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French clitics and cognition
Dick HudsonOxford, November 2012
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Plan
1. Cognition in Word Grammar2. Clitics in Word Grammar3. French clitics4. Conclusions
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1. Cognition in Word Grammar
• Language is part of cognition– both competence and performance.
• All of general ability is available– so let's assume language can use it all.
• Maybe language needs nothing else?– This is a question for research.
• So what does general cognition offer?
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General cognition
• A variety of units:– concepts, e.g. 'cat'– percepts, e.g. cat purring– motor-programs, e.g. how
to stroke– feelings, e.g. liking for cats
• A network structure– linking units– defining concepts
cat
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Networks and activation
• The brain is a 'neural' network– which carries activation.
• The mind is a 'mental' network– built on the neural network– and therefore affected by
activation.
• But the mental network has special properties too.
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is-a
The mental network• Nodes are classified
in 'is-a' hierarchies• Properties are links to
other nodes. • All links are
classified. • These hierarchies
allow generalisations – so a token X inherits
properties by default
bird
robin
flying
flier
X
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Default inheritance
• Penguins are birds.• A typical bird flies.
– flying is expected– quantity (#) = 1
• But for penguins, there's no flying – # = 0– i.e. They don't fly.
• So X doesn't fly.
bird
penguin
flying
flier
X
0#
1
#
0#
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Types of link in cognitive networks
• Basic (?innate?) links– is-a (classification) – quantity (how many? true/false?) – identity (binding – more later) – argument, value
• Relational concepts – in an is-a hierarchy– e.g. 'flier' is-a 'actor'
#
=
flier
actor
argument
value
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Binding
• To 'find' a node, bind it to another one.
• Q. Who is John? A. He's the cook.• Follows activation:
– choose the most active candidate.
John ?= cook
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Limitless cognitive networks
• Limitless creation of relations as needed– e.g. for kinship
• Limitless creation of properties as needed– e.g. for people
• Limitless exceptionality as needed– e.g. for birds
• Limitless binding as needed
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2. Clitics in Word Grammar
• By default, a word is realized by a word-form.
• But a clitic is realized by an affix.
• Default inheritance allows this.
word-form word
realization
form
affix clitic
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Default morphology• Base is-a realization.• Top is-a realization.
– Top is fully inflected.• By default, Base =
Top.• But for inflections:
– Top is a 'variant' of Base.
word-form word
realization
base
variant
top
inflection
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Affixes and hosts• By default, an affix has a
host– the wordform it defines.
• Every affix has a position within its host– at least as prefix or suffix– but the position may be
defined by a template– e.g. Latin am-a-b-i-t-ur
{ } {s}host
2
1 { }
{ } {ur}host
6
{ }
1 2 3 4 5 6
{ }{ }
{ }{ }
1
23
45
s-variantsecond part
fourth part
'he/she will be loved'
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Clitics and hostforms• A clitic is fully realized
by an affix.• The affix needs a host.• So the host is a special
'hostform'.• Maybe this inherits a
template structure from inflections?– special clitics always
combine with complex morphology?
affix clitic
top
hostform
host
part
e.g. third part
wordform
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John is/'s late.
realization
JOHN BE,3sg LATE
{John} {i-z} {late}
realization
JOHN BE,3sg,clitic
LATE
{John} {z} {late}
{John-z}
hostpart 2part 1
hostform
Bound to realization of previous word.
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The entry for {z}
• {z} is-a suffix.• So it has a host.• Its host is-a hostform• whose part2 it is • and part1is bound to
the preceding wordform.
form
host
suffixhostform
{z}2
1
next=
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Summary of apparatus
• Rich relations– realization– host– part 1/2/…
• Forms– hostforms
• Default inheritance• Activation• Binding
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3. French clitics
• Je ne me les y ai pas mis. I not for-me them there have not put.• Clitics combine in an order which is
– rigidly fixed– different from full NPs:
• J'ai mis les lettres sur la table. I have put the letters on the table
clitics underlined
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The football team1 2 3 4 5 6 7
subj neg 1/2/ref 3 dir 3 ind y en
jetuil/ellenousvousils/elles
ne
metesenousvous
lelales
luileur y en
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The challenges of French clitics
A. Positive imperatives: Verb + clitics.Donnez-le-moi! (*Me le donnez!) "Give it to me!"
B. Only one per column.*Je te me présenterai. "I'll introduce myself to you"
C. *3 + 5 (*1/2/ref + 3 ind) *Je me lui présenterai."I'll introduce myself to her."
D. and …
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Clitic climbing
• Je ai donné. I have given him it.le lui
le
aux
'make'
• Je te ferai manger. I'll make you eat it.
• Je te laisserai le manger. I'll let you eat it.
• Je te laisserai manger. I'll let you eat it.leOr …
'let', 'send' or perception
• Je le lui donne. I give him it.
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Classifying clitics
• Clitics are classified.– 'subj', 'neg', etc.
• One item per class.• '1/2/ref' is-a 'obj'
– so *me lui– and Donnez-le-moi – = Donnez-le-lui
clitic
subj
ne
obj 3dir
y
en
1/2/ref
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Adding hostforms
• Each clitic brings its own hostform.
• Each clitic class has a position.
• Each verb also has its own hostform.
• Hostforms bind together.
hostform
3dir
host4
hostform
imperative
host<4
?
=
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Classifying hostforms
• Positive imperatives have ordinary order.
• Compare: – Donnez-le-moi– Donnez le livre à
Jean!• But other verbs
are different…
imperative
host<4
obj3dir y en
4 765
hostform1
hostform2
3dir en
Give it to me!
Give the book to John!
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The paradoxes
hostform2
verb
host>7
imperative
host<4
hostform1
4
3dir en
7 1
subj 1/2/ref
35
obj
• Positive imperatives are exceptional verbs,
• but they have default hostforms.
• Why?
• Order shows function (direct/indirect) in hostform1,
•but person in hostform2.
•Why?
2
neg
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Why positive imperatives?
Why do positive imperatives have default order?
• Because they don't include subjects and negatives.
• subjects contrast before/after verb.• negatives contrast ne ….. pas.• So subj and neg drag hostword1 before the
verb.
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Why function > person?
• Pos imperatives: Donnez-le-moi/lui!– follows non-clitic order: Donnez le livre à Jean!
• Others: Il me le donne ~ Il le lui donne– follows semantic link to subject:
• reflexive > non-reflexive– also animacy hierarchy:
• 1 > 2 > 3
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Je les fais manger.
I them make eat
How do clitics climb?
• Each clitic brings a hostform.
• But so does each clitic-available verb.
• Then the various hostforms merge.
Je les mange.
I them eat
host
hf
host
hf
host
hf
host
hf
=
=
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Binding again
• Binding in parsing,• and in semantics,• and in clitic
climbing.
He hurt himself.
subj=
referent
=
referent
Je les ai mangés.
host
=
host
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4.Conclusions
• French clitics require only:– default inheritance– binding– unlimited relations
• All these tools are available in general cognition.
• So clitics are ordinary cognition.
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Thank you
• This show is available atwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/talks.htm