contribution Relationship
Side-effects to softgoals: Correlation Relationship
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Resource in GRLRESOURCE LANBandwidth
ATTRIBUTE
Object: VoiceCall
HOLDER IncomingCallServiceProvider
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Non-Intentional Elements in GRL
•Acting as parameters in GRL intentional elements, i.e., topics of softgoal, “Object” attributes of goal, task and belief
•Referring to entities of an external model, such as responsibilities in UCM, class/objects in UML class diagram,…ELEMENT IncomingCallService
IS scenario ICSFROM URN-FR
MODEL ICS_service_01
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Belief in GRL
Convergence of media reduces cost of ownership
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Outline
1. Goal-oriented modeling concepts in GRL
2. An example goal-oriented requirement analysis process
3. Combined use of goal and scenario from requirement to architecture design
4. Agent-oriented concepts in GRL
5. Related works
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Softgoal Operationalization Example
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Softgoal Operationalization Example (cont’d)
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Example (cont’d)
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Example (cont’d)
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Outline
1. Goal-oriented modeling concepts in GRL
2. An example goal-oriented requirement analysis process
3. Combined use of goal and scenario from requirement to architecture design
4. Agent-oriented concepts in GRL
5. Related works
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Goal model in GRL
GOAL CallServicesBeSupported
“Both Narrowband and Wideband voice, data and image services besupported.”
ATTRIBUTE
Object: TDMA
HOLDER IncomingCallServiceProvider
SOFTGOAL MinimizeCost OF TDMA
ATTRIBUTE
Budget : “less than 500k$”
HOLDER IncomingCallServiceProvider
SOFTGOAL MaximizeCallCapacity OF TDMA
ATTRIBUTE
Rates : “At least two times current capacity”
HOLDER IncomingCallServiceProvider
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An Original unbounded UCM scenario corresponding to Goal “Call Services Be Supported”
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Bounded UCM scenarios of Solutions: Reside VoiceCoder in (1) Base Station; or (2) in Switch
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Design Alternatives & Their Contributions to NFRs
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Outline
1. Goal-oriented modeling concepts in GRL
2. An example goal-oriented requirement analysis process
3. Combined use of goal and scenario from requirement to architecture design
4. Agent-oriented concepts in GRL
5. Related works
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Agent-Orientation in GRL•Actors are semi-autonomous, partially
knowable•Strategic actors, intentional dependencies•Can be considered as goal-holders
Meeting Scheduling Meeting Scheduling ExampleExample
“Strategic Dependency” Model
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Revealing goals, finding alternatives
•Asking “Why”, “How”, “How else”
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Scheduling meeting …with meeting scheduler
ConsiderConsider
1.1. Technology as enablerTechnology as enabler
2.2. Networked systems and organizationsNetworked systems and organizations
3.3. Increased inter-dependency and Increased inter-dependency and vulnerabilityvulnerability
4.4. Limited knowledge and controlLimited knowledge and control
5.5. Openness and uncertaintiesOpenness and uncertainties
6.6. CooperationCooperation
7.7. Boundaries, locality, identityBoundaries, locality, identity
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Distributed Goal Model with Meeting Scheduler
•SR2
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Outline
1. Goal-oriented modeling concepts in GRL
2. An example goal-oriented requirement analysis process
3. Combined use of goal and scenario from requirement to architecture design
4. Agent-oriented concepts in GRL
5. Related works
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Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering
(GORE) •GORE is gathering momentum
CSD – Feather 87… KAOS – van Lamsweerde, … Inquiry Cycle – Potts, Anton EKD – Bubenko, Rolland, Loucopoulos Win-Win – Boehm NFR – Chung, Mylopoulos, …
Hopefully, MOMENTUM >>>•Z.URN proposal to ITU-T (Nov. 2000)
GRL
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Goal + scenario in RE and in Architectural Design
•Krutchen’s 4+1 model of software architecture
•Software Architecture Analysis Method (SAAM)
•Van Lamsweerde and Willement
•CREWS-L’Ecritoire approach of Collete Rolland et al.
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Resources regarding GRL
Home of GRL http://www.cs.toronto.edu/km/GRL/
Tool web site http://www.cs.toronto.edu/km/OME/
References:• Chung, L., Nixon, B.A., Yu, E.and Mylopoulos, J. Non-
Functional Requirements in Software Engineering. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
• Yu, E. and Mylopoulos, J. Why Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Requirements Engineering: Foundations of Software Quality. June 1998, Pisa, Italy. E. Dubois, A.L. Opdahl, K. Pohl, eds. Presses Universitaires de Namur, 1998. pp. 15-22.
Also at: http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~eric