1 Greece & Iran 1000 – 30 B.C.E.. 2 Ancient Iran 1000 – 500 B.C.E. Land of the Aryans Land of...

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Greece & IranGreece & Iran1000 – 30 B.C.E.1000 – 30 B.C.E.

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Ancient IranAncient Iran1000 – 500 B.C.E.1000 – 500 B.C.E.

Land of the AryansLand of the Aryans Little water – keeps population downLittle water – keeps population down ExportsExports

Wood – primaryWood – primary Metal and crafted goodsMetal and crafted goods

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Rise of Persian EmpireRise of Persian Empire

Medes pushed out Assyrians (end 2Medes pushed out Assyrians (end 2ndnd millennium B.C.E.)millennium B.C.E.)

Cyrus –Cyrus –

Conquered AnatoliaConquered Anatolia

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Ishtar GateBabylon was protected by a double enclosure totaling over 11 miles in length. The north side was the most strongly fortified. In front a double castle protected the main gate, which was dedicated to Ishtar, and housed a kind of museum containing ancient and foreign monuments. Here we see a reconstruction of the magnificent "Ishtar Gate." (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)

Ishtar Ishtar GateGate

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Cambyses & DariusCambyses & Darius

Cyrus died during a military campaignCyrus died during a military campaign Cambyses – next leader Cambyses – next leader

Son of Cyrus Son of Cyrus Continued Cyrus’ policiesContinued Cyrus’ policies

DariusDarius Seized power – fought off othersSeized power – fought off others Medes moved to smaller role in govt.Medes moved to smaller role in govt. Extended territory East - Indus R. and Extended territory East - Indus R. and

west to Danube R. in Europewest to Danube R. in Europe

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Imperial Organization Imperial Organization under Dariusunder Darius

Divided empire into 20 provincesDivided empire into 20 provinces

- led by satrap (royal governor)- led by satrap (royal governor)

- seat became hereditary- seat became hereditary

- duty to collect tribute –send on to - duty to collect tribute –send on to kingking

- payment expected in gold – wrecks - payment expected in gold – wrecks local economieslocal economies

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AdministrationAdministration

Centrally administeredCentrally administered Creation of “laws of the king” Creation of “laws of the king” Persepolis (city) – center for treasuryPersepolis (city) – center for treasury

Food distributionFood distribution Became ‘special’ ceremonial cityBecame ‘special’ ceremonial city

Allowed people to live within customs Allowed people to live within customs of native landsof native lands

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ReligionReligion

Zoroaster (Zarathushtra) –believed in Zoroaster (Zarathushtra) –believed in a great god, Ahuramazdaa great god, Ahuramazda

ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism

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Rise of the GreeksRise of the Greeks

Resource poor regionResource poor region Need to bring in what is requiredNeed to bring in what is required

Borders Aegean SeaBorders Aegean Sea Islands – easily move from one to nextIslands – easily move from one to next Boats and sea craft keyBoats and sea craft key Anatolia – being settled @1000 B.C.E.Anatolia – being settled @1000 B.C.E.

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““Dark Age”Dark Age”(@ 1150 – 800 B.C.E.)(@ 1150 – 800 B.C.E.)

Post destruction of Mycenaean Post destruction of Mycenaean palace-statespalace-states

Phoenician ships start to visitPhoenician ships start to visit Started the “Archaic” period (800 B.C.E.)Started the “Archaic” period (800 B.C.E.) Gave Greeks a new writing system – first Gave Greeks a new writing system – first

true alphabet – 22 Phoenician letters true alphabet – 22 Phoenician letters with vowels from Greekswith vowels from Greeks

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Kritios BoyThe Kritios Boy--the work of the sculptor Kritios--no longer uses the contrived frontal pose of previous Kouroi. This work is often viewed as breaking from the Archaic design principles and moving toward the Classical. (Acropolis Museum/Archaeological Receipts Fund, Athens)

Kritios BoyKritios Boy


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Social StructureSocial Structure

Polis – cityPolis – city Urban center and rural territory it Urban center and rural territory it

controlled (like a city state)controlled (like a city state) Acropolis – top of the city – refuge in case of Acropolis – top of the city – refuge in case of

emergencyemergency Agora – gathering place – market and Agora – gathering place – market and

governmentgovernment

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AcropolisWith Pheidias as adviser, Periklesreconstructed Athens after it had been destroyed by the Persians. He dreamed of a city with magnificent edifices, temples and public buildings, and theaters. These buildings embody the noblest spirit of Greek architecture. At the right rises the Parthenon, the temple that honored Athena and Athens alike. The Erechtheum stands next to it, and to its left the Propylaeaand the small temple of Athena Nike. (Spyros Spyrou Photo Gallery, Aegina)

Acropolis


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Hoplite phalanxThis frieze of attacking foot soldiers is from the so-called Chigi Vase--a Corinthian masterpiece. When the Greeks adopted heavy armor, weapons, and shields, their lack of mobility forced them to fight in several dense lines, each behind the other. Cohesion and order became as valuable as courage. Here a flute player plays a marching tune to help the hoplites maintain their pace during the attack. (Villa Guilia Museum/Gabinetto Fotografico Nazionale)

Hoplite phalanx


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Peplos MaidenThe corresponding female form of the Kouros--the Kore--was represented in the same rigid way but was clothed. The Peplos Maiden was named after her garment, called a peplos. The more natural flow of hair and more subdued smile show a move to more lifelike representation. (Acropolis Museum/Archaeological Receipts Fund, Athens)

Peplos Peplos MaidenMaiden


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GovernmentsGovernments

Various types used in different citiesVarious types used in different cities Oligarchy – rule by many aristocratic Oligarchy – rule by many aristocratic

familiesfamilies Tyranny – person seized power – violated Tyranny – person seized power – violated

normal political institutions normal political institutions Democracy – political power by all free Democracy – political power by all free

adult males adult males

NO MILITARY CLASS EARLY IN CITY STATES – NO MILITARY CLASS EARLY IN CITY STATES – MAKES POSSIBLE MORE OPTIONS FOR MAKES POSSIBLE MORE OPTIONS FOR GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

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Nike of SamothraceThis sculpture originally stood in the Sanctuary of the Gods on the island of Samothrace, in the northern Aegean Sea. It demonstrates an interrelatedness between the statue and the space that it occupies. For example, the wings of the goddess, who has just landed on the prow of a ship, still seem to beat against a powerful headwind. (Louvre/Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY)

Nike of Nike of SamothraceSamothrace


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Great Altar of PergamumThe Altar to Zeus, the most important religious shrine on the acropolis of Pergamum, was commissioned by Eumenes II to commemorate his father's victories over the Gauls. The design is basically a rectangular court with two wings surrounded by an Ionic colonnade, which ascends 100 feet from the monumental flight of stairs. (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Bildarchiv preussischer Kulturbesitz. Photo: Reinhard Saczewski)

Great Altar of Great Altar of PergamumPergamum


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Bronze ZeusThe so-called Poseidon of Artemision was found at the bottom of the seabed near Cape Artemision, Northern Eubioa; the arm was found in 1926, and the rest of the body was discovered in 1928. The god is represented at the moment when he raises his right arm to hurl his trident against an adversary. Some archaeologists believe it to be Zeus, preparing to cast a thunderbolt. (National Archaeological Museum, Athens/Archaeological Receipts Fund, Athens)

Bronze ZeusBronze Zeus


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Cultural ChangesCultural Changes

Humanism – uniqueness of individual Humanism – uniqueness of individual stressedstressed

Individual rights – new conceptIndividual rights – new concept Poetry used for learning story of GreecePoetry used for learning story of Greece Philosophy – Pre-Socratic thinkers Philosophy – Pre-Socratic thinkers

Looking for rational explanations to worldLooking for rational explanations to world Postulated early atomic theoryPostulated early atomic theory

Logographers – catalogued Greek story Logographers – catalogued Greek story in prose in prose

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HistoriaHistoria

Herodotus – Herodotus – Father of HistoryFather of History Wrote Wrote HistoriesHistories

Investigative/researchInvestigative/research Sought Sought causescauses behind events behind events

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Athens & SpartaAthens & Sparta

SpartaSparta

Population Population take take over of Messeniaover of Messenia

- Messenians Messenians become helots become helots (abused and (abused and exploited people)exploited people)

- Helots resist – Helots resist – Sparta became a Sparta became a military statemilitary state

AthensAthens

Solon – 594 B.C.E. – Solon – 594 B.C.E. – averted civil war – averted civil war – created 4 social created 4 social classesclasses

- Abolished Abolished enslavement to enslavement to satisfy debtsatisfy debt

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Cont.Cont.

Males exist Males exist subordinate to the subordinate to the needs of the stateneeds of the state

Culturally, socially, Culturally, socially, and politically and politically stagnatesstagnates

Creates Creates Peloponnesian Peloponnesian league to maintain league to maintain peacepeace

Tyrant family Tyrant family gained controlgained control

Athenians (with Athenians (with help of Sparta) help of Sparta) overthrow tyrantsoverthrow tyrants

Pericles Pericles established established democracydemocracy

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Spartan runnerThis bronze statuette from Laconia shows a woman running. Unlike other Greek women, elite Spartan women underwent physical education. Although their personal freedom was limited, women in Sparta suffered fewer restrictions than their counterparts in democratic Athens. (National Archaeological Museum, Athens/Archaeological Receipts Fund)

Spartan Spartan runnerrunner


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Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy

3 areas of control3 areas of control AssemblyAssembly Council of 500Council of 500 Peoples CourtsPeoples Courts

Men of modest to wealthy means Men of modest to wealthy means able to participateable to participate

Paid to serve statePaid to serve state Men met to make decisionsMen met to make decisions

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Bronze punic armorThis bronze Punic armor is a breast- and backplate found in a third-century B.C.E. tomb near Carthage. The ornamentation suggests an Italo-Greek origin. (Musee national du Bardo)

Bronze punic Bronze punic armorarmor


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Persian WarsPersian Wars

Darius – 490 B.C.E. – attacked Eretria Darius – 490 B.C.E. – attacked Eretria and Athens – pay back for backing and Athens – pay back for backing Ionian revoltIonian revolt

Eretria betrayed by some citizens, Eretria betrayed by some citizens, beaten by Persiansbeaten by Persians

Athens – won battle at MarathonAthens – won battle at Marathon

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Phase IIPhase II

Spartans resist Persians – Hellenic Spartans resist Persians – Hellenic League – Battle at Thermopylae – League – Battle at Thermopylae – 300 Spartans with generals fought to 300 Spartans with generals fought to the death to allow most of the the death to allow most of the leagues soldiers to escapeleagues soldiers to escape

Athens – defeated at Salamis – navy Athens – defeated at Salamis – navy was trapped in narrow straitswas trapped in narrow straits

479 B.C.E. – Plataea – Persians 479 B.C.E. – Plataea – Persians soundly defeatedsoundly defeated

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Phase IIIPhase III

Athens rebuilt navy – went on Athens rebuilt navy – went on offensiveoffensive

Able to drive out Persians – became Able to drive out Persians – became leader in campaignleader in campaign

Delian League – 477 B.C.E. – within Delian League – 477 B.C.E. – within 20 years, able to get Persians from 20 years, able to get Persians from waters of Eastern Mediterranean – waters of Eastern Mediterranean – free up all Greek colonies (except free up all Greek colonies (except ones in Cyprus)ones in Cyprus)

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Theater at EpidaurosThe Theater at Epidauros demonstrates the use of the modified tholos plan as mastered by the architect Polykleitos the Younger--concentric rows of seats with stepped aisles placed at consistent intervals. This well-preserved theater had no stage, for the building behind the orchestra housed the scenery. (William Hubbell/Woodfin Camp & Associates)

Theater at Theater at EpidaurosEpidauros


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Stoa of AttalosThe Greek stoa, or portico, was a long building divided along its center by a spacious roofed corridor that allowed people to walk while enjoying the air but avoiding the sun and rain. On the other side opened the rooms of various shops. Philosophers were fond of discussing their ideas while strolling along the spacious arcade. The philosophical school of Zeno received its name, Stoicism, because its adherents formulated their views in a stoa. (Courtesy, American School of Classical Studies, Agora)

Stoa of AttalosStoa of Attalos


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Floor littered with foodThis mosaic is of a floor that can never be swept clean. It whimsically suggests what a dining room floor looked like after a lavish dinner and also tells something about the menu: a chicken head, a wishbone, and the remains of various seafood, vegetables, and fruits are easily recognizable. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Floor littered with Floor littered with foodfood


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Classical PeriodClassical Period480 – 323 B.C.E.480 – 323 B.C.E.

Athens became imperial powerAthens became imperial power Used Delian League money to build Used Delian League money to build

up city and navyup city and navy Forced other city states to pay Forced other city states to pay

tributetribute Controlled sea lanesControlled sea lanes Gained great wealthGained great wealth

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Sophists and SocratesSophists and Socrates

Sophists – traveling teachers called Sophists – traveling teachers called “wise men” “wise men”

Taught logic and public speakingTaught logic and public speaking Rhetoric – construction of attractive Rhetoric – construction of attractive

and persuasive arguments and persuasive arguments

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PlatoPlato(428 – 347 B.C.E.)(428 – 347 B.C.E.)

Student of SocratesStudent of Socrates The RepublicThe Republic

Of all forms of govt. – democracy (not Of all forms of govt. – democracy (not perfect) probably the bestperfect) probably the best

Founded “The Academy”Founded “The Academy” More people becoming literate at this More people becoming literate at this

time – shift from oratory to literacytime – shift from oratory to literacy

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AristotleAristotle(384 – 322 B.C.E.)(384 – 322 B.C.E.)

Student of Plato – more practicalStudent of Plato – more practical Teacher of Alexander the GreatTeacher of Alexander the Great Founded “Lyceum”Founded “Lyceum”

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Inequality in GreeceInequality in Greece

Had to have ‘pure’ Athenian ancestry Had to have ‘pure’ Athenian ancestry for full rightsfor full rights

Only 10 – 15 % of men could voteOnly 10 – 15 % of men could vote 1/3 of pop. Were slaves – primarily 1/3 of pop. Were slaves – primarily

foreignforeign Used as domesticsUsed as domestics ‘‘barbari’ seen as incapable of reason - barbari’ seen as incapable of reason -

justificationjustification

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Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War

431 B.C.E. – Sparta v Athens431 B.C.E. – Sparta v Athens Forced allied city states to take sidesForced allied city states to take sides Disrupted all of GreeceDisrupted all of Greece Pericles used navy to Athens advantagePericles used navy to Athens advantage Lasted 3 decadesLasted 3 decades 404 B.C.E. – Sparta finally triumphed404 B.C.E. – Sparta finally triumphed

Bankrolled by PersiansBankrolled by Persians

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Macedonian TriumphMacedonian Triumph

Philip II – king – took advantage of Philip II – king – took advantage of disruption of Peloponnesian Wardisruption of Peloponnesian War

Improved technology – catapult Improved technology – catapult invented – able to break walls of citiesinvented – able to break walls of cities

Used cavalry with infantry to Used cavalry with infantry to overwhelm enemiesoverwhelm enemies

Took over Greece Took over Greece Assassinated 336 B.C.E.Assassinated 336 B.C.E.

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Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

Used Persian model to rule territoryUsed Persian model to rule territory Adopted Persian dress and court Adopted Persian dress and court

ceremoniesceremonies Married Iranian women to solidify Married Iranian women to solidify

aristocratic connectionsaristocratic connections Encouraged military commanders to do the Encouraged military commanders to do the

samesame Conquered territory from North Africa to Conquered territory from North Africa to

Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley Died at age 32Died at age 32

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Changes after Alexander’s DeathChanges after Alexander’s Death

Divided empire into 3 separate Divided empire into 3 separate kingdomskingdoms

Helenistic Age – 323 – 30 B.C.E.Helenistic Age – 323 – 30 B.C.E. Blended Greek, Persian, Egyptian and IndianBlended Greek, Persian, Egyptian and IndianCulturesCultures- Lasting impact on world even to today- Lasting impact on world even to today

CitiesCities Established libraries, museums, universities, Established libraries, museums, universities,

cultural centerscultural centers Alexandria – most often used nameAlexandria – most often used name

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Alexander and HellenismAlexander and Hellenism

Greek style cities founded Greek style cities founded throughout Persiathroughout Persia

Easily learned alphabet systemEasily learned alphabet system Cultural focal point for a thousand Cultural focal point for a thousand

yearsyears

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